Evaluation indices of sour flavor for apple fruit and grading standards

In order to establish grading standards of evaluation indices for sour flavor of apples, 10 indices of samples from 106 apple cultivars were tested, including： malic acid（Mal）, oxalic acid（Oxa）, citric acid（Cit）, lactic acid（Lac）, succinic acid（Suc）, fumaric acid（Fum）, total organic acids（To A, the sum of the six organic acids tested）, titratable acid（TiA）, acidity value（AcV）, and pH value. For most of the cultivars studied（85.8%）, the order of the organic acid contents in apples was Mal〉Oxa〉Cit〉Lac〉Suc〉Fum. Mal was the dominant organic acid, on average, accounting for 94.5% of To A. Among the 10 indices, the dispersion of pH value was the smallest with a coefficient of variation of only 8.2%, while the coefficients of variation of the other nine indices were larger, ranging between 31 and 66%. There were significant linear relationships between Mal and two indices（ToA and AcV） as well as between ToA and AcV. There were significant logarithmic relationships between pH value and four indices： Mal, TiA, ToA, and AcV. All the equations had very high fitting accuracy and can be used to accurately predict related indices. According to this study, Mal, ToA, and AcV of apple were normally distributed, TiA was close to normally distributed, whereas pH value had a skewed distribution. Using the fitted normal distribution curves, the grading standards of Mal, TiA, ToA, and AcV were established. The grading node values of pH value were obtained using the logarithmic relationship between pH value and Mal. The grading standards of these five indices can be used to evaluate the sour flavor of apple. This study provides a scientific basis for evaluating apple flavor and selecting apple cultivars.

Grading Standards of the Coefficient of Variation in the Electronic Raw Silk Size Testing

In order to shorten the difference between the raw silk size grading standards of the world and that of China, to quicken the step of the electronic raw silk testing process, the distribution of the coefficient of variation (CV50m%) of the raw silk size in the electronic testing and the development of the new standards are studied according to the sampling and grading theory. By the theoretical deduction and the simulating experiments, the distribution of the coefficient of variation of the raw silk size is given, and the grading scheme whose quality index is the coefficient of variation(CV50m%)of the raw silk size and the grading precisions of all grades are proposed. Moreover, the rightness and the feasibility of the grading scheme are testified by the sampling and grading simulation.

Inspection Methods and Quality Grading Standards for Codonopsis pilosula Seeds

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the inspection methods and quality grading standards for Codonopsis pilosula seeds. [Method] A total of 27 shares of C. pilosula seeds were collected and surveyed from six counties in Shanxi, Gansu and Shaanxi provinces. The inspection methods of various indicators, such as purity, 1 000-grain weight, germination rate, vitality and moisture content, were investigated in accordance with Rules for Agricultural Seed Testing （GB/T 3543.1-7, 1995）, to develop the appropriate quality inspection method for C. pilosula seeds. Based on the developed inspection method and procedures, the quality of 27 shares of C. pilosula seed samples from different regions was inspected, thus es- tablishing quality grading standards for C. pilosula seeds with K-center clustering method. [Result] C. pilosula seeds are suitable to be cultivated in cool regions. The optimal germination temperature was 25 ~C; the optimal germination bed was gauze bed; the optimal staining conditions were： staining temperature 40 ~, TTC concen- tration 0.5%, staining time 4 h. On the basis of cluster analysis, the quality of C. pilosula seeds could be divided into three grades according to five indicators, includ- ing the purity, 1 000-grain weight, moisture content, vitality, and germination rate. Specifically, vitality and germination rate were important factors of grading standards due to the significant differences, followed by purity, 1 000-grain weight and mois- ture content. [Conclusion] This study provided an important basis for standardized cultivation and industrial development of C. pilosula.

Analysis and Discussion about Quantitative Grading Standard for Salary Promotion of Agricultural Scientific Researchers

The existing performance salary system has several grades in the same job title. When the number of workers qualified for promotion is more than the target,quantitative grading is usually adopted to determine salary promotion personnel. Scientific,fair and reasonable grading content and standard directly concern income and remuneration of scientific researchers,and also concern recognition and respect degree of contribution made by scientific researchers. Therefore,quantitative grading standard is of the utmost importance to keeping stability,arousing enthusiasm and creativity of scientific researchers,and promoting smooth development of scientific research. Achievements awarded,papers published and project research can reflect scientific research level,ability and working performance of agricultural scientific researchers. This paper takes these three items as examples,analyzes,discusses and compares the establishment and evaluation of quantitative grading standard. It states that " one yardstick" and " one vote veto system" should be adhered to when evaluating using the quantitative grading standard. It is expected to provide reference for organizations of the same trade in establishing quantitative grading standard and conducting evaluation.

