Review of preferentially selective lithium extraction from spent lithium batteries: Principle and performance

Lithium,as the lightest and lowest potential metal,is an ideal "battery metal" and the core strategic metal of the new energy industry revolution.Recovering lithium from spent lithium batteries(LIBs)has become one of the significant approaches to obtaining lithium resources.At present,the lithium extraction being generally placed at the last step of the spent LIBs recovery process has puzzles such as high acid consumption,low Li recovery purity and low recovery efficiency.Selective lithium extraction at the first step of the recovery process can effectively solve those puzzles.Since lithium leaching is a non-spontaneous reaction requiring additional energy to achieve,it is found that these methods can be divided into five ways according to the different types of energy driving the reaction occurring:(ⅰ)electric energy driving lithium extraction;(ⅱ) chemical energy driving lithium extraction;(ⅲ) mechanical energy driving lithium extraction;(ⅳ) thermal energy driving lithium extraction;(ⅴ) other energy driving lithium extraction.Through the analysis of the principle,reaction process and results of recovering lithium methods can provide a few directions for scholars’ subsequent research.It is necessary to speed up the exploration of the principle of these methods.It is expected that this study could provide a reference for the research on the selective lithium extraction.

Bortezomib improves progression-free survival in multiple myeloma patients overexpressing preferentially expressed antigen of melanoma

Background Significant efforts have been made to identify factors that differentiate patients treated with novel therapies,such as bortezomib in multiple myeloma （MM）.The exact expression pattern and prognostic value of the cancer/testis antigen preferentially expressed antigen of melanoma （PRAME） in MM are unknown and were explored in this study.Methods The transcript level of PRAME was detected in bone marrow specimens from 100 newly diagnosed MM patients using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,and the prognostic value of PRAME was determined through retrospective survival analysis.PRAME expression higher than the upper limit of normal bone marrow was defined as PRAME overexpression or PRAME （＋）.Results Sixty-two patients （62.0％） overexpressed PRAME.PRAME overexpression showed no prognostic significance to either overall survival （n=100） or progression-free survival （PFS,n=96,all P ＞0.05） of patients.The patients were also categorized according to regimens with or without bortezomib.PRAME overexpression tended to be associated with a lower two-year PFS rate in patients treated with non-bortezomib-containing regimens （53.5％ vs.76.9％,P=0.071）.By contrast,it was not associated with the two-year PFS rate in patients with bortezomib-containing regimens （77.5％ vs.63.9％,P ＞0.05）.When the patients were categorized into PRAME （＋） and PRAME （-） groups,treatment with bortezomib-containing regimens predicted a higher two-year PFS rate in PRAME （＋） patients （77.5％ vs.53.5％,P=0.027） but showed no significant effect on two-year PFS rate in PRAME （-） patients （63.9％ vs.76.9％,P ＞0.05）.Conclusion PRAME overexpression might be an adverse prognostic factor of PFS in MM patients treated with non-bortezomib-containing regimens.Bortezomib improves PFS in patients overexpressing PRAME.

Evolution model and failure mechanisms of rainfall-induced cracked red clay slopes:insights from Xinshao County,China

Red clay landslides are widely distributed worldwide,resulting in severe loss of life and property.Although rainfall-induced red clay slopes have received extensive attention,the role of cracks in the evolutionary process of red clay slopes and their connection to failure mechanisms is still poorly understood.A comprehensive approach integrating field investigation,laboratory tests,and numerical simulations was conducted to study the 168 red clay landslides in Xinshao County,China.The results show that red clay is prone to forming cracks at high moisture content due to its low swelling and high shrinkage properties.The failure mode of red clay slopes can be summarized in three stages:crack generation,slope excavation,and slope failure.Furthermore,the retrospective analysis and numerical simulations of the typical landslide in Guanchong indicated that intense rainfall primarily impacts the shallow layer of soil within approximately 0.5 m on the intact slope.However,cracks change the pattern of rainfall infiltration in the slope.Rainwater infiltrates rapidly through the preferential channels induced by the cracks rather than uniformly and slowly from the slope surface.This results in a significant increase in both the depth of infiltration and the saturated zone area of the cracked slope,reaching 3.8 m and 36.2 m^(2),respectively.Consequently,the factor of safety of the slope decreases by 13.4%compared to the intact slope,ultimately triggering landslides.This study can provide valuable insights into understanding the failure mechanisms of red clay slopes in China and other regions with similar geological settings.

