Predictive maintenance and its applications in civil engineering structures:A review

Structural health monitoring and performance prediction are crucial for smart disaster mitigation and intelligent management of structures throughout their lifespan.Recent advancements in predictive maintenance strategies within the industrial manufacturing industry have inspired similar innovations in civil engineering,aiming to improve structural performance evaluation,damage diagnosis,and capacity prediction.This review delves into the framework of predictive maintenance and examines various existing solutions,focusing on critical areas such as data acquisition,condition monitoring,damage prognosis,and maintenance planning.Results from real-world applications of predictive maintenance in civil engineering,covering high-rise structures,deep foundation pits,and other infrastructure,are presented.The challenges of implementing predictive maintenance in civil engineering structures under current technology,such as model interpretability of data-driven methods and standards for predictive maintenance,are explored.Future research prospects within this area are also discussed.

An Efficient IIoT-Based Smart Sensor Node for Predictive Maintenance of Induction Motors

Predictive maintenance is a vital aspect of the industrial sector,and the use of Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT)sensor nodes is becoming increasingly popular for detecting motor faults and monitoring motor conditions.An integrated approach for acquiring,processing,and wirelessly transmitting a large amount of data in predictive maintenance applications remains a significant challenge.This study presents an IIoT-based sensor node for industrial motors.The sensor node is designed to acquire vibration data on the radial and axial axes of the motor and utilizes a hybrid approach for efficient data processing via edge and cloud platforms.The initial step of signal processing is performed on the node at the edge,reducing the burden on a centralized cloud for processing data from multiple sensors.The proposed architecture utilizes the lightweight Message Queue Telemetry Transport(MQTT)communication protocol for seamless data transmission from the node to the local and main brokers.The broker’s bridging allows for data backup in case of connection loss.The proposed sensor node is rigorously tested on a motor testbed in a laboratory setup and an industrial setting in a rice industry for validation,ensuring its performance and accuracy in real-world industrial environments.The data analysis and results from both testbed and industrial motors were discussed using vibration analysis for identifying faults.The proposed sensor node is a significant step towards improving the efficiency and reliability of industrial motors through realtime monitoring and early fault detection,ultimately leading to minimized unscheduled downtime and cost savings.

An Ordinal Multi-Dimensional Classification(OMDC)for Predictive Maintenance

Predictive Maintenance is a type of condition-based maintenance that assesses the equipment's states and estimates its failure probability and when maintenance should be performed.Although machine learning techniques have been frequently implemented in this area,the existing studies disregard to the nat-ural order between the target attribute values of the historical sensor data.Thus,these methods cause losing the inherent order of the data that positively affects the prediction performances.To deal with this problem,a novel approach,named Ordinal Multi-dimensional Classification(OMDC),is proposed for estimating the conditions of a hydraulic system's four components by taking into the natural order of class values.To demonstrate the prediction ability of the proposed approach,eleven different multi-dimensional classification algorithms(traditional Binary Relevance(BR),Classifier Chain(CC),Bayesian Classifier Chain(BCC),Monte Carlo Classifier Chain(MCC),Probabilistic Classifier Chain(PCC),Clas-sifier Dependency Network(CDN),Classifier Trellis(CT),Classifier Dependency Trellis(CDT),Label Powerset(LP),Pruned Sets(PS),and Random k-Labelsets(RAKEL))were implemented using the Ordinal Class Classifier(OCC)algorithm.Besides,seven different classification algorithms(Multilayer Perceptron(MLP),Support Vector Machine(SVM),k-Nearest Neighbour(kNN),Decision Tree(C4.5),Bagging,Random Forest(RF),and Adaptive Boosting(AdaBoost))were chosen as base learners for the OCC algorithm.The experimental results present that the proposed OMDC approach using binary relevance multi-dimensional classification methods predicts the conditions of a hydraulic system's multiple components with high accuracy.Also,it is clearly seen from the results that the OMDC models that utilize ensemble-based classification algorithms give more reliable prediction performances with an average Hamming score of 0.853 than the others that use traditional algorithms as base learners.