《国际中文教育中文水平等级标准》与海外中文课程大纲的耦合与互动

《国际中文教育中文水平等级标准》为全球中文教育提供了重要的顶层参考框架。探讨该标准融入海外各国中文课程大纲的路径,促进其教学落地具有重要意义。通过对自建“国际中文教育标准数据库”中34国150份中文课程大纲的研究发现,该等级标准同海外课纲在多种维度上存在耦合接口以及互动可能性。为实现《国际中文教育中文水平等级标准》在海外中文课程大纲中的应用和对接,在教学目标上应将分级量化指标同所在国学段年级合理配置;教学内容上应以主题功能主导,语言要素关联;教学评价上应促进分析型评量指标同融合型指标互动互鉴;在语言认知上应保留中文特性,促进中外语言学知识体系互动。

滑坡在役防治工程缺陷分类和健康评价方法

为快速评估常见在役滑坡防治工程的运行状态并采取科学有效的维护手段,笔者在三峡库区、汶川震区和川东地区实地调查了160余处抗滑挡墙、抗滑桩和格构锚固工程,获取了上述三类滑坡防治工程表征损伤的第一手资料,总结分析了其变形破坏模式及特征,定义了滑坡防治工程缺陷的概念,定性地提出了缺陷程度分级标准。在统计分析滑坡防治工程损伤特征基础上,选取了墙身滑移距离、墙身沉陷位移、墙身倾斜程度、墙身裂缝密度、桩体倾斜程度、桩体剪切程度、桩体裂缝密度、格梁最大裂缝宽度、单根格构梁裂缝率和受损格构变形区比例等10个控制指标作为其缺陷分类指标,结合多元线性回归法,对单体工程结构进行综合量化评分评定,进而建立了半定量的滑坡防治工程健康评价方法。

智能化背景下职业院校职业技能等级标准考核鉴定的探索

以徐州工业职业技术学院为例,从当前职业院校职业技能等级标准考核鉴定的现状出发,分析了智能化背景下职业院校职业技能等级标准考核鉴定的必要性和可行性,强调了智能化背景下高分子材料行业人才需求的转变,“1+X”高分子材料品质管控职业等级证书将会是加速人才和企业发展升级迅速结合的有效手段,培养的是适应现代化高分子材料智能工厂急需人才。通过证书应用推进产教深度融合,缩短企业人才培养周期,促进人才质量提升。

学生运动能力标准学理阐释

运动能力是体能、技能和心智能力的综合表现,运动能力标准是衡量运动能力发展水平的质量要求,运动能力标准能够对学生学完某项运动以后在具体运用过程中的综合表现做出准确的判断。运动能力标准的研制具有划时代意义,能更有利于贯彻落实让学生掌握1至2项运动技能的政策要求,能更好地促进学生核心素养的培育,能更精准地把握学生学业质量发展水平,能更全面地为体育教育质量监测提供直接依据。运动能力标准具有课程学习与能力评价的一致性、难度与等级同步的进阶性、服务学生发展的人本性、适宜于大中小学与城乡学生的普适性、系统评价与一标多用的综合性等特征。运动能力标准均划分为逐级进阶的6个等级,基本运动能力的等级划分与学段年级对应,小学每两个年级一个等级,初中每一个年级一个等级,专项运动的6个等级与课程内容难度对应,划分为三期六级,夯实基础期对应一级二级、提高能力期对应三级四级、发展特长期对应五级六级。专项运动能力评价主要采取“定级不定项”的方式,充分考虑学生兴趣爱好和运动需求,又有对相应学段应达到的运动水平的规定性。运动能力各等级测评内容,基于项目不同各有侧重,达标要求注重定量测评,定性评价也力求按观测点达到的要求定量化评价。学生运动能力标准有着广泛的应用场景,诸如教学改革、学业评价、体育中考、质量监测、督导评估等,但都需要有一个“确定—知晓—行测—评价”的推进程序。

