Effect of pre-tensioned rock bolts on stress redistribution around a roadway—insight from numerical modeling

The importance of the pre-tensioned force of rock bolts has been recognized by more and more researchers. To investi- gate the effect of pre-tensioned rock bolts on stress redistribution around roadways, a numerical analysis was carried out using FLAC3D and a special post-process methodology, using surfer, is proposed to process the numerical simulation results. The results indicate that pre-tensioned rock bolts have a significant effect on stress redistribution around a roadway. In the roof, pre-tensioned rock bolts greatly increase vertical stress; as a result, the strength of the rock mass increased significantly which results in a greater capacity of bearing a large horizontal stress. The horizontal stress decreases in the upper section of the roof, indicating that pre-tensioned rock bolts significantly reduce the coefficient and the size of the region concentration of horizontal stress. At the lat- eral side, pre-tensioned rock bolts greatly increase the horizontal stress; therefore, the rock mass strength significantly increases which results also in a greater capacity of bearing a large vertical stress. The greater the size of pre-tensioned force, the larger the region of stress redistribution around a roadway is affected and the higher the size of the stress on the roadway surface the more the rock mass strength increases.

Free vibration of pre-tensioned nanobeams based on nonlocal stress theory

The transverse free vibration of nanobeams subjected to an initial axial tension based on nonlocal stress theory is presented. It considers the effects of nonlocal stress field on the natural frequencies and vibration modes. The effects of a small scale parameter at molecular level unavailable in classical macro-beams are investigated for three different types of boundary conditions:simple supports,clamped supports and elastically-constrained supports. Analytical solutions for transverse deforma-tion and vibration modes are derived. Through numerical examples,effects of the dimensionless nanoscale parameter and pre-tension on natural frequencies are presented and discussed.

Nonlinear analysis of pre-tensioned glass wall facade by stability function with initial imperfection

Pre-tensioned high strength trusses using alloy steel bar are widely used as glass wall supporting systems because of the high degree of transparency.The breakage of glass panes in this type of system occurs occasionally,likely to be due to error in design and analysis in addition to other factors like glass impurity and stress concentration around opening in a spider system.Most design does not consider the flexibility of supports from finite stiffness of supporting steel or reinforced concrete beams.The resistance of lateral wind pressure of the system makes use of high tension force coupled with the large deflection effect,both of which are affected by many parameters not generally considered in conventional structures.In the design,one must therefore give a careful consideration on various effects,such as support settlement due to live loads and material creep,temperature change,pre-tension force,and wind pressure.It is not uncommon to see many similar glass wall systems fail in the wind load test chambers under a design wind speed.This paper presents a rigorous analysis and design of this type of structural systems used in a project in Hong Kong,China.The stability function with initial curvature is used in place of the cubic function,which is only accurate for linear analysis.The considerations and analysis techniques are believed to be of value to engineers involved in the design of the structural systems behaving nonlinearly.

Controlling deflection of long steel I-shaped girder bridge using two V-shaped pre-tensioning cables

Despite appropriate design of girder under bending and shear,the deflection of long steel girders usually exceeds the allowable range,and therefore the structural designers encounter challenges in this regard.Considering significant features of the cables,namely,low weight,small cross section,and high tensile strength,they are used in this research so as to control the deflection of long girder bridges,rather than increasing their heights.In this study,theoretical relations are developed to calculate the increase in pre-tensioning force of V-shaped steel cables under external loading as well as the deflection of steel girder bridges with V-shaped cables and different support conditions.To verify the theoretical relations,the steel girder bridge is modeled in the finite element ABAQUS software with different support conditions without cable and with V-shaped cables.The obtained results show that the theoretical relations can appropriately predict the deflection of girder bridge with V-shaped cables and different support conditions.In this study,the effects of the distance from support on the deflection of mid span are studied in both simply supported and fixed supported girder bridge so as to obtain the appropriate distance from support causing the minimum deflection.

