Pre-Hospital Management of Craniocerebral Trauma in South Saharan Africa: Cotonou Experience

The management of craniocerebral trauma begins at the site of the accident. This is one of the diseases for which pre-hospital care is well codified. The objective of this study is to report the experience of the Emergency Aid Medical Service (EMAS) of BENIN in the pre-hospital management of craniocerebral trauma. 146 head injuries were cared for. 116 were male. The mean age was 32 years with extremes ranging from 2 to 77 years. Etiology in 68% of patients was a public road accident. And the request for the use of the EMAS was made by highway users for 41% of the injuries. About 5.5% were severe cranio-brain injuries, more than 75% of which had died in intensive care. In 77% of the EMAS interventions, there was an intensive care physician in the team. 34 wounded had been transported in a vacuum mattress. The rigid cervical collar was used in 8 major traumas. All the wounded were transported by ambulance. The duration of hospitalization varied from a few hours in the emergency department to 90 days in the hospital ward. 9 patients died. One of them, who died in an ambulance, was a woman. The prehospital medical care of head trauma in BENIN is still progressing.

Current pre-hospital traumatic brain injury management in China

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury(TBI) is associated with most trauma-related deaths. Secondary brain injury is the leading cause of in-hospital deaths after traumatic brain injury. By early prevention and slowing of the initial pathophysiological mechanism of secondary brain injury, prehospital service can signifi cantly reduce case-fatality rates of TBI. In China, the incidence of TBI is increasing and the proportion of severe TBI is much higher than that in other countries. The objective of this paper is to review the pre-hospital management of TBI in China.DATA SOURCES: A literature search was conducted in January 2014 using the China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI). Articles on the assessment and treatment of TBI in pre-hospital settings practiced by Chinese doctors were identified. The information on the assessment and treatment of hypoxemia, hypotension, and brain herniation was extracted from the identifi ed articles.RESULTS: Of the 471 articles identified, 65 met the selection criteria. The existing literature indicated that current practices of pre-hospital TBI management in China were sub-optimal and varied considerably across different regions.CONCLUSION: Since pre-hospital care is the weakest part of Chinese emergency care, appropriate training programs on pre-hospital TBI management are urgently needed in China.

Midwives’ Adherence to Preoperative Care Guidelines Prior to Emergency Caesarean Section at Bwaila Maternity Hospital in Malawi

A study was conducted to describe midwives’ adherence to preoperative care during emergency caesarian section at Bwaila Maternity Wing in 2012 in Malawi. The study utilized a descriptive prospective and retrospective design. A structured questionnaire was administered to all 28 midwives who were directly involved in the preparation of clients for emergency caesarean section. Clients charts were also reviewed using a standard checklist to determine adherence to preoperative care. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 and descriptive statistics in the form of frequencies and percentages were computed for the dataset. A midwife was supposed to score at least 80% on each component of preoperative care guidelines to be compliant to the stipulated pre-operation standards. The midwives scored above 80% on only four of the 14 preoperative care guidelines which were;bladder catheterization (100%, n = 14), obtaining informed consent (92.9%, n = 12), administration of IV (96.4%, n = 13) and administration of preoperative antibiotics (82.1%, n = 11). Midwives however scored less than 80% on preoperative procedures that dealt with vital signs (28.6%, n = 4): BP check (28.6%, n = 4);Pulse rate check (25%, n = 3.5);respiration check (25%, n = 3.5) and temperature check (25%, n = 3.5). The midwives scored further below standard on blood specimen collection (78.6%, n = 11). Psychological support to clients was also below standard at 60.7%, n = 8. Other components of psychological support such as surgery information (57.1%, n = 8), allowing clients ask questions (28.6%, n = 4) and answering clients’ questions (25%, n = 3.5) were also scored below standard. Overall the standard of preoperative care was below standard at the facility. Most of the midwives were new graduates, who had never received any in-service training on preoperative care. Therefore in service training it is recommended for the midwives to provide good quality of care.

