Amh (anti-Müllerian hormone) is a single copy gene which is expressed strongly in Sertoli cells in the foetal testis and participates in the onset of sexual differentiation. Its promoter driving the expression of...Amh (anti-Müllerian hormone) is a single copy gene which is expressed strongly in Sertoli cells in the foetal testis and participates in the onset of sexual differentiation. Its promoter driving the expression of a reporter gene (d2EGFP) has been used to analyse the role of certain defined putative elements and a downstream enhancer element in gene expression. These experiments were carried out in vitro using a line of pre-pubertal mouse Sertoli cells, transienly transfected with circular DNA constructs with variously mutated promoter elements. A downstream enhancer element, situated immediately 3’ of the polyadenylation (PA) signal for Amh, has been inserted in an equivalent position in the d2EGFP construct. When the Amh promoter is unmodified, the downstream enhancer (DE) is positively associated with a large increase in EGFP expression. This is at least partly the consequence of an increased rate of expression by individual cells. Experiments using variously truncated Amh promoters indicate that an upstream region (-214 to -336) may play a minor role in facilitating enhancement. However mutation of the Wilms tumour factor-1 element, situated between the tata box and the start of translation, results in an almost complete suppression of enhancement.展开更多
Epididymo-Orchitis (EO) is a disease that may affect males in all ages. Neonates and elderly patients may suffer from bacterial infection due to congenital or aging processes affecting the urinary tract. In sexually a...Epididymo-Orchitis (EO) is a disease that may affect males in all ages. Neonates and elderly patients may suffer from bacterial infection due to congenital or aging processes affecting the urinary tract. In sexually active post pubertal and young males sexually transmitted organisms may cause EO. EO is also prevalent in pre pubertal healthy boys;however in this group the etiology, the needed imaging modalities and proper management are not clearly defined yet. This manuscript will systematically review the various etiologies causing EO in pre-pubertal boys, discus about the needed proper imaging, and image interpretation, will give treatment and follow-up recommendations.展开更多
Heat stress is an important influence on the male reproductive organs.Therefore,the effects of heat stress on genes or pathways related to the reproductive system of male mice were experimentally explored in this pape...Heat stress is an important influence on the male reproductive organs.Therefore,the effects of heat stress on genes or pathways related to the reproductive system of male mice were experimentally explored in this paper to further determine the effects of heat stimulation on mammals.Herein,models of heat-exposed mouse testicular tissue and heatexcited cells were successfully established.Many scorched vesicles were found after heat excitation of testis supporting cells,testicular mesenchymal(TM4)cells.Western blot,in situ terminal deoxynucleotide transferase dUTP Nick end labeling(TUNEL)and transmission electron microscopy showed that membrane rupture,mitochondrial damage and autophagic vesicles occurred in TM4 cells after thermal excitation.The N-segment fragment of the associated protein shear was increased,and the TUNEL result was positive.In conclusion,thermal excitation induced apoptosis and scorch death in TM4 cells.Thus,the Hippo pathway and apoptosis-related pathway were significantly enriched after heat stimulation in mouse testis,and the scorch death effect in TM4 cells was induced by heat excitation.展开更多
The phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt(PI3K/AKT)signaling pathway is crucial for Sertoli cell development and completing spermatogenesis.Its main role is to promote proliferation and inhibit apoptosis.Many factors activate...The phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt(PI3K/AKT)signaling pathway is crucial for Sertoli cell development and completing spermatogenesis.Its main role is to promote proliferation and inhibit apoptosis.Many factors activate the PI3K/AKT pathway,like hormones,such as follicle stimulating hormone(FSH),androgen,estrogen,insulin to name a few.Many of these factors have receptors inside or on the surface of Sertoli cells(SCs).This review summarizes how these hormones directly regulate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in SCs,which in turn affects SC proliferation and differentiation.Further,hormone-mediated PI3K/AKT signaling also stimulates SC secretion,which is essential for germ cell development,suggesting an indirect role of PI3K/AKT signaling during spermatogenesis.These functions include promoting spermatogonia proliferation and differentiation,meiosis of spermatocytes,sperm maturation,and their release.This review also provides potential hints for clinically treating male infertility issues like cryptorchidism and Sertoli cell-only syndrome.展开更多