Effect of Filament Pre-tension on Sirofil Yarn Properties

The mechanism of filament pre-tension is put forward. The effect of filament pre-tension on Sirofil composite yam properties, such as hairiness and structural stability, are theoretically and experimentally studied. The theoretical analysis agrees well with the experimental results. The present theory shows that suitable choice of filament pre-tension can enormously reduce hairiness and improve structural stability of Sirofil composite yarn.

Multiscale tensegrity model for the tensile properties of DNA nanotubes

DNA nanotubes(DNTs)with user-defined shapes and functionalities have potential applications in many fields.So far,compared with numerous experimental studies,there have been only a handful of models on the mechanical properties of such DNTs.This paper aims at presenting a multiscale model to quantify the correlations among the pre-tension states,tensile properties,encapsulation structures of DNTs,and the surrounding factors.First,by combining a statistical worm-like-chain(WLC)model of single DNA deformation and Parsegian's mesoscopic model of DNA liquid crystal free energy,a multiscale tensegrity model is established,and the pre-tension state of DNTs is characterized theoretically for the first time.Then,by using the minimum potential energy principle,the force-extension curve and tensile rigidity of pre-tension DNTs are predicted.Finally,the effects of the encapsulation structure and surrounding factors on the tensile properties of DNTs are studied.The predictions for the tensile behaviors of DNTs can not only reproduce the existing experimental results,but also reveal that the competition of DNA intrachain and interchain interactions in the encapsulation structures determines the pre-tension states of DNTs and their tensile properties.The changes in the pre-tension states and environmental factors make the monotonic or non-monotonic changes in the tensile properties of DNTs under longitudinal loads.

Analysis of the influence of joint characteristic parameters on roadway deformations

By means of numerical simulation, the roadway deformation affected by joints was analyzed and the pre-tensioned bolts for reinforcing roadway roof in jointed rock mass was studied. The results show that the roadway roof deformation increases gradually with the accretion of joint length, the increase of joint number, the de- crease of intervals, angles and friction angles of joints. The increase is obvious at beginning and then tends slowly. After pre-tensioned bolts are used, roadway roof deformations reduce obviously, and the supporting action of pre-tensioned bolts is more remarkable with accretion of joint length, increasing of joint number, reducing of joint interval, decreasing of joints angle and joint friction angle, and increasing of joint number that bolts drilling through. With comparison of different cases, the joints supporting effect is more remarkable at a small angel. It indicates that the supporting mechanism of pre-tensioned bolts is to reinforce weak faces, such as joints. The more joints the roof includes, the more visible the pre-tensioned bolts strengthening effect is.

Fundamental principles of an effective reinforcing roof bolting strategy in horizontally layered roof strata and areas of potential improvement

It is arguable that the development of reinforcing roof bolting systems has largely stagnated in recent times, primarily due to the prevailing industry view that few, if any, further improvements can be made to what currently exists.However, this paper contends that reinforcing roof bolting systems can be further refined by considering both the specific manner by which horizontally bedded roof strata loses its natural self-supporting ability and the specific means by which reinforcing roof bolts act to promote or retain this natural self-supporting ability.The Australian coal industry has insisted on minimising bolt-hole diameter to maximise load transfer and on targeting full-encapsulation by any means necessary for many years.This has led to a significant, albeit unintended, consequence in terms of overall roof bolting effectiveness, namely increased resin pressures during bolt installation and the associated potential for opening bedding planes that may have, otherwise, remained closed during the bolt installation process.Given that the natural self-supporting ability of roof strata is strongly linked to whether bedding planes are open or closed, logically, minimising resin pressures should be a significant benefit.This paper focuses primarily on three key issues that relate directly to the function of the roof bolting system itself:(1) the importance of proper resin mixing in the context of maximising load transfer strength and stiffness,(2) the importance of minimising resin pressures developed during bolt installation, and(3) the importance of maximising the effectiveness of the available bolt pre-tension.All mine operators should be invested in improving the individual effectiveness of each installed roof bolt, even by relatively small incremental amounts, so this is an important topic for discussion within the mining community.

