Brief History of Xu-style Gardens in the Qin and Han Dynasties

This paper studied the gardening activities and characteristics of Xu-style gardens in the Qin and Han Dynasties by combining ancient literature with the study of Han Dynasty stone reliefs.The results showed that by Qin and Han Dynasties,the imperial(royal)gardens and private gardens in ancient Xuzhou had developed in parallel.Imperial(royal)gardens were built by or for vassal kings,First Emperor of Qin Dynasty,Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty Liu Bang,for example,Pei Palace,Yanqi Tai,Xima Tai,Hanzu Temple,Lingguang Palace of Lu and so on.As for private gardens,stone reliefs in medium or small tombs owned by the bigwigs or the rich were collected from ancient Xuzhou,and from which we can see clearly the development of private garden from the court,the yard to the garden,rich garden plants and animal species,garden architecture types such as hall,building,pavilion,platform,boat,corridor,gate,gatetower,ornamental column etc.,particularly,hanging waterside pavilion was a unique architectural form of Xu-style garden.These achievements showed that Xu-style garden architecture had been transformed from the pre-Qin incubation period to the generation period.

Frontier of Military Defense Buildings in the Western Regions of the Han and Tang Dynasties Based on CiteSpace

Under the guidance of the “the Belt and Road” policy, the academic community continues to study the historical relics of the western regions and military facilities along the silk road in recent years. Focusing on the military defense buildings in the western regions of the Han and Tang Dynasties, CiteSpace software is used to conduct statistical and visual analysis on the hot issues of relevant literature in the military buildings on the silk road. Based on the analysis of frontier hot issues, the research trend of future topics is analyzed and predicted. The research shows that the frontier hot spots of military architecture in the western regions of Han and Tang Dynasties are extensive, and the research trend is steadily rising.

The Influence of the Southern Silk Road on the Social Development of the Southwestern Yi in the Qin and Han Dynasties

The Southern Silk Road ran through Sichuan,Yunnan,and other provinces of China.It was a vital transport artery that linked the region of the southwestern Yi(barbarian tribes)to the Central Plains and influenced politics,economy,and culture in the region of the southwestern Yi in ancient times.The imperial governments of the Qin and Han dynasties kept developing regions along the Southern Silk Road.Their relentless efforts brought about social development in the region of the southwestern Yi in three aspects.Politically,they established the county system and step by step integrated the southwestern frontier and the inland into an administrative whole;economically,they implemented“presenting generous gifts and tax exemption,”spread the advanced production technology from the Central Plains,and promoted local economic growth;ideologically,they spread Confucianism and culture,and promoted cultural exchange and development.

Aesthetic Research of Xu-style Gardens in Han Dynasty

From the aesthetic point of view,this paper summarized the artistic style of Xu-style gardens in Han Dynasty,and through the analysis of the historical and cultural background of Xuzhou in this period,explained the formation of the style of Xu-style gardens in Han Dynasty and its cultural origin.Through the interpretation of landscape,architecture,plants and other garden elements and typical examples,the connotation of the garden art style of Xu-style was analyzed.Clarifying humble beauty of Xu-style gardens would help to better apply local artistic style in future garden construction and promote the development of regional gardens.

Glimpse of the Han Dynasty from Han Stone Relief——Take the Han stone relief in Tengzhou For Example

Han stone relief is a kind of unique burial art in China and has a far-reaching influence in the whole history of art.Han stone relief is discovered in quite a few districts in China.Tengzhou is one of the districts that discovers Han stone relief at the earliest and has relatively abundant remains.The article takes Han stone relief that is in Tengzhou Shandong as an example,analyzes the subjects and contents of it,as well as its values,and explores the mainstream ideology which is reflected by these stone portraits at that time.

Simulated Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Climate Change in China during the Han Dynasty(1–200 A.D.)

In this study,a 2000-year simulation forced by transient,external forcings is carried out with the Community Earth System Model.The authors investigate the spatiotemporal features of climate change in the Han Dynasty(1–200 A.D.)using the empirical orthogonal function(EOF)method.The leading EOF mode of the annua mean temperature anomalies shows a uniform variation of temperature over the whole of China,while the second EOF mode indicates opposite variations of temperature between western and eastern China.For the annual mean precipitation anomalies,the first EOF mode indicates a meridional dipole pattern over eastern China,with increased(decreased)precipitation to the south of the Yangtze River and decreased(increased)precipitation to the north.The leading mode of the 850 h Pa winds and sea level pressure in summer exhibits a southwesterly(northeasterly)anomaly over South China,which is associated with a strengthened(reduced)meridional sea level pressure gradient.Compared to reconstructions,the model can capture the majority of features of climate changes in the Han Dynasty,though it underestimates the magnitude.

