Discharge plasmas, recognized as unique platforms for investigating the origins of chemical life, have garnered extensive interest for their potential to simulate prebiotic conditions. This paper embarks on a comprehe...Discharge plasmas, recognized as unique platforms for investigating the origins of chemical life, have garnered extensive interest for their potential to simulate prebiotic conditions. This paper embarks on a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the plasma-enabled synthesis of life’s building blocks, charting the complex environmental parameters believed to have surrounded life’s inception. This discussion elaborates on the fundamental mechanisms of discharge plasmas and their likely role in fostering conditions necessary for the origin of life on early Earth. We consider a variety of chemical reactions facilitated by plasma, specifically the synthesis of vital organic molecules - amino acids, nucleobases, sugars, and lipids. Further, we delve into the impact of plasmas on prebiotic chemical evolution. We expect this review to open new horizons for future investigations in plasma-related prebiotic chemistry that could offer valuable insights for unraveling the mysteries of life's origin.展开更多
The prebiotic synthesis of peptides prior to ribosome-catalyzed processes remains an enigma.The synthesis of abiotic peptides from amino acids(AAs)is primarily constrained by high activation energies and unfavorable t...The prebiotic synthesis of peptides prior to ribosome-catalyzed processes remains an enigma.The synthesis of abiotic peptides from amino acids(AAs)is primarily constrained by high activation energies and unfavorable thermodynamics,necessitating the identification of plausible prebiotic alternatives for synthesizing prebiotic peptides.Here we present a plausible pathway to the formation of prebiotic peptides,wherein oligopeptides,oligopeptide amides,and cyclic oligopeptides can be directly synthesized from amino acid amides(AA-NH2)under wet–dry cycle conditions without the need for any enhancers.The subsequent investigation revealed that AA-NH2 demonstrated more favorable thermodynamic reaction effects than AAs in peptide formation.In contrast to the polymerization of AAs,the process of peptide formation through the polymerization of AA-NH2 was significantly simplified.Additionally,AA-NH2 was discovered to function as a“bridge”for the formation of peptides from AAs,thereby facilitating their participation in the synthesis of intricate peptide structures.On the basis of these findings,a plausible mechanism for the prebiotic origin network of peptides under primordial Earth conditions has been proposed.Overall,this research presents a plausible pathway for the generation of prebiotic peptides and peptide libraries within prebiotic environments.展开更多
This is a summary,with extensive references,of several areas of chemistry in which the Breslow lab has been involved,leading to work still underway in several of them.The principal conclusions are described,but it wil...This is a summary,with extensive references,of several areas of chemistry in which the Breslow lab has been involved,leading to work still underway in several of them.The principal conclusions are described,but it will be necessary to consult the references for details of the work involved.展开更多
Prebiotic peptide synthesis and the origin of the genetic code are central issues concerning the origin of life.The question of how they are possibly correlated on the primordial Earth remains perplexing,although nume...Prebiotic peptide synthesis and the origin of the genetic code are central issues concerning the origin of life.The question of how they are possibly correlated on the primordial Earth remains perplexing,although numerous experiments have been carried out to explain the prebiotic chemistry of peptide synthesis and the genetic code origin.The purpose of this article is to review the chemical reactions occurred during the synthesis of peptides and the origin of the genetic code in the early Earth aqueous environment.Meanwhile,we attempt to review their relationship as well.At last,from our perspective,the chiral properties of biomolecules should be taken into account in the prebiotic chemical scenarios,which may contribute to some breakthroughs in the further research of this field.展开更多
The mineral schreibersite,(Fe,Ni)_3P,provides a reactive source of phosphorus capable of forming phosphorylated molecules.These molecules may have been an important component of prebiotic chemistry,allowing their bu...The mineral schreibersite,(Fe,Ni)_3P,provides a reactive source of phosphorus capable of forming phosphorylated molecules.These molecules may have been an important component of prebiotic chemistry,allowing their build-up and eventual commencement of autopoiesis.Discussed here are potential geochemical routes to providing schreibersite,as a potentially important prebiotic mineral,to the Hadean Earth.Two routes are identified:delivery of phosphides by meteoritic material and the reduction of phosphates to phosphides by high-temperature,low-redox conditions.About 1-10% of all crustal phosphorus is estimated to have been in schreibersite during the Hadean,making the long-term reaction of this mineral with organic-laden water plausible for many years.Ultimately,such conditions would have been conducive to the formation of life as we know it today.展开更多