The egg cell is preferentially fertilized in Arabidopsis double fertilization

In flowering plants(angiosperms),fertilization of the egg cell by one sperm cell produces an embryo,whereas fusion of a second sperm cell with the central cell generates the endosperm.In most angiosperms like Arabidopsis,a pollen grain contains two isomorphic sperm cells required for this double fertilization process.A long-standing unsolved question is whether the two fertilization events have any preference.A tool to address this question is the usage of the cyclin-dependent kinase a1(cdka;1)mutant pollen,which produces a single sperm-like cell(SLC).Here,we first adopt a complementation-based fluorescence-labeling method to successfully separate and collect cdka;1 mutant pollen containing a single SLC.Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that cdka;1 SLCs show a gene expression profile highly similar to that of sperm cells and not to the generative cell,precursor of the two sperm cells.Pollination assays using a limited number of cdka;1 mutant pollen revealed that in 98.2%of the ovules,single fertilization of the egg cell occurred.Pollination of pistils with excessive cdka;1 mutant pollen allowed the delivery of a second SLC via fertilization recovery,which fertilized the central cell,resulting in 20.7%double-fertilized ovules.This indicates that cdka;1 SLCs are able to fertilize both the egg and the central cell.Taken together,our findings have answered a long-standing question and support that preferential fertilization of the egg cell is evident in Arabidopsis.

Influence of crack characteristics on the morphological development of Benggang and hydrological processes

Benggang is a special type of soil erosion,which widely distributes in the granite residual soil area of southern China.Owing to the influence of local climate and topography,shallow cracks having different morphological characteristics are easily formed on the slope surface.These shallow cracks damage the surface structure of the slope and accelerate water infiltration,making it easier to cause severe soil and water loss.However,the mechanism of Benggang process is still unclear,especially for slopes with different shallow crack characteristics.In this study,granite residual soil was collected from Benngang erosion area in Yudu County,Jiangxi Province,southern China.Three experimental treatments with slope surface crack rates of 0%,5.23%,and 11.70%were performed.Simultaneous monitoring of moisture content and soil temperature in the slope were carried out during rainfall,and the characteristics of preferential flow were monitored with different crack rates.Morphological development and evolution process of Benggang with different crack rates were studied.Results show that high surface crack rate of the shallow surface on the slope accelerated the development of shallow gully erosion,leading to premature occurrence of gully erosion.As the shallow crack rate increased from 0%to 5.23%and 11.70%,the width-depth ratio of the rills at the slope bottom increased from 0.69 to 1.02 and 1.16,respectively.At the same time,a correlation between moisture and temperature data was observed for the process of water-heat coupled migration.The upper soil temperature of slope decreased quickly due to preferential flow.The simultaneous monitoring of soil moisture and temperature can effectively track preferential flow and indicate the water movement.Temperature data was a more sensitive indicator of the seepage paths of preferential flow compared to moisture data.

无尺度网络中的统计力学特征

从统计力学的角度分析和考察了无尺度网络(scale freenetworks)的基本特征,介绍了无尺度网络(scale freenetworks)的最常用的动力学模型——Barabasi Albert模型,总结求解度分布的理论方法,分析此动力学模型自身的不足,并据此提出新的研究问题。

Analysis of Functional Genes for Cotton Fiber Development

Working on screening and identification of moreimportant genes will improve understanding ofthe fiber development mechanism and may alsolead to the development of transgenic cotton thatcould improve cotton fiber quantity and quality.Many efforts have been directed toward theisolation of fiber specific genes,however,only afew genes have been cloned out of the