Overview of the Shenzhen Emergency Medical Service Call Pattern

BACKGROUND：In Shenzhen, the Emergency Medical Service （EMS） system has been in service since 1997. This study aims to examine the operation of Shenzhen 120 EMS center and to identify the reasons of calling EMS.BACKGROUND：In this retrospective quantitative descriptive study, the data from the Shenzhen 120 EMS registry in 2011 were analyzed.RESULTS：Shenzhen 120 EMS center is a communication command center. When the number of 120 are dialed, it is forwarded to the closest appropriate hospital for ambulance dispatch. In 2011, the Shenzhen 120 EMS center received 153 160 ambulance calls, with an average of 420 calls per day. Calling emergency services was mainly due to traffic accidents. Trauma and other acute diseases constituted a majority of ambulance transports. The adult patients aged 15-60 years are the principal users of EMS. There are no recognized ＇paramedic＇ doctors and nurses. The pre-hospital emergency service is under the operation of emergency departments of hospitals. Shenzhen at present does not have specialized pre-hospital training for doctors and nurses in posttrauma management. Moreover, specialized pre-hospital training, financial support, and public health education on proper use of EMS should be emphasized.CONCLUSION：The Shenzhen 120 EMS center has its own epidemiology characteristics. Traumatic injury and traffic accident are the main reasons for calling ambulance service. In-depth study emphasizing the distribution and characteristics of trauma patients is crucial to the future development of EMS.

Control of Glyphosate-Resistant Giant Ragweed (<i>Ambrosia trifida</i>L.) with 2,4-D Followed by Pre-Emergence or Post-Emergence Herbicides in Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean (<i>Glycine max</i>L.)

Control of glyphosate-resistant giant ragweed is a challenge, particularly for soybean growers, because of limited effective post-emergence (POST) herbicide options. Many soybean growers in no-till production systems use 2,4-D in burndown application for control of broadleaf weeds, including giant ragweed. Field experiments were conducted at David City, NE, in 2012 and 2013 to evaluate 2,4-D followed by PRE or POST herbicide programs for control of glyphosate-resistant giant ragweed in glyphosate-resistant soybean. Results suggested that burndown application of 2,4-D or saflufenacil plus imazethapyr resulted in 89 to 99% control of giant ragweed at 21 days after treatment. Burndown-only treatments of S-metolachlor plus metribuzin or sulfentrazone plus cloransulam resulted in poor control (≤65%) of giant ragweed and reduced soybean yield (≤ 577 kg&middotha-1). Burndown application of 2,4-D followed by saflufenacil plus imazethapyr, S-metolachlor plus metribuzin, or sulfentrazone plus cloransulam applied pre-emergence (PRE) or cloransulam, chlorimuron, fomesafen, imazethapyr, or lactofen in tank-mixtures with acetochlor applied POST resulted in 87% to 99% giant ragweed control, reduced density to ≤7 plants m-2, and resulted in soybean yield from 2519 to 3823 kg&middotha-1. There was no difference among and between 2,4-D followed by PRE or POST herbicides for giant ragweed control, density, or soybean yield, indicating all the two pass herbicide programs were effective. It is concluded that glyphosate-resistant giant ragweed can be effectively controlled in soybean by including 2,4-D in burndown program followed by PRE or POST herbicides tested in this study.

Pre-emergence herbicides affect seedling emergence of tropical forest tree species

Testing techniques to reduce weed infestation is a crucial step in developing direct tree seeding systems. The use of pre-emergence herbicides may be an alternative to manual weeding techniques, but so far, information on how they affect the seeds of native tree species is scarce. We established a greenhouse experiment to evaluate the effects of four pre-emergence herbicides (atrazine, diuron, isoxaflutole and oxyfluorfen) on weed suppression and seedling emergence and early growth of seven tropical forest tree species (Annona coriacea Mart., Citharexylum myrianthum Cham., Cordia ecalyculata Vell., Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub., Psidium guajava L., Pterogyne nitens Tul. and Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi). The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with five treatments and five replicates. The treatments consisted of a single dose of each pre-emergence herbicide and a control. Throughout the 60 days after sowing we evaluated weed cover and seedling emergence and early growth of tree species. Overall, our results suggest that all tested herbicides reduced weed cover; however, they also negatively affected tree species seedling emergence. Of the four herbicides tested, atrazine and diuron showed the greatest effects on tree seedling emergence, oxyfluorfen was least aggressive towards native species and isoxaflutole was most effective in weed control. Native tree species varied in their responses to herbicides, indicating that future experiments should increase the number of species tested as well as investigate how seed traits can affect the species responses to different herbicides.