Reliability-based Maintenance Optimization under Imperfect Predictive Maintenance

The reliability-based maintenance optimization model has been focused by the engineers and scholars but it has never been solved effectively to formulate the effect of a maintenance action on the optimization model. In existing works, the system reliability was assumed to be increased to 1 after a predictive maintenance. However, it is very difficult in the most practical systems. Therefore, a new reliability-based maintenance optimization model under imperfect predictive maintenance (PM) is proposed in this paper. In the model, the system reliability is only restored to R i (0<R i <1, i∈N, N is natural number set) after the ith PM. The system uptimes and the corresponding probability in two cases whether there is an unexpected fault in one cycle are derived respectively and the system expected uptime model is given. To formulate the system expected downtime, the probability of each imperfect PM number in one cycle is calculated. Then, the system expected total time model is obtained. The total expected long-term operation cost is composed of the expected maintenance cost, the expected loss due to the downtime and the expected additional cost due to the occurrence of an unexpected failure. They are modeled respectively in this work. Jointing the system expected total time and long-term operation cost in one cycle, the expected long-term operation cost per time could be computed. Then, the proposed maintenance optimization model is formulated where the objective function is to minimize the expected long-term operation cost per time. The results of numerical example show that the proposed model could scheme the optimal maintenance actions for the considered system when the required parameters are given and the optimal solution of the proposed model is sensitive to the parameters of effective age model and insensitive to other parameters. The proposed model effectively solves the problem of evaluating the effect of an imperfect PM on the system reliability and presents a more practical optimization method for the reliability-based maintenance strategy than the existing works.

A Risk-Averse Remaining Useful Life Estimation for Predictive Maintenance

Remaining useful life(RUL)prediction is an advanced technique for system maintenance scheduling.Most of existing RUL prediction methods are only interested in the precision of RUL estimation;the adverse impact of overestimated RUL on maintenance scheduling is not of concern.In this work,an RUL estimation method with risk-averse adaptation is developed which can reduce the over-estimation rate while maintaining a reasonable under-estimation level.The proposed method includes a module of degradation feature selection to obtain crucial features which reflect system degradation trends.Then,the latent structure between the degradation features and the RUL labels is modeled by a support vector regression(SVR)model and a long short-term memory(LSTM)network,respectively.To enhance the prediction robustness and increase its marginal utility,the SVR model and the LSTM model are integrated to generate a hybrid model via three connection parameters.By designing a cost function with penalty mechanism,the three parameters are determined using a modified grey wolf optimization algorithm.In addition,a cost metric is proposed to measure the benefit of such a risk-averse predictive maintenance method.Verification is done using an aero-engine data set from NASA.The results show the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed RUL estimation method and the predictive maintenance strategy.

Application of sensor data based predictive maintenance and artificial neural networks to enable Industry 4.0

Possessing an efficient production line relies heavily on the availability of the production equipment.Thus,to ensure that the required function for critical equipment is in compliance,and unplanned downtime is minimized,succeeding with the field of maintenance is essential for industrialists.With the emergence of advanced manufacturing processes,incorporating predictive maintenance capabilities is seen as a necessity.Another field of interest is how modern value chains can support the maintenance function in a company.Accessibility to data from processes,equipment and products have increased significantly with the introduction of sensors and Industry 4.0 technologies.However,how to gather and utilize these data for enabling improved decision making within maintenance and value chain is still a challenge.Thus,the aim of this paper is to investigate on how maintenance and value chain data can collectively be used to improve value chain performance through prediction.The research approach includes both theoretical testing and industrial testing.The paper presents a novel concept for a predictive maintenance platform,and an artificial neural network(ANN)model with sensor data input.Further,a case of a company that has chosen to apply the platform,with the implications and determinants of this decision,is also provided.Results show that the platform can be used as an entry-level solution to enable Industry 4.0 and sensor data based predictive maintenance.

Research on Machine Tool Fault Diagnosis and Maintenance Optimization in Intelligent Manufacturing Environments

In the context of intelligent manufacturing,machine tools,as core equipment,directly influence production efficiency and product quality through their operational reliability.Traditional maintenance methods for machine tools,often characterized by low efficiency and high costs,fail to meet the demands of modern manufacturing industries.Therefore,leveraging intelligent manufacturing technologies,this paper proposes a solution optimized for the diagnosis and maintenance of machine tool faults.Initially,the paper introduces sensor-based data acquisition technologies combined with big data analytics and machine learning algorithms to achieve intelligent fault diagnosis of machine tools.Subsequently,it discusses predictive maintenance strategies by establishing an optimized model for maintenance strategy and resource allocation,thereby enhancing maintenance efficiency and reducing costs.Lastly,the paper explores the architectural design,integration,and testing evaluation methods of intelligent manufacturing systems.The study indicates that optimization of machine tool fault diagnosis and maintenance in an intelligent manufacturing environment not only enhances equipment reliability but also significantly reduces maintenance costs,offering broad application prospects.