Preferential Expression of a Beta-tubulin Gene in Developing Cotton Fibers

The developing cotton fiber is considered as amodel system for studying the function ofmicrotubules in plant cell elongation and cellwall biosynthesis.It has been shown thatmicrotubules undergo active dynamic changesduring fiber development.At the molecularlevel,Dixon et al demonstrated that two alpha-tubulin and two beta-tubulin

Current Status and Progresses in Chinese Cotton Genomic Research

Cotton fiber,a single-celled trichome,30-40mmin length and 15m in cell-wall-thickness,is adifferentiated epidermal cell originated from theouter integument of the ovule.There are severalgroups in China that work on cotton genecloning or fiber improvement usingblotechnological approaches.Dr.Xiaoya

Heating of multi-species upflowing ion beams observed by Cluster on March 28, 2001

Cluster satellites observed three successive outflowing ion beams on 28 March, 2001. It is generally accepted that these ion beams, composed of H^+, He^+, and O^+ ions, with three inverted-V structures in their energy spectra, are produced by acceleration through U-shaped potential structures. By eliminating the background ion population and employing Maxwelling fitting, we find that ions coming from the center of the potential structure have higher temperature than those from the flanks. Higher temperature of O^+ and He+compared to that of H^+ indicates that heavy ions are preferentially heated; we further infer that the heating efficiencies of O^+ and He^+ ions differ between the center and edges of the U-shaped potential structures. Estimation based on pitch angle observations shows that heating may also occur at an altitude above the upper boundary of the auroral acceleration region(AAR), where these beams are generally thought to be formed.

Cadmium transport mediated by soil colloid and dissolved organic matter:A field study

This study investigated the potential role of soil colloids and dissolved organic matter （DOM） in transporting Cd through in situ undisturbed paddy soil monoliths. Brilliant Blue was used as a tracer to assess the effect of preferential flow on Cd down migration. Experimental results showed that deep penetration of Cd and Brilliant Blue into the soil profile took place due to the preferential flow through macropores, mainly earthworm channels, with much of chemicals thus bypassing the soil matrix. Dye tracer and Cd distribution within the soil matrix was fairly restricted to several centimeters. Colloid restrained the migration of both dye and Cd in the matrix and preferential flow area. DOM facilitated the transport of Cd and Brilliant Blue in matrix and macropores by about 10 cm over that of the control. Pearson＇s is correlation analysis revealed strong associations between Brilliant Blue concentrations, exchangeable Cd and total Cd concentrations in three studied plots indicating that they had taken the same preferential flow pathway.

Effects of plant roots on soil preferential pathways and soil matrix in forest ecosystems

To characterize effects of plant roots on preferential flow（PF）,we measured root length density（RLD）and root biomass（RB） in Jiufeng National Forest Park,Beijing,China.Comparisons were made for RLD and RB between soil preferential pathways and soil matrices.RLD and RB declined with the increasing soil depth（0–10,10–20,20–30,30–40,40–50,50–60 cm） in all experimental plots.RLD was greater in soil preferential pathways than in the surrounding soil matrix and was 69.5,75.0 and72.2 % for plant roots of diameter（d） ／1,1 ／ d ／ 3 and3 ／ d ／ 5 mm,respectively.Fine root systems had the most pivotal influence on soil preferential flow in this forest ecosystem.In all experimental plots,RB content was the sum of RB from soil preferential pathways and the soil matrix in each soil depth.With respect to 6 soil depth gradient（0–10,10–20,20–30,30–40,40–50,50–60 cm） in each plot,the number of soil depth gradient that RB content was greater in soil preferential pathways than in the soil matrix was characterized,and the proportion was68.2 % in all plots.