Fatigue Analysis of the Taut-Wire Mooring System Applied for Deep Waters

Precisely predicting the fatigue life of taut-wire mooring systems has become an interesting and important problem for scientists and engineers since there are still difficulties in the inspection and maintenance of mooring lines in a rough sea environment especially in deep waters. In this paper, a comprehensive fatigue analysis is performed for a polyester taut-wire mooring system of an FPSO based on the time domain dynamic theory, rainflow cycle counting method and linear damage accumulation rule of Palmgren-Miner. Three influential factors in the fatigue analysis including the pre-tension, dynamic stiffness and T-N curve are investigated in detail. Two polyester T-N curves, one is from the DNV- 0S-E301 and the other is from the API-RP-2SM, are adopted in the calculation. The fatigue analysis of the mooting system after one-line failure is also carried out. The calculation results indicate that the fatigue life is significantly affected by the T-N curve. The fatigue life decreases with increasing pre-tension, and is largely reduced if taking into account the dynamic stiffness caused by cyclic loading. The analysis also proves that one-line failure has remarkable effects on the fatigue lives of other mooting lines. The present parametric and comparative study is believed to be meaningful to further understanding of the taut-wire mooting system for deepwater applications.

Thermal stresses analysis of casing string used in enhanced geothermal systems wells

In the enhanced geothermal systems wells, casing temperature variation produces casing thermal stresses, resulting in casing uplift or bucking. When the induced thermal stresses exceed casing material's yield strength, the casing deforms and collapses. The traditional casing design standard only considers the influence of temperature variation on casing material's yield strength. Actually, for commonly used grades of steel pipe, casing's material properties-such as yield strength, coefficient of thermal expansion, and modulus of elasticity change with temperature variation. In this paper, the modified thermal stress equation is given. Examples show that the allowable temperature of the material grade N80's casing is only 164 ℃, which is much lower than that of the traditional design standard. The effective method to improve the casing pipe's allowable temperature is pre-stressed cementing technology. Pre-stressed cementing includes pre-tension stress cementing and pre-pressure stress cementing. This paper focuses on the design method of full casing pre-tension stress cementing and the ground anchor full casing string pre-tension cementing construction process.

Suppressing abnormal grain growth and switching precipitation behaviors in ZK60 Mg profile by inducing pre-tension

The pre-tension was induced to suppress the abnormal grain growth(AGG)of ZK60 Mg profile during solution treatment.The effects of pre-tension on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties were studied,and the suppressing mechanism was discussed.If the pre-tension strain was larger than 10%,AGG during solution could be effectively inhibited,resulting in a sharp decrease in the grain size.The suppression effects were realized by restricting the orientation dependent of AGG and promoting static recrystallization.The pre-tension reset the distributions of stored energy and sizes of the grains with〈11–20〉and〈10–10〉orientations,and thus retarded the orientation dependent of AGG.Moreover,the pre-tension introduced a mass of dislocations,twins,and stacking faults,all of which promoted the occurrence of static recrystallization,and the grain structure was further refined.The pre-tension accelerated the precipitation kinetics during aging,resulting in fine and dense precipitates.With the increase of pre-tension strain,the strength of ZK60 Mg profile monotonically increased.

Tailoring Texture to Highly Strengthen AZ31 Alloy Plate in the Thickness Direction via Pre-tension and Rolling-Annealing