Aircraft air conditioning system health state estimation and prediction for predictive maintenance

The vast potential of system health monitoring and condition based maintenance on modern commercial aircraft is being realized through the innovative use of Airplane Condition Monitoring System(ACMS) data.However there are few methods addressing the issues of failure prognostics and predictive maintenance for commercial aircraft Air Conditioning System(ACS).This study developed a Bayesian failure prognostics approach using ACMS data for predictive maintenance of ACS.First, a health index characterizing the ACS health state is inferred from a multiple sensor signals using a data driven method.Then a dynamic linear model is proposed to describe the degradation process for failure prognostics.Bayesian inference formulas are carried out for degradation estimation and prediction.The developed approach is applied on a passenger aircraft fleet with ACMS data recorded for one year.The analysis of the case study shows that the developed method can produce satisfactory prognostics results, where all the ACS failure precursors are identified in advance, and the relative errors for the failure time prediction made when just entering the degradation warning stage are less than 8%.This would allow operators to proactively plan future maintenance.

Intelligent predictive maintenance for fault diagnosis and prognosis in machine centers： Industry 4.0 scenario

Fault diagnosis and prognosis in mechanical systems have been researched and developed in the last few decades at a very rapid rate. However, owing to the high complexity of machine centers, research on improving the accuracy and reliability of fault diagnosis and prognosis via data mining remains a prominent issue in this field. This study investigates fault diagnosis and prognosis in machine centers based on data mining approaches to formulate a systematic approach and obtain knowledge for predictive maintenance in Industry 4.0 era. We introduce a system framework based on Industry 4.0 concepts, which includes the process of fault analysis and treatment for predictive maintenance in machine centers. The framework includes five modules： sensor selection and data acquisition module, data preprocessing module, data mining module, decision support module, and maintenance implementation module. Furthermore, a case study is presented to illustrate the application of the data mining methods for fault diagnosis and prognosis in machine centers as an Industry 4.0 scenario.

Interpretation and compensation of backlash error data in machine centers for intelligent predictive maintenance using ANNs

It is especially significant for a manufacturing company to select a proper maintenance policy because maintenance impacts not only on economy, reliability and availability but also on personnel safety. This article re- ports on research in the backlash error data interpretation and compensation for intelligent predictive maintenance in machine centers based on artificial neural networks （ANNs）. The backlash error, measurement system and prediction methods are analyzed in detail. The result indicates that it is possible to predict and compensate for the backlash error in both forward and backward directions in machine centers.

Data-Driven Predictive Maintenance Approach for Spinning Cyber-Physical Production System

The fundamental process of predictive maintenance is prognostics and health management,and it is the tool resulting in the development of many algorithms to predict the remaining useful life of industrial equipment.A new data-driven predictive maintenance and an architectural impulse,based on a regularized deep neural network using predictive analytics,are proposed successfully for ring spinning technology.The paradigm shift in computational infrastructures enormously puts pressure on large-scale linear and non-linear automated assembly systems to eliminate and cut down unscheduled downtime and unexpected stoppages.The sensor network designed for the scheduling process comprises different critical components of the same spinning machine frames containing more than thousands of spindles attached to them.We established a genetic algorithm based on multi-sensor performance assessment and prediction procedure for the spinning system.Results show that it operates with a relatively less amount of training data sets but takes advantage of larger volumes of data.This integrated system aims to prognosticate abnormalities,disturbances,and failures by providing condition-based monitoring for each component,which makes it more accurate to locate the defined component failures in the current spinning spindles by using smart agents during the operations through the neural sensing network.A case study has provided to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed predictive model for highly dynamic,high-speed textile spinning system through real-time data sensing and signal processing via the industrial Internet of Things.