Comparative Analysis of Imperial Gardens in the Han Dynasty

The Han Dynasty was the foundation period of Chinese feudal society and an important period for the growth and development of imperial gardens.Therefore,the Han Dynasty has always been a hot topic in the study of Chinese classical garden history.This study analyzed the background and mainstream thoughts of the Han Dynasty,compared creative ideas,construction techniques,and garden construction achievements of imperial gardens in the Han Dynasty,and elaborated on the similarities and differences between creative ideas,gardening techniques,and social functions of imperial gardens in the Han Dynasty.It is hoped that through this study,the status of the gardening art of the Han Dynasty in the history of Chinese classical gardens can be evaluated more scientifically and objectively,and some reliable theoretical basis for modern garden design is provided.

Study on the Brocades of Han Dynasty in Philadelphia Museum of Art

The brocades (jin 锦) in Han Dynasty is very precious for the study of the history of ancient Chinese textiles. This paper introduces the study on the brocades of Han Dynasty, which excavated from the tumuli of the ancient nomadic tribe “Xiong-nu” (Hun 匈 奴) in the Noin-Ula Mountains in Mongolia. The detailed analyses of the brocades in the collection of Philadelphia Museum of Art are given in this paper and a logical, reasonable conjecture for ancient weaving technology is proposed.

The History of the Former Han Dynasty:A Critical Translation with Annotations Translated by Homer Hasenpflug Dubs

Translation is an important medium of cultural communication.It is not a mere transfer of two languages,but the interaction of two cultures.Cultural misreading,which results from cultural discrepancy and translator’s subjectivity,truly reflects where the blockade and conflict in the cultural communication is.Cultural misreading is an objective phenomenon that exists in the entire process of translation.This paper intends to make a comprehensive analysis and discussion on The History of the Former Han Dynasty:a Critical Translation with Annotations translated by Homer Hasenpflug Dubs.As for the reasons of cultural misreading,this paper divides them into three types—language,thinking habit,traditional culture.It is to be hoped that this paper will draw more attention from the translation circle to the phenomena,and make contribution to the development of literary translation.

Changxin Palace Lamp A Beam of Light from the Han Dynasty

A palace maid in the Western Han Dynasty sat on her bare.feet, eyebrows slender, face plump, wearing headdress and dressed in curving-front robe. For more than two thousand years, she has never moved a step by herself However, she has set out from the Western Han Dynasty, bringing a distant beam of light. She was born for the light, holding the lamp in both hands and projecting the light forward. When you watch this lamp, it seems that you can see the era which it illuminated.

A Textual Research on the Image of＂Gaomei God＂ in the Stone Relief of the Han Dynasty

As the most primitive and the highest-level media in ancient Chinese society, Gaomei God played a pivotal role in the social life of the Han Dynasty. The stone relief is a vivid portrayal of the Han Dynasty society, and we can use the format routine method to fred out the image of Gaomei God in it. Starting from the Gaomei portrait, a research on typology is carried out before the portrait is divided into three types on the basis of its development and evolution, which is followed by a comprehensive analysis of its time, distribution area, configuration combination, carving techniques, image composition, development in a way to sum up the law of Gaomei portrait.

Xu-style Garden Architecture of the Han Dynasty: Hanging Waterside Pavilion

Based on the Han Dynasty stone reliefs unearthed in the ancient Xuzhou area,a kind of pavilion above the water—hanging waterside pavilion(Xuan Shui Xie,built above the water with stilts and brackets as the base and seeming hanging on the water)was systematically collected and classifi ed into 2 major categories:single-bracket column hanging waterside pavilion and multiple-bracket column hanging waterside pavilion.The research showed that hanging waterside pavilion got ride of traditional pavilion’s reliance on rammed earth foundation.In addition to working as a connection part,brackets,or bucket arches(Dougong)had also tremendous load-bearing capacity,straight and curved brackets co-formed a giant multiple bracket system,staircases and one-side hanging structure were used to support the upper construction,so that a new towering but light wooden structure hanging above the water was created,which was an innovation of bracket technique of the Han Dynasty,and also a creative design in the development of wooden architecture.