BIVPSs新型教学模式在急危重症住院医师规范化培训中的应用

目的研究在急危重症住培中,引入虚拟情景化临床思维诊疗教学系统(body interact virtual patient simulations,BIVPSs)的意义,通过BIVPSs新型教学模式提升急诊住培医师的临床教学水平与意识,进而提升急诊住院医师规范化培训质量。方法选取2021年9月至2022年9月纳入天津医科大学总医院急诊医学科接受住院医师规范化培训的128名学员,采用随机抽签法分成试验组和对照组各64名,分别按照BIVPSs新型教学模式及普通教学模式进行教学,学期完成后,2组进行规范化培训的住培医师同时进行理论考核、临床处理思维能力和操作考核,学员、同行专家评价通过大学教师教学效果评价问卷(student evaluation of educational quality,SEEQ)进行。结果试验组理论考核成绩、临床处理思维能力和操作考核评价均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);学期结束后,学员、同行专家从学习价值与成就感、教学热情与组织清晰性、群体互动、人际交往、知识宽度和信息量、教学管理、功课量和难度等方面进行了评估,试验组评分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论研究通过对住培学员考核与效果评价问卷评估BIVPSs新型教学模式对住培医师临床教学水平的培训效果,发现在急危重症规范化培训教学中通过使用BIVPSs可有效提高急诊住培医师的临床能力。

超声医学科住院医师分级分段递进式培训模式的初步探索

医学硕士专业学位研究生培养和住院医师规范化培训(简称住培)并轨,使得超声医学科专业住院医师呈现出更加复杂的教育背景,这给超声医学科住培工作带来了很大挑战。如何不断改进教学方法,优化教学内容,提升超声实践操作能力,培养高素质的超声医学人才成为了超声医学科住培中亟待解决的问题。上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院针对目前超声医学科培训现状,在住培中采取了分级分段的递进式培训新模式,制订不同年级不同阶段的培训计划、培训内容和考核方法。经过初步探索发现,分级分段递进式培训新模式在超声住院医师中取得了较好的培训效果,受到住院医师一致好评,提高了住院医师的学习积极性和主动性,值得在住培教学中推广应用。

职业院校“双师型”教师队伍建设与探索——以电梯工程技术专业为例

加强职业院校“双师型”教师队伍建设是推动职业教育高质量发展的重要举措,也为我国经济产业转型升级提供技术人才支撑。针对“双师型”教师队伍建设中出现的培训体系有待优化、认定标准有待明确、激励机制有待完善等一系列问题,提出了通过深化校企合作,制定科学严谨的“双师型”教师资质认定标准,规划“双师型”教师实践能力提升的培养方式,打通“引进来、走出去”的“双师型”师资建设路径,并不断完善“双师型”教师保障激励机制,在实践中解决“双师型”队伍建设的问题。

话题任务驱动下《国际中文教育中文水平等级标准》词表的主题化重构

以话题任务目标驱动词汇学习是一条值得探索的教学路径,而系统权威的主题框架和主题词表建设是这一教学模式得以高质量实现的基础性工作。本研究以《国际中文教育中文水平等级标准》为指导,通过对“话题任务内容”的梳理与整合,构建起一个覆盖面广、层次丰富,包含8个一级主题、41个二级主题和130个三级主题的主题框架。在此框架下对《等级标准》词表进行主题化重构,形成了有别于词频导向的主题聚类词表,并就主题词表在具体教学中的应用提出了三点建议,即话题的针对性选取、任务的多元化设计,以及词表的全过程介入。

国内外蜂蜜质量标准对比研究

我国的蜂群数量、蜂蜜产量、消耗量和出口量均居世界前列,但产业水平和经济效益与发达国家相比仍存在一定的差距。本文以蜂蜜进出口贸易为切入点,对比分析了我国与主要贸易国制定的蜂蜜质量标准,找出国内外蜂蜜质量评价中指标差异。针对现状,结合我国的蜂蜜质量问题,提出健全蜂蜜质量标准的合理建议,规范国内蜂蜜市场秩序,为提高我国蜂蜜国际竞争力提供技术支撑。

连翘种子品质检验及质量分级标准研究

目的建立连翘种子品质检验方法,制订连翘种子质量分级标准。方法通过测定不同产地连翘种子的生活力、净度、发芽率、含水量、千粒重、形态等指标,对16份来自全国连翘主产地的连翘种子进行品质检验,并且使用SPSS软件对所得数据进行K-均值聚类分析,初步制订连翘种子的质量分级标准。结果连翘一级种子黑褐色、圆润饱满,净度≥90%,千粒重≥3.2 g,含水量≤6.2%,生活力≥85%,发芽率≥85%;二级种子褐色、较饱满,净度≥75%,千粒重≥2.7 g,含水量≤5.5%,生活力≥65%,发芽率≥60%;三级种子黄棕色、瘦瘪,净度≥40%,千粒重≥2.2 g,含水量≤4.3%,生活力≥45%,发芽率≥35%。结论本研究制订了连翘种子分级标准,可为连翘种子的质量评价和人工栽培提供参考依据。