A cost driven predictive maintenance policy for structural airframe maintenance

Airframe maintenance is traditionally performed at scheduled maintenance stops.The decision to repair a fuselage panel is based on a fixed crack size threshold,which allows to ensure the aircraft safety until the next scheduled maintenance stop.With progress in sensor technology and data processing techniques,structural health monitoring（SHM） systems are increasingly being considered in the aviation industry.SHM systems track the aircraft health state continuously,leading to the possibility of planning maintenance based on an actual state of aircraft rather than on a fixed schedule.This paper builds upon a model-based prognostics framework that the authors developed in their previous work,which couples the Extended Kalman filter（EKF） with a firstorder perturbation（FOP） method.By using the information given by this prognostics method,a novel cost driven predictive maintenance（CDPM） policy is proposed,which ensures the aircraft safety while minimizing the maintenance cost.The proposed policy is formally derived based on the trade-off between probabilities of occurrence of scheduled and unscheduled maintenance.A numerical case study simulating the maintenance process of an entire fleet of aircrafts is implemented.Under the condition of assuring the same safety level,the CDPM is compared in terms of cost with two other maintenance policies：scheduled maintenance and threshold based SHM maintenance.The comparison results show CDPM could lead to significant cost savings.

Seeing around the corner:an analytic approach for predictive maintenance using sensor data

Technological advancements such as the industrial Internet of Things now allow companies to continuously monitor the operating conditions of expensive equipment using sensors.With the tremendous amount of sensor data flowing in continuously,equipment makers are seeking innovative analytical solutions to turn operational data to help guide their tactical and strategic decisions.Using sensor data on wind turbine operations and service records from a top Fortune 100 company in the energy industry,we showcase techniques to map out operational-level data for analysis,and develop several analytical models(a sequence analysis,a logistic regression and a survival model)to help predict and evaluate equipment failure risks.Our analyses highlight the significant value propositions of sensor data in the big data era.Practical implications as well as extensions of the proposed predictive models are discussed.

Developing a predictive maintenance model for vessel machinery

The aim of maintenance is to reduce the number of failures in equipment and to avoid breakdowns that may lead to disruptions during operations.The objective of this study is to initiate the development of a predictive maintenance solution in the shipping industry based on a computational artificial intelligence model using real-time monitoring data.The data analysed originates from the historical values from sensors measuring the vessel´s engines and compressors health and the software used to analyse these data was R.The results demonstrated key parameters held a stronger influence in the overall state of the components and proved in most cases strong correlations amongst sensor data from the same equipment.The results also showed a great potential to serve as inputs for developing a predictive model,yet further elements including failure modes identification,detection of potential failures and asset criticality are some of the issues required to define prior designing the algorithms and a solution based on artificial intelligence.A systematic approach using big data and machine learning as techniques to create predictive maintenance strategies is already creating disruption within the shipping industry,and maritime organizations need to consider how to implement these new technologies into their business operations and to improve the speed and accuracy in their maintenance decision making.

A Dynamic Maintenance Strategy for Multi-Component Systems Using a Genetic Algorithm

In multi-component systems,the components are dependent,rather than degenerating independently,leading to changes inmaintenance schedules.In this situation,this study proposes a grouping dynamicmaintenance strategy.Considering the structure of multi-component systems,the maintenance strategy is determined according to the importance of the components.The strategy can minimize the expected depreciation cost of the system and divide the system into optimal groups that meet economic requirements.First,multi-component models are grouped.Then,a failure probability model of multi-component systems is established.The maintenance parameters in each maintenance cycle are updated according to the failure probability of the components.Second,the component importance indicator is introduced into the grouping model,and the optimization model,which aimed at a maximum economic profit,is established.A genetic algorithm is used to solve the non-deterministic polynomial(NP)-complete problem in the optimization model,and the optimal grouping is obtained through the initial grouping determined by random allocation.An 11-component series and parallel system is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy,and the influence of the system structure and the parameters on the maintenance strategy is discussed.

Review on Lithium-ion Battery PHM from the Perspective of Key PHM Steps

Prognostics and health management(PHM)has gotten considerable attention in the background of Industry 4.0.Battery PHM contributes to the reliable and safe operation of electric devices.Nevertheless,relevant reviews are still continuously updated over time.In this paper,we browsed extensive literature related to battery PHM from 2018to 2023 and summarized advances in battery PHM field,including battery testing and public datasets,fault diagnosis and prediction methods,health status estimation and health management methods.The last topic includes state of health estimation methods,remaining useful life prediction methods and predictive maintenance methods.Each of these categories is introduced and discussed in details.Based on this survey,we accordingly discuss challenges left to battery PHM,and provide future research opportunities.This research systematically reviews recent research about battery PHM from the perspective of key PHM steps and provide some valuable prospects for researchers and practitioners.