Ultraviolet(UV)light is a very competent energy source for the synthesis of prebiotic building blocks on early Earth.In aqueous solution,hydrated electron is produced by irradiating ferrocyanide/cuprous cyanide/hydros...Ultraviolet(UV)light is a very competent energy source for the synthesis of prebiotic building blocks on early Earth.In aqueous solution,hydrated electron is produced by irradiating ferrocyanide/cuprous cyanide/hydrosulfide by 254 nm UV light.Hydrated electron is a powerful reducing reagent driving the formation of prebiotic building blocks under prebiotically plausible conditions.Here we summarize the photoredox synthesis of prebiotic related building blocks from hydrogen cyanide(HCN)and other prebiotically related molecules.These results indicate biological related building blocks can be generated on the surface of early Earth.展开更多
Life on Earth uses a common set of L-amino acids(L-aa)to construct proteins and D-nucleosides(D-Nu)to form nucleic acids,which serve as the carrier of genetic information.Herein,we reveal the in-trinsic mechanism of c...Life on Earth uses a common set of L-amino acids(L-aa)to construct proteins and D-nucleosides(D-Nu)to form nucleic acids,which serve as the carrier of genetic information.Herein,we reveal the in-trinsic mechanism of chiral selection of L-aa and D-Nu from the perspective of chemical origin of life.This work employed^(15)N-labeled L-aa and performed one-pot synthesis of nucleotide amidate of amino acid(N-aa-NMP)using equal amounts of L-^(15)N-aa and D-^(14)N-aa with D-/L-Nu in the aqueous solution of trimetaphosphate,generating L-^(15)N-aa-NMP and D-^(14)N-aa-NMP,respectively.The ^(31)P-NMR data indicated that L-aa was preferentially selected during the formation of N-aa-NMP in the presence of D-Nu.Surpris-ingly,D-aa was preferred over L-aa in the presence of L-Nu.Further analysis revealed that L-^(15)N-aa-D-NMP vs.D-^(14)N-aa-L-NMP and D-^(14)N-aa-D-NMP vs.L-^(15)N-aa-L-NMP were mirror isomers of each other,respec-tively.These data suggest that there could be a set of chiral systems opposite to that on Earth,which infers there might be a world of life that is a mirror image of the Earth.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China General Project(52377160)National Natural Science Foundation of China National Young Talents Project(GYKP010)+1 种基金Shaanxi Provincial Natural Science Program(2023-JC-YB-425)Xi′an Jiaotong University Young Top Talents Program.
文摘Discharge plasmas, recognized as unique platforms for investigating the origins of chemical life, have garnered extensive interest for their potential to simulate prebiotic conditions. This paper embarks on a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the plasma-enabled synthesis of life’s building blocks, charting the complex environmental parameters believed to have surrounded life’s inception. This discussion elaborates on the fundamental mechanisms of discharge plasmas and their likely role in fostering conditions necessary for the origin of life on early Earth. We consider a variety of chemical reactions facilitated by plasma, specifically the synthesis of vital organic molecules - amino acids, nucleobases, sugars, and lipids. Further, we delve into the impact of plasmas on prebiotic chemical evolution. We expect this review to open new horizons for future investigations in plasma-related prebiotic chemistry that could offer valuable insights for unraveling the mysteries of life's origin.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42388101,92256203,and 42003062)Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang(No.SJLY2023007)+1 种基金Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.YYWT-0901-EXP-16)Ningbo Top Talent Project(No.215-432094250).
文摘The prebiotic synthesis of peptides prior to ribosome-catalyzed processes remains an enigma.The synthesis of abiotic peptides from amino acids(AAs)is primarily constrained by high activation energies and unfavorable thermodynamics,necessitating the identification of plausible prebiotic alternatives for synthesizing prebiotic peptides.Here we present a plausible pathway to the formation of prebiotic peptides,wherein oligopeptides,oligopeptide amides,and cyclic oligopeptides can be directly synthesized from amino acid amides(AA-NH2)under wet–dry cycle conditions without the need for any enhancers.The subsequent investigation revealed that AA-NH2 demonstrated more favorable thermodynamic reaction effects than AAs in peptide formation.In contrast to the polymerization of AAs,the process of peptide formation through the polymerization of AA-NH2 was significantly simplified.Additionally,AA-NH2 was discovered to function as a“bridge”for the formation of peptides from AAs,thereby facilitating their participation in the synthesis of intricate peptide structures.On the basis of these findings,a plausible mechanism for the prebiotic origin network of peptides under primordial Earth conditions has been proposed.Overall,this research presents a plausible pathway for the generation of prebiotic peptides and peptide libraries within prebiotic environments.