A Brief Analysis of Competitive Sports Depicted on the Portrait Bricks and Stones of the Han Dynasty

The emergence of competitive sports in ancient China is closely related to military activities.With the evolution and development of society,many sporting events have been introduced to and accepted by,the people and later carried forward from generation to generation.In the Han Dynasty,thanks to the strong national strength and booming economy,competitive sports witnessed rapid development.People at that time,from imperial officials to common people,were all keen on various competitive sports and such sports were also very popular among the folk.Along with this,there emerged multiple monographs on sports.Portrait bricks are the remnants of the lavish burial rituals of the Han Dynasty.As the economy grew and social wealth amassed,the lavish burial custom prevailing since the Spring and Autumn Period reached its peak in the Han Dynasty,especially in the Eastern Han Dynasty.People would bury in tombs along with various articles they used before they died.They would also paint the life of the tomb owner on bricks to decorate the tomb by embedding them in the tomb chamber.The images on the portrait bricks unearthed from the tombs of the Han Dynasty are the most intuitive and convincing physical evidence to reflect the development of competitive sports at that time.We conduct a preliminary study on competitive sports in the Han Dynasty by using the portrait bricks of the Han Dynasty unearthed in Sichuan province and the Yellow River basin as examples,aiming to do our bit to build a sporting powerhouse and a healthy China.

Bible Depicted in 2,000-year-old Han Dynasty Stone Carvings

Wang Weifan is a member of the standing committee of the China Christian Council, and a Christian theology education professor. He recently discovered that several Eastern Han Dynasty museum exhibits in the Jiangsu Xuzhou Han Dynasty Stone Carving Museum include depictions of the bible and of

孙吴田租标准及其与汉晋田租制度的因革关系

走马楼吴简《嘉禾吏民田家莂》记载了多种田租征收标准,因每年定收田的比例不同,导致实际征收时的亩租额差别极大。根据考证,嘉禾四年(235)实际征收的亩租额约为0.24斛,五年(236)实际征收的亩租额约为0.714斛。由于临湘田租标准是在长时段的变动中实现动态平衡的,故取两年的平均值0.474斛作为临湘嘉禾年间田租的大致标准。对荆州区域内战国到晋朝的田租标准、北方区域内汉魏时期的田租标准分别考述后,将孙吴临湘田租标准与之比较。从比较中发现,在从汉到晋的田租变动中,存在着由低转高的趋势,孙吴与北方区域的增税总体上是同步的。孙吴虽然存在租入过重的现象,却没有发展到某些研究者所判断的那种严重程度。由生产力发展水平所决定,加之南北双方的相互制约因素,孙吴田租高于汉代和曹魏田租七八倍是不可能的事。吴简为田租研究提供了极其宝贵的原始资料,但不可轻言“改革”和“改制”。

西北汉简中的“贳卖”与“贳买”

西北汉简中有一类“戍卒贳卖名籍”,内容是记录内地戍卒将其携带衣财物在边地贳卖的名单。贳卖即赊卖,西北汉简中记载的贳卖是一种有特定含义的贸易活动。贳卖地点包括吏所和民所两类,分别对应“卒居署贳卖名籍”和“卒行道贳卖名籍”。贳卖民所标识信息详细,包括籍贯、人名,且有任者,并标注身份或居住地;贳卖吏所记录则相对简单,只标注隧长、隧名。偶有作为知情人、见证人的“旁人”,但并不涉及经济关系。其原因在于军政系统中的候官对军吏约束力强。贳卖对象相对集中,故而当为中介机构而非个人。官府禁止戍卒私贳卖衣财物。边地官府掌控着贳卖活动,军政系统由部—候官—都尉府层层控制,通过帮助收债、干预贳卖价格、调查交易中的不法行为来实现。贳卖方来源于内地戍卒,贳买方主要为边地的底层官吏和百姓。内地戍卒的贳卖活动有专门贸易的倾向,可以满足对现钱的需求,是丝路贸易的一种形式。边地军政机构也能通过贳卖名籍掌握士卒的衣物装备,从而保证戍卒基本屯戍衣装需要。国家对边地贳卖活动的管理显示出其为巩固边疆所做出的努力。

何以齐家:论汉唐循吏的家庭观念及其影响

汉唐时期的循吏重视家庭,在生活中孝敬父母,夫妻和谐,严格教育子女,友爱兄弟。在夫妻间的清贫生活中,妻子体现出一种工具性。他们以礼法治家,虽然维护了家族的和谐,但也体现出父尊母卑、夫尊妻卑、长幼有序的等级观念。他们的家庭观念也影响了如何治民,他们在治理百姓时注重移风易俗,重构家庭伦理观念;推己及人,用亲情化解矛盾纠纷,甚至于感化罪犯。然而他们对家人的感情是有原则、有边界的,边界就是法律与道德,是国家与百姓的利益。