Development of a Framework for Equipment Health Management in the Mining Industries in Zambia

The Zambian mining industry is crucial to the national economy but struggles with inconsistent equipment maintenance practices. This study developed an Equipment Maintenance Management Framework (EMMF) tailored to the industry’s needs. Using surveys, interviews, and on-site visits at eight major mining companies, we identified significant variations in maintenance strategies, CMMS usage, and reliability engineering. The EMMF prioritizes predictive maintenance, efficient CMMS implementation, ongoing training, and robust reliability engineering to shift from reactive to proactive maintenance. We recommend adopting continuous improvement practices and data-driven decision-making based on performance metrics, with a phased EMMF implementation aligning maintenance with strategic business objectives. This framework is poised to enhance operational efficiency, equipment reliability, and safety, fostering sustainable growth in the Zambian mining sector.

Breeding Particle Swarm Optimization for Railways Rolling Stock Preventive Maintenance Scheduling

The goal of railway rolling stock maintenance and replacement approaches is to reduce overall cost while increasing reliability which is multi objective optimization problem and a proper predictive maintenance scheduling table should be adequately designed. We propose Breeding Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) model based on the concepts of Breeding Swarm and Genetic Algorithm (GA) operators to design this table. The practical experiment shows that our model reduces cost while increasing reliability compared to other models previously utilized.

Smart and collaborative industrial IoT: A federated learning and data space approach

Industry 4.0 has become a reality by fusing the Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT)and Artificial Intelligence(AI),providing huge opportunities in the way manufacturing companies operate.However,the adoption of this paradigm shift,particularly in the field of smart factories and production,is still in its infancy,suffering from various issues,such as the lack of high-quality data,data with high-class imbalance,or poor diversity leading to inaccurate AI models.However,data is severely fragmented across different silos owned by several parties for a range of reasons,such as compliance and legal concerns,preventing discovery and insight-driven IIoT innovation.Notably,valuable and even vital information often remains unutilized as the rise and adoption of AI and IoT in parallel with the concerns and challenges associated with privacy and security.This adversely influences interand intra-organization collaborative use of IIoT data.To tackle these challenges,this article leverages emerging multi-party technologies,privacy-enhancing techniques(e.g.,Federated Learning),and AI approaches to present a holistic,decentralized architecture to form a foundation and cradle for a cross-company collaboration platform and a federated data space to tackle the creeping fragmented data landscape.Moreover,to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed reference model,a collaborative predictive diagnostics and maintenance case study is mapped to an edge-enabled IIoT architecture.Experimental results show the potential advantages of using the proposed approach for multi-party applications accelerating sovereign data sharing through Findable,Accessible,Interoperable,and Reusable(FAIR)principles.

Artificial Intelligence-Driven Vehicle Fault Diagnosis to Revolutionize Automotive Maintenance:A Review

Conventional fault diagnosis systems have constrained the automotive industry to damage vehicle maintenance and component longevity critically.Hence,there is a growing demand for advanced fault diagnosis technologies to mitigate the impact of these limitations on unplanned vehicular downtime caused by unanticipated vehicle breakdowns.Due to vehicles’increasingly complex and autonomous nature,there is a growing urgency to investigate novel diagnosis methodologies for improving safety,reliability,and maintainability.While Artificial Intelligence(AI)has provided a great opportunity in this area,a systematic review of the feasibility and application of AI for Vehicle Fault Diagnosis(VFD)systems is unavailable.Therefore,this review brings new insights into the potential of AI in VFD methodologies and offers a broad analysis using multiple techniques.We focus on reviewing relevant literature in the field of machine learning as well as deep learning algorithms for fault diagnosis in engines,lifting systems(suspensions and tires),gearboxes,and brakes,among other vehicular subsystems.We then delve into some examples of the use of AI in fault diagnosis and maintenance for electric vehicles and autonomous cars.The review elucidates the transformation of VFD systems that consequently increase accuracy,economization,and prediction in most vehicular sub-systems due to AI applications.Indeed,the limited performance of systems based on only one of these AI techniques is likely to be addressed by combinations:The integration shows that a single technique or method fails its expectations,which can lead to more reliable and versatile diagnostic support.By synthesizing current information and distinguishing forthcoming patterns,this work aims to accelerate advancement in smart automotive innovations,conforming with the requests of Industry 4.0 and adding to the progression of more secure,more dependable vehicles.The findings underscored the necessity for cross-disciplinary cooperation and examined the total potential of AI in vehicle default analysis.