基金supported by grants from the U. S. National Institutes of Healththe U. S. National Science Foundation
文摘This is a summary,with extensive references,of several areas of chemistry in which the Breslow lab has been involved,leading to work still underway in several of them.The principal conclusions are described,but it will be necessary to consult the references for details of the work involved.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.91856126,42003062,21778042 and 41876072)the Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Provinee(Xiamen University).
文摘Prebiotic peptide synthesis and the origin of the genetic code are central issues concerning the origin of life.The question of how they are possibly correlated on the primordial Earth remains perplexing,although numerous experiments have been carried out to explain the prebiotic chemistry of peptide synthesis and the genetic code origin.The purpose of this article is to review the chemical reactions occurred during the synthesis of peptides and the origin of the genetic code in the early Earth aqueous environment.Meanwhile,we attempt to review their relationship as well.At last,from our perspective,the chiral properties of biomolecules should be taken into account in the prebiotic chemical scenarios,which may contribute to some breakthroughs in the further research of this field.
基金supported by NSF and the NASA Astrobiology Program,under the NSF Center for Chemical Evolution,CHE1504217by National Aeronautics and Space Administration Exobiology grant NNX14AN96G
文摘The mineral schreibersite,(Fe,Ni)_3P,provides a reactive source of phosphorus capable of forming phosphorylated molecules.These molecules may have been an important component of prebiotic chemistry,allowing their build-up and eventual commencement of autopoiesis.Discussed here are potential geochemical routes to providing schreibersite,as a potentially important prebiotic mineral,to the Hadean Earth.Two routes are identified:delivery of phosphides by meteoritic material and the reduction of phosphates to phosphides by high-temperature,low-redox conditions.About 1-10% of all crustal phosphorus is estimated to have been in schreibersite during the Hadean,making the long-term reaction of this mineral with organic-laden water plausible for many years.Ultimately,such conditions would have been conducive to the formation of life as we know it today.
文摘Ultraviolet(UV)light is a very competent energy source for the synthesis of prebiotic building blocks on early Earth.In aqueous solution,hydrated electron is produced by irradiating ferrocyanide/cuprous cyanide/hydrosulfide by 254 nm UV light.Hydrated electron is a powerful reducing reagent driving the formation of prebiotic building blocks under prebiotically plausible conditions.Here we summarize the photoredox synthesis of prebiotic related building blocks from hydrogen cyanide(HCN)and other prebiotically related molecules.These results indicate biological related building blocks can be generated on the surface of early Earth.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.91856126,42003062,21778042 and 41876072)Scientific Research Grant of Ningbo University (No.215432000282)Ningbo Top Talent Project (No.215-432094250)。
文摘Life on Earth uses a common set of L-amino acids(L-aa)to construct proteins and D-nucleosides(D-Nu)to form nucleic acids,which serve as the carrier of genetic information.Herein,we reveal the in-trinsic mechanism of chiral selection of L-aa and D-Nu from the perspective of chemical origin of life.This work employed^(15)N-labeled L-aa and performed one-pot synthesis of nucleotide amidate of amino acid(N-aa-NMP)using equal amounts of L-^(15)N-aa and D-^(14)N-aa with D-/L-Nu in the aqueous solution of trimetaphosphate,generating L-^(15)N-aa-NMP and D-^(14)N-aa-NMP,respectively.The ^(31)P-NMR data indicated that L-aa was preferentially selected during the formation of N-aa-NMP in the presence of D-Nu.Surpris-ingly,D-aa was preferred over L-aa in the presence of L-Nu.Further analysis revealed that L-^(15)N-aa-D-NMP vs.D-^(14)N-aa-L-NMP and D-^(14)N-aa-D-NMP vs.L-^(15)N-aa-L-NMP were mirror isomers of each other,respec-tively.These data suggest that there could be a set of chiral systems opposite to that on Earth,which infers there might be a world of life that is a mirror image of the Earth.