Feasibility study of emergency intervention for vascular injury outside the hospital

Background: Minimally invasive surgery in the field of traumatic vascular injury diagnosis and treatment has achieved good results. This study was designed to determine whether pre-hospital emergency intervention is feasible for vascular injury in a field intervention cabin under the condition of war or a disaster site.Methods: Different types of animal experiments of vascular injury intervention were performed in a field intervention cabin. Treatment capacity was evaluated by data collection, including duration of surgery, clinical evaluation, image clarity, and equipment handling. Environmental adaptability and mobility were evaluated by maneuverability and long-distance mobility.Results: A total of 56 surgeries(7 types) were performed in the field intervention cabin. Digital subtraction angiography(DSA) had good imaging performance. A total of 4800 km of long-distance mobility was performed, and all the equipment operated normally without any equipment failure. We participated in the medical service maneuver twice. The cabin unfolded and worked properly. There was no equipment damage during the medical service maneuver.Conclusion: Use of a field intervention cabin under the conditions of war or disaster is feasible for pre-hospital emergency intervention of vascular injury.

我国院前医疗急救从业人员标准化意识调研

目的了解我国院前医疗急救从业人员标准化意识现状,为推动院前医疗急救标准化工作提供参考。方法自行设计调查问卷,于2023年1月-3月采用便利抽样方法对北京、河南、浙江、湖北、新疆5省市912名院前医疗急救从业人员的标准化意识进行调查,采用SPSS 20.0软件进行数据统计分析。结果院前医疗急救从业人员对标准化相关知识非常了解的比例均未超过20%,95.83%的从业人员认为标准化对推进院前医疗急救事业发展有作用,19.85%的从业人员参与过院前医疗急救标准起草工作,57.57%的从业人员愿意参与院前医疗急救标准制修订工作。结论我国院前医疗急救从业人员对院前医疗急救标准相关知识了解程度不高。有必要加强院前医疗急救相关标准、规范化知识的宣传、推广和普及,增强院前医疗急救从业人员的标准化意识,从而推进院前医疗急救事业持续发展。

4R危机管理理论在120指挥调度管理中的应用研究

“120”指挥调度作为整个院前医疗急救工作的“第一棒”,保障其安全高效运转尤其重要。通过总结淄博市医疗急救指挥中心在“120”指挥调度管理方面运用4R危机管理理论的实践,探讨如何更好地减少“120”指挥调度中危机事件的发生,进行相关制度建设,制定措施高效应对危机事件及事后恢复重建等,从而建立更安全、更高效的“120”指挥调度体系,让市民群众真正体验到高品质的院前急救服务。

急诊预检分诊岗位护理实习教学方法调查分析

目的探讨适合急诊预检分诊岗位护理实习的带教方法。方法随机选取2022年1—8月于广州医科大学附属第一医院、广州医科大学附属第二医院、广州医科大学附属第三医院、广州市第一人民医院、广东省人民医院等多家三甲医院急诊科实习的112名护理学生进行问卷调查,内容包括一般资料、急诊预检分诊岗位护理实习教学方法调查。结果参与调查的护生中,79名护生(70.5%)实习前已参加过急诊培训,102名(91.1%)护生认为非常有必要学习预检分诊知识,72名(64.3%)护生对学习预检分诊知识及技能非常有兴趣,105名护生(93.8%)自愿安排时间学习预检分诊知识。分别对急诊预检分诊岗位实习教学方法进行对比分析,排名最高的3种教学方法依次为情景教学法、以问题为基础的教学法(problem-basedlearning,PLB)、传统教授法。在校护生对护理实习教学方法的选择构成比比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论护生对急诊预检分诊岗位实习需求较高,更加倾向选择能提高其实践能力、理论与临床结合能力的实习带教方法。情景教学方法在本研究中的分值最高,在急诊预检分诊实习带教中可灵活使用。

急性胸痛患者早期风险评估研究进展

急性胸痛是急诊常见的症状之一,早期精准识别高风险性和低风险性胸痛有益于高危患者得到及时诊疗以及低危患者减少过度医疗,同时改善预后和缓解院前急救及急诊科医疗资源的严峻。近年来急性胸痛患者早期危险分层工具不断开发,其敏感度和特异度各有不同。本文对目前急性胸痛患者早期风险评估的研究进展进行综述。