文摘Amh (anti-Müllerian hormone) is a single copy gene which is expressed strongly in Sertoli cells in the foetal testis and participates in the onset of sexual differentiation. Its promoter driving the expression of a reporter gene (d2EGFP) has been used to analyse the role of certain defined putative elements and a downstream enhancer element in gene expression. These experiments were carried out in vitro using a line of pre-pubertal mouse Sertoli cells, transienly transfected with circular DNA constructs with variously mutated promoter elements. A downstream enhancer element, situated immediately 3’ of the polyadenylation (PA) signal for Amh, has been inserted in an equivalent position in the d2EGFP construct. When the Amh promoter is unmodified, the downstream enhancer (DE) is positively associated with a large increase in EGFP expression. This is at least partly the consequence of an increased rate of expression by individual cells. Experiments using variously truncated Amh promoters indicate that an upstream region (-214 to -336) may play a minor role in facilitating enhancement. However mutation of the Wilms tumour factor-1 element, situated between the tata box and the start of translation, results in an almost complete suppression of enhancement.
文摘Epididymo-Orchitis (EO) is a disease that may affect males in all ages. Neonates and elderly patients may suffer from bacterial infection due to congenital or aging processes affecting the urinary tract. In sexually active post pubertal and young males sexually transmitted organisms may cause EO. EO is also prevalent in pre pubertal healthy boys;however in this group the etiology, the needed imaging modalities and proper management are not clearly defined yet. This manuscript will systematically review the various etiologies causing EO in pre-pubertal boys, discus about the needed proper imaging, and image interpretation, will give treatment and follow-up recommendations.
基金This research was funded by the Anhui Provincial Key Research and Development Project of the People’s Republic of China(202104j07020016)the 512 Talent Cultivation Plan of Middle-aged Backbone Teachers of Bengbu Medical College of China(by51201207)the Climbing Plan of Natural Science General Project of Bengbu Medical College(China)(2021bypd003).
文摘Heat stress is an important influence on the male reproductive organs.Therefore,the effects of heat stress on genes or pathways related to the reproductive system of male mice were experimentally explored in this paper to further determine the effects of heat stimulation on mammals.Herein,models of heat-exposed mouse testicular tissue and heatexcited cells were successfully established.Many scorched vesicles were found after heat excitation of testis supporting cells,testicular mesenchymal(TM4)cells.Western blot,in situ terminal deoxynucleotide transferase dUTP Nick end labeling(TUNEL)and transmission electron microscopy showed that membrane rupture,mitochondrial damage and autophagic vesicles occurred in TM4 cells after thermal excitation.The N-segment fragment of the associated protein shear was increased,and the TUNEL result was positive.In conclusion,thermal excitation induced apoptosis and scorch death in TM4 cells.Thus,the Hippo pathway and apoptosis-related pathway were significantly enriched after heat stimulation in mouse testis,and the scorch death effect in TM4 cells was induced by heat excitation.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32270555 and 32072954).
文摘The phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt(PI3K/AKT)signaling pathway is crucial for Sertoli cell development and completing spermatogenesis.Its main role is to promote proliferation and inhibit apoptosis.Many factors activate the PI3K/AKT pathway,like hormones,such as follicle stimulating hormone(FSH),androgen,estrogen,insulin to name a few.Many of these factors have receptors inside or on the surface of Sertoli cells(SCs).This review summarizes how these hormones directly regulate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in SCs,which in turn affects SC proliferation and differentiation.Further,hormone-mediated PI3K/AKT signaling also stimulates SC secretion,which is essential for germ cell development,suggesting an indirect role of PI3K/AKT signaling during spermatogenesis.These functions include promoting spermatogonia proliferation and differentiation,meiosis of spermatocytes,sperm maturation,and their release.This review also provides potential hints for clinically treating male infertility issues like cryptorchidism and Sertoli cell-only syndrome.