Particle behavior in homogeneous isotropic turbulence

Direct numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the behavior of heavy particles in homogeneous isotropic turbulence. The present study focused on the effect of particle inertia and drift on the autocorrelations of the particle velocity and the fluid seen by particles and the dispersion characteristics of particles. The Lagrangian integral time scale of particles monotonically increased as the magnitude of the particle response time increased, while that of the fluid seen by particles remained relatively constant; it reached a maximum when the particle response time was close to the Kolmolgorov time scale of the flow. Particle dispersion increased as the particle inertia increased for small particles, while for larger particles, it decreased as particle inertia increased; particle eddy diffusion coefficient was maximal, and greater than that of the fluid by about 30%, at the preferential concentration. The concentration field of the particles with p/k1.0 showed that particles tend to collect in regions of low vorticity (high strain) due to preferential concentration. As the drift velocity of a particle is increased it crosses the paths of fluid elements more rapidly and will tend to lose correlation with its previous velocity faster than a fluid element will. And the correlation of particle velocities along the drift direction is more persistent than that perpendicular to the direction of drift. Simulations also showed that the continuity effect and the crossing-trajectory effect are weakened for particles with infinite inertia.

Preferential petroleum migration pathways and prediction of petroleum occurrence in sedimentary basins:A review

The aim of this paper is to review the major points of contention concerning secondary petroleum migration, to discuss the nature and primary controls of the positions of petroleum migration pathways in sedimentary basins, and to illustrate the importance of preferential petroleum migration pathways for the formation of large oil/gas fields away from generative kitchens. There is competition between the driving force （buoyancy） and the restraining force （capillary pressure controlled largely by permeability contrast） in controlling the positions of petroleum migration pathways in heterogeneous carrier beds. At a large scale, there is a critical angle of dip of the carrier beds which determines the relative importance of structural morphology or permeability contrasts in controlling the positions of petroleum migration pathways in heterogeneous carrier beds. Maximum-driving-force-controlled migration pathways occur in carrier beds with an angle of dip greater than the critical dip and the positions of petroleum migration pathways are controlled mainly by the morphology of the sealing surfaces. Minimum-restraining-force-determined migration pathways occur in carrier beds with an angle of dip smaller than the critical angle where permeability contrasts would exert a more important influence on the positions of petroleum migration pathways. Preferential petroleum migration pathways （PPMP）, defined as very restricted portions of carrier-beds that focus or concentrate petroleum from a large area of the generative kitchen, determine the distribution of oil and gas in sedimentary basins. The focusing of petroleum originating from a large area of the generative kitchens into restricted channels seems to be essential not only for long-range petroleum migration in hydrostatic conditions, but also for the formation of large oil or gas fields. Regions may miss out on petroleum migration because of its three-dimensional behavior, and two-dimensional migration modeling may be misleading in predicting petroleum occurrences in certain circumstances.

Influence of preparation methods on CuO-CeO_2 catalysts in the preferential oxidation of CO in excess hydrogen

Influence of three different preparation methods, i.e. impregnation, coprecipitation, and inverse coprecipitation, on the preferential oxidation of CO in excess hydrogen （PROX） over CuO-CeO2 catalysts has been investigated and CuO-CeO2 catalysts are characterized using BET, XPS, XRD, UV Raman, and TPR techniques. The results show that the catalysts prepared by coprecipitation have smaller particle sizes, well-dispersed CuOx species, more oxygen vacancies, and are more active in the PROX than those prepared by the other methods. However. the inverse coprecipitation depresses the catalytic performance of CuO-CeO2 catalysts and causes the growth of CuO-CeO2 because of different pH value in the precipitation process.

CO removal by two-stage methanation for polymer electrolyte fuel cell

In order to remove CO to achieve lower CO content of below 10 ppm in the CO removal step of reformer for polymer electrolyte fuel cell （PEFC） co-generation systems, CO preferential methanation under various conditions were studied in this paper. Results showed that, with a single kind of catalyst, it was difficult to reach both CO removal depth and CO2 conversion ratio of below 5%. Thus, a two-stage methanation process applying two kinds of catalysts is proposed in this study, that is, one kind of catalyst with relatively low activity and high selectivity for the first stage at higher temperature, and another kind of catalyst with relatively high activity and high selectivity for the second stage at lower temperature. Experimental results showed that at the first stage CO content was decreased from 1% to below 0.1% at 250-300 ℃, and at the second stage to below 10 ppm at 150-185 ℃. CO2 conversion was kept less than 5%, At the same time, influence of inlet CO content and GHSV on CO removal depth was also discussed in this paper.