基于SWOT分析的我国院前医疗急救标准化建设现状及策略探究

目的 明确推进我国院前医疗急救标准化建设的策略,为院前医疗急救高质量发展提供参考。方法 运用SWOT分析法分析院前医疗急救标准化建设中存在的优势、劣势、机会和威胁。结果 我国院前医疗急救体系已初步构建,但尚未建立完善的标准体系,且相关标准覆盖面窄、数量不足、修订不及时,还面临标准化复合型人才缺乏、从业人员标准化意识不强等挑战。结论 我国院前医疗急救标准化建设应抓住政策支持及信息技术发展机遇,充分借鉴国外经验,从现状与实际需求出发,积极培养标准化复合型人才,不断完善标准体系,及时制修订相关标准,提升标准质量。

我国院前医疗急救标准研究

目的了解我国院前医疗急救标准现状,为推进院前医疗急救标准化、同质化建设提供参考。方法从各标准信息公共服务平台检索我国院前医疗急救相关标准,进行描述性统计分析和词云图分析。结果1975年-2022年我国发布院前医疗急救相关标准57项,标准牵头起草单位40家,参与起草单位307家。院前医疗急救相关标准的重点逐渐由急救车辆、急救设备等转为对伤病员的服务规范、信息化、急救机构建设等。结论我国院前医疗急救相关标准总量较少,内容覆盖面窄,且未形成标准体系。需抓住院前医疗急救发展新机遇,优化院前医疗急救标准框架体系,及时进行标准制修订工作,并持续做好培训、宣贯等。

基于院前120急救大数据的流行病学特征及其空间分析——以大连市为例

城市公共卫生应急管理与居民生命安全息息相关,随着大连市人口老龄化速度加快,疾病谱系也随之复杂化,居民对急救的需求与日俱增.采用2020年9月至2021年8月大连市120院前急救患者的历史大数据,筛选并分析院前急救患者的流行病学特征建立数据库,利用最近邻距离指数、核密度、缓冲区分析等方法研究大连市120院前急救患者的空间格局分布的类型和特征.通过筛选符合标准的40 551病例后,对院前急救患者进行流行病学分析,得到大连市120院前急救患者的流行病学特征:男女比例为1.13∶1,疾病高峰年龄段是老年组(病发年龄≥60岁),排除不明确诊断,病种占比前3的疾病是损伤和中毒(24.727%)、心血管系统(10.219%)、呼吸系统(9.928%),且这些疾病都主要发生在老年组.院前120急救患者在空间上多呈现集聚分布,主要集中于苍山路周围、友谊广场附近、东联路与华北路相交一带、香炉礁街、联合路两侧、中山广场附近、人民路、二七广场周围、马栏北街、西山小区附近、台山街周围.以期对指导医院急救资源合理配置以及制定有效的院前急救防控措施具有一定的参考意义.

《急救工作站配置规范》地方标准编制研究

急救工作站是保障院前医疗急救服务工作的固定场所。《急救工作站配置规范》地方标准编制遵循规范性、一致性、协调性、科学性原则,采用文献研究、实地调查、专家访谈等方法,规范了急救工作站功能布局、设备设施、人员配置、外观标识等内容,可用于指导急救工作站建设,提升院前医疗急救服务能力与水平。

院前院内无缝隙一体化急救模式对急诊危重症孕产妇救治效果及母婴结局的影响

目的:探讨院前院内无缝隙一体化急救模式对急诊危重症孕产妇救治效果及母婴结局的影响。方法:回顾性收集2022年5月-2023年2月本院实施传统急救模式时救治的急诊危重孕产妇83例作为传统组,2023年3月-2024年1月本院实施院前院内无缝隙一体化急救模式时救治的急诊危重孕产妇85例作为观察组。比较两组急救时间、急救效果、母婴不良结局。结果:观察组院前急救反应时间(6.4±1.6 min)、院内转运时间(10.3±3.1 min)、急救物品准备时间(15.4±5.1 min)、急诊科救治时间(21.5±6.8 min)均短于传统组(8.1±1.8 min、13.8±4.2 min、24.5±6.4 min),急救总有效率(95.3%)高于传统组(85.5%),孕产妇不良结局发生率(3.5%)、新生儿窒息率(5.9%)及死亡率(1.2%)均低于传统组(16.9%、9.6%)(均P<0.05)。结论:在危重症孕产妇急救中采取院前院内无缝隙一体化急救模式可明显提高急救效率,改善母婴结局。