Conventional wrought Mg alloys,such as AZ31 and ZK60 rolled plates,usually exhibit significantly low tensile yield strength in the thickness direction.This can be attributed to the high activity of{10-12}tension twinning due to the strong basal texture(<0001>//ND,normal direction).In this work,the tensile yield strength in the ND of the as-rolled(AR)AZ31 plate increased from 50 to 150 MPa(increased by 200%)via simple processing,i.e.,pre-tension and rolling-annealing(PTRA)treatment.The strong basal texture(<0001>//ND)of the AR plate was changed into a weakened fiber texture(<0001>⊥ND).The evolution of microstructures during PTRA treatment and the activated deformation modes during uniaxial tension were studied quantitatively and statistically by the means of intergranular misorientation(IM)and in-grain misorientation axes(IGMA)analysis.The results indicate that various twin variants,as well as{10-12}-{10-12}secondary twins,were activated during pre-tension and rolling,and most residual matrix was consumed by twins after annealing.The dominated deformation modes in tension changed from{10-12}tension twinning(the AR sample)to prismatic slip(the PTRA sample)in the early tensile deformation.The underlying formation mechanism of the fiber texture and corresponding strengthening mechanism were discussed.

几何非线性条件下微纳米梁型谐振器的非线性支撑损失

作为微纳米机械谐振器主要的能量耗散源之一,支撑损失主要采用未考虑中面拉伸效应的线性理论进行研究.然而该理论却无法适用于大挠度非线性振动状态谐振器的支撑损失.为此,我们研究了考虑几何非线性和轴向预拉力的两端固支微梁谐振器处于面内弯曲振动模式时的支撑损失,旨在准确模拟大挠度振动下高性能谐振器的支撑损失.本文不仅考虑了支撑结构与谐振器连接区域受中面拉伸产生的正应力作用而引起的支撑损失,也考虑了受剪应力作用而引起的支撑损失,并且理论结果与有限元模拟以及文献中实验结果一致.另外,本文还研究了轴向预拉力对谐振器非线性振动特性的影响,并讨论了谐振器的振幅、长高比以及轴向预拉力对支撑损失的影响.理论结果表明,相比于线性振动状态下谐振器的支撑损失,由谐振器大变形振动产生的中面拉伸效应会引起更大的支撑损失,并且会随非线性振幅的增大而增大.本文提出的非线性支撑损失模型有望对评估非线性振动谐振器的支撑损失以及阐明支撑损失随非线性振幅增大的现象提供理论指导.

Influence of pre-tension on ballistic impact performance of multi-layer Kevlar 49 woven fabrics for gas turbine engine containment systems

In this paper, ballistic impact tests on wrapped multi-layer Kevlar 49 woven fabric systems were carried out with a flat blade projectile to investigate the impact response during a fan blade out event. The influences of the number of Kevlar layers and pre-tension were discussed particularly. Test results were used to analyze failure modes and energy absorption characteristics of multi-ply Kevlar fabrics. Results show that there are two kinds of impact damage for fabrics： global deformation mainly involving stretching of yarns in the impact region and fabric wrinkle from both sides to the impact zone, and local damage characterized by yarn fracture, yarn pull-out, and yarn unraveling. The energy absorption capability of Kevlar 49 woven fabrics improves with the number of fabric layers. The energy absorbed by multi-layer fabrics increases slightly at the beginning and then decreases substantially with pre-tension. The work in this paper can provide guidance for designing light-weight multi-layer fabrics containment systems.

An alternative method to reduce process-induced deformation of CFRP by introducing prestresses

Process-induced deformation is an important limiting factor to the application of high performance composite structures.An alternative method to reduce process-induced deformation is proposed by introducing prestress to a single layer or part of the layers instead of all the applicable layers.In this method,the necessary prestress level that applied to the single layer was in the reasonable range.Two kinds of unsymmetric laminates are manufactured at varying prestress levels.The experimental results described that the curing deformation is changed rapidly with the growing prestress level and flipped after a certain prestress level.Moreover,there is a good linear relationship between prestress level and final curing deformation,which gives a convenient way to calculate the prestress level that can fully counteract the curing deformation.The numerical model to predict the curing deformation was built.A good agreement between the numerical and the experimental results shows the effectiveness of the numerical model.To predict the prestress level that can fully counteract the curing deformation,an analytical model is also proposed.Theoretically,the prestress method can fully counteract the curing deformation of the specimens,while the experimental results show that the prestressing layer reduces more than 80%of the curing deformation.