全生物基聚酯热熔胶的合成与性能研究

以生物基2,5-呋喃二甲酸(FDCA),油脂基氢化二聚酸(Pripol 1009)和生物基1,4-丁二醇(bio-BDO)为原料,采用熔融缩聚法制备了聚(2,5-呋喃二甲酸丁二醇酯-co-氢化二聚酸丁二醇酯)(PBDF-20)热塑性聚酯热熔胶,再将其应用于木材加工领域,并采用多种方法对PBDF-20及胶合板进行表征。研究结果表明:PBDF-20为半结晶性聚合物,具有纳米尺度的微相分离结构,分散相长周期为14.3 nm;其玻璃化温度和熔点分别为-12.8和148.6℃,拉伸强度及断裂伸长率分别为22.6 MPa和528%。以PBDF-20作胶黏剂,压制的杨木胶合板,胶合强度符合Ⅰ类胶合板要求,甲醛释放量<0.025 mg/m^(3),符合E_(NF)级标准。

蒜头果种苗质量分级标准研究

研究制定符合生产实际的蒜头果种苗质量分级标准,为蒜头果种苗繁育和规范化生产提供参考。在蒜头果主要产区云南省富宁县随机选取移栽前的20批次蒜头果种苗,测量鲜重、株高、叶片数、叶长、叶宽、地径、主根长、主根根粗、侧根数、叶绿素含量、氮含量11个指标,采用主成分分析和K值聚类分析对数据进行分析,并结合生产实际,确定蒜头果种苗分级标准。确定株高、主根长、地径作为蒜头果种苗分级标准,将蒜头果种苗划分为3级。Ⅰ级种苗株高≥33.33 cm、主根长≥8.00 cm、地径≥0.23 mm,Ⅱ级种苗33.33 cm>株高≥27.77 cm、8.00 cm>主根长≥7.90 cm、0.23 mm>地径≥0.21 mm,Ⅲ级种苗27.77 cm>株高≥21.29 cm、7.90 cm>主根长≥6.41 cm、0.21 mm>地径≥0.19 mm。本研究制定的蒜头果种苗质量标准符合生产实际,可为蒜头果种苗生产提供理论依据。

我国中药材生产质量管理中存在的问题与对策

为推动完善中药材质量管理体系、促进中药材产业高质量发展,对中药材种植过程中投入品使用、加工、存储、质量等级标准、质量追溯体系等方面的现状及标准缺乏等问题进行归纳分析,提出应加强中药材质量监管、完善质量标准、加快良种繁育及搭建合作平台的建议,以期解决中药材质量管理过程中存在的问题,确保中药材的安全性与有效性,推动中药材产业高质量发展。

茜草种子质量检验方法与分级标准研究

参照《中国农作物种子检验规程》,对茜草种子的质量检验方法进行研究,以期为制定科学合理的茜草种子分级标准提供依据。种子质量测定采用百粒法,千粒重为11.6139 g;茜草种子浸种时间设为11 h;种子水分测定采用种子粉碎高温(130±2)℃处理;种子萌发时发芽床选用沙子;冷冻处理作为茜草种子的前处理,在20℃下,24 h全黑暗作为茜草种子发芽时的光照条件;采用TTC浓度0.3%,染色时间12 h,染色温度35℃,可较好测定种子的生活力,快速检测茜草种子发芽潜力。

山苍子种苗质量分级标准

为促进山苍子产业高质量和规范化发展,随机选取50株山苍子[Litsea cubeba(Lour.)Pers.]种苗进行调查,采用相关分析确定苗木分级指标,通过逐步聚类分析法进行修正,计算出山苍子种苗的苗木分级标准。结果表明,以基径和株高作为山苍子种苗的质量分级指标,并得出其分级标准。Ⅰ级种苗:基径≥8.75 mm,株高≥83.8 cm;Ⅱ级种苗:6.28 mm≤基径<8.75 mm,69.6 cm≤株高<83.8 cm;Ⅲ级种苗(不合格苗):基径<6.28 mm,株高<69.6 cm。所抽取的50株山苍子种苗中,Ⅰ、Ⅱ级种苗(合格苗)占28%,Ⅲ级种苗(不合格苗)占72%。