孝感市院前急救医疗服务空间可及性研究

目的 探究孝感市院前急救医疗服务的可及性特征,为优化有限急救医疗资源配置提供依据。方法 以孝感市内2020年所有提供院前急救医疗服务的急救站为供方,孝感市内所有人口为需方。采用最短路径分析计算所有供方急救医疗服务设施点到达需方的最短到达时间。结果 孝感市院前急救医疗服务平均最短到达时间为46.32 min,覆盖人口为80%的平均最短到达时间为66.08 min,98.53%人口可在2 h内获得院前急救医疗服务。在各辖区中,孝南区院前急救平均最短到达时间最短为6.48 min,大悟县最长为85.38 min。结论 孝感市的院前急救医疗服务的空间可及性较差,内部各辖区可及性存在较大差异。相较于其他各县(市),医疗资源丰富、人口密集的孝南区院前急救医疗服务可及性较好。对院前急救资源空间可及性较为薄弱的区域,实施合理布局增设院前急救医疗服务机构、增强交通网络等综合策略,可改善院前急救医疗服务可及性。

北京市院前急救人员工作满意度调查及影响因素研究

目的调查北京市院前急救人员工作满意度现状,分析其差异性及影响因素,为提高工作满意度、保障服务质量、促进院前急救行业可持续化发展提供参考。方法采用SPSS 23.0对数据进行录入,进行t检验、方差分析、多元线性回归等处理。结果北京市714名院前急救人员在隶属单位、性别、年龄、受教育程度、工作岗位、职称分类、职称等级、工作年限方面的基本情况;工作满意度一般及不理想占比达到39.91%;7个类别的工作满意度差异有统计学意义;7个因素对工作满意度的影响具差异有统计学意义;90.20%的院前急救人员建议提高薪酬待遇。结论北京市院前急救人员青壮年男性为主,大专、大学本科学历占比高;工作满意度不容乐观;不同受教育程度、工作岗位、工作年限对院前急救人员工作满意度影响明显;应该从提高薪酬待遇、加强急救技术培训方面强化人才队伍建设,提高院前急救人员工作满意度。

苏州院前急救模式的实践与思考

目的探索和完善苏州院前急救模式。方法比较苏州周边地市院前急救模式,基于苏州院前急救模式建设概况、初步成效、现存问题进行探讨。结果苏州院前急救模式建设成效明显,但仍存在接听能力不足、未实现电话定位、直属力量薄弱、信息互通不全等问题。结论院前急救“苏州模式”可从提升接听能力、实现电话定位、增强直属力量、强化大市质控入手,全面提升苏州市院前急救的服务能级和保障能力,探索“苏州模式”更优发展。

广州某三甲医院急诊科经120救护车来诊患者特点分析

目的探讨急诊科经120救护车来诊患者的特点,为明确急诊科救治重点、合理分配急诊医疗资源及优化急诊就诊流程提供依据。方法收集广州医科大学附属第二医院急诊科2022年1—12月经广州120救护车来诊患者的数据,对患者的性别、年龄、疾病谱、病情分诊级别、来诊高峰等资料进行分析。结果共收集患者4370例,其中男性患者2287例(占52.3%),女性患者2083例(占47.7%);患者年龄0.1~106.0岁,其中以66岁以上年龄段患者居多,占比62.5%;疾病谱排名前3位的为神经系统疾病(1529例,占比35.0%)、创伤(797例,占比18.2%)、呼吸系统疾病(555例,占比12.7%);预检分诊级别为Ⅰ级患者300例(占6.9%),Ⅱ级1248例(占28.6%)、Ⅲ级2806例(占64.2%)、Ⅳ级16例(占0.4%);来诊的高峰时段为9:00—12:00,779例,占比17.8%。结论急诊医护人员应根据经120来诊患者特征,合理调配急诊医疗资源,进一步优化接诊流程,提高急诊救治能力,保证患者安全。