Preferential oxidation of CO in excess H_2 over CeO_2/CuO catalyst:Effect of calcination temperature

Different from the classical configuration CuO/CeO2 catalyst,the inverse configuration CeO2 /CuO catalyst （atomic ratio of Ce/Cu=10/100） was prepared by impregnation method.Five calcination temperatures were selected to investigate the interaction between CeO2 and CuO support.It is found that as calcination temperature increased from 500 to 900 C,sintering of CeO2 particles on the support occurred together with the diffusion of a portion of Ce 4＋ ions into CuO crystals,forming solid solution.Formation of interface complex Ce-O-Cu was suggested by TPR measurements.The catalyst calcined at 700 C gives the highest activity for preferential oxidation of CO in excess H2 stream.

Visualization of flow behavior in ore-segregated packed beds with fine interlayers

Ore particles,especially fine interlayers,commonly segregate in heap stacking,leading to undesirable flow paths and changeable flow velocity fields of packed beds.Computed tomography(CT),COMSOL Multiphysics,and MATLAB were utilized to quantify pore structures and visualize flow behavior inside packed beds with segregated fine interlayers.The formation of fine interlayers was accompanied with the segregation of particles in packed beds.Fine particles reached the upper position of the packed beds during stacking.CT revealed that the average porosity of fine interlayers(24.21%)was significantly lower than that of the heap packed by coarse ores(37.42%),which directly affected the formation of flow paths.Specifically,the potential flow paths in the internal regions of fine interlayers were undeveloped.Fluid flowed and bypassed the fine interlayers and along the sides of the packed beds.Flow velocity also indicated that the flow paths easily gathered in the pore throat where flow velocity(1.8×10^-5 m/s)suddenly increased.Fluid stagnant regions with a flow velocity lower than 0.2×10^-5 m/s appeared in flow paths with a large diameter.

Hydrocarbon accumulation principles in troughs within faulted depressions and their significance in exploration

Previously,troughs in continental faulted depressions were usually considered as a zone of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion rather than a zone for hydrocarbon accumulation.If they were confirmed to be the source kitchen,the possibility that they could constitute potential plays would be overlooked in the subsequent exploration program.Based on the hydrocarbon exploration practice of the Jizhong Depression and the Erlian Basin in the past several years,this paper discusses a new understanding that reservoir distribution is controlled by multiple factors and lithological accumulations are more likely to form in trough areas.It further documents the three main factors controlling the formation of large lithological hydrocarbon accumulations in trough areas.The paper also discusses the new concept that structural and lithological accumulations not only co-exist but also complement each other.We propose that fan-delta fronts on inverted steep slopes in troughs,delta fronts and sublacustrine fans on gentle slopes,channel sands along toes of fault scarps are favorable locations for discovery of new oil accumulations.The application of this concept has led to the discovery of several hundreds of million tonnes of oil in place in trough areas in the Jizhong Depression and the Erlian Basin.

New Recognized Intellect for Prospecting Large-superlarge Mineral Deposits

Based on the data base of 1285 mineral deposits of 22 commodities in 121 countries of 6 continents of the world, the authors use the linear trend analysis for their reserves to determine the cut-off limited order of reserves to select 36 exceptional superlarge （as peak mineral）, 95 superlarge and 314 large deposits as new recognized intellect for their quantitative change. We have projected above 445 large-superlarge deposits on （1：5 M） global tectonic background map and divided 4 metallogenic domains, 21 metallogenic belts. Global metallogeny of large-superlarge deposits are： unity by endogenic, exogenic metamorphic and epigenetic in origin; speciality in different metallogenic domains and belts; preferentiality to ore-forming elements of Cu, Au, Fe, Ag, Cr, Mn, Zn, Pb, Sb, Hg, to continental margins or plate convergent belts, to Intra-continental tectono-magmatic complex belts and Large ductile shear zones; abnormality by the global oxyatmversion （excess oxygen atmospheric event） in Archean, redoxyatmversion （lack oxygen atmospheric event） in Proterozoic-Paleozoic, and tectonosphere thermal erosion （great amount of tectonic magmatic event） in Mesozoic-Cenozoic.