Objective: To evaluate the effect of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) conducted for women who had Down syndrome pregnancy previously. Methods: Trisomy 21 was diagnosed by using fluorescence in site hybridizatio...Objective: To evaluate the effect of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) conducted for women who had Down syndrome pregnancy previously. Methods: Trisomy 21 was diagnosed by using fluorescence in site hybridization (FISH) before embryo transfer in two women who had Down syndrome pregnancies. Each received one or two PGD cycles respectively. Results: Case 1: one PGD cycle was conducted, two oocytes were fertilized and biopsied. One embryo is of trisomy 21 and the other of monosomy 21. No embryo was transferred. Case 2: two PGD cycles were conducted, in total, sixteen oocytes were fertilized and biopsied. Four embryos were tested to be normal, six of trisomy 21, and one of monosomy 21. Five had no signal. Four normal embryos were transferred but no pregnancy resulted. Conclusion: For couples who had pregnancies with Down syndrome pre-viously, PGD can be considered, and has been shown to be an effective strategy.展开更多
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis allows to test the genetic status of embryos prior to implantation. In order to obtain genetic material, on which carry out a genetic diagnosis, a procedure named embryo biopsy is req...Preimplantation genetic diagnosis allows to test the genetic status of embryos prior to implantation. In order to obtain genetic material, on which carry out a genetic diagnosis, a procedure named embryo biopsy is required. In the last two decades, embryo biopsy at the cleavage stage has been the mostly performed procedure. However, recently, alternative methods allowing the retrieval of a larger number of cells (blastocyst stage biopsy), or representing a valid alternative to overcome ethical issues (polar body biopsy) have obtained increasing consensus. This article reviews different methods of embryo biopsy and points out their positive and negative aspects.展开更多
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), as a new assisted reproductive technology which can select normal embryos for transplantation combined with in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer(IVF-ET)through the analys...Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), as a new assisted reproductive technology which can select normal embryos for transplantation combined with in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer(IVF-ET)through the analysis of genetic materials before embryo implantation, holds a more and more important position in the diagnosis of genetic diseases and has made an important significance to the Aristogenics.PGD is an important aspect of assisted reproduction technology(ART)with its rapid development. Continuous appearances and comprehensive applications of new methods and technologies have greatly developed the PGD. In this review, we introduce some new methods and their principles about the new research advances of PGD.展开更多
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis(PGD)gives couples who have a high risk of transmitting genetic disorders to their baby the chance to have a healthy offspring through embryo genetic analysis and selection.Preimplanta...Preimplantation genetic diagnosis(PGD)gives couples who have a high risk of transmitting genetic disorders to their baby the chance to have a healthy offspring through embryo genetic analysis and selection.Preimplantation genetic screening(PGS)is an effective method to select euploid embryos that may prevent repeated implantation failure or miscarriage.However,how and to whom PGS should be provided is a controversial topic.The first successful case of PGD of a human being was reported in 1990,and there have been tremendous improvements in this technology since then.Both embryo biopsy and genetic technologies have been improved dramatically,which increase the accuracy and expand the indications of PGD/PGS.展开更多
Charcot-Marie-Tooth （CMT） disease is the most common hereditary neuropathy, with a population prevalence of 1 in 2500. CMT disease type 1A （CMT1A）, accounting for ~70% of CMT1 cases and ~ 50% of all CMT cases, is ...Charcot-Marie-Tooth （CMT） disease is the most common hereditary neuropathy, with a population prevalence of 1 in 2500. CMT disease type 1A （CMT1A）, accounting for ~70% of CMT1 cases and ~ 50% of all CMT cases, is transmitted in an autosomal dominant manner. CMT1A maps to chromo- some 17pl 1.2 and is caused, in the majority of cases, by a 1.4- Mb tandem duplication that includes the peripheral myelin protein22 （PMP22） gene （Li et al., 2013）. The disease usually presents in the first 20 years of age, causing difficulty in walking or running, distal symmetrical muscle weakness and wasting, and sensory loss （van Paassen et al., 2014）.展开更多
目的探讨高孕激素下促排卵方案和黄体期长方案对平衡易位携带行PGD周期治疗效果的比较。方法回顾性分析2016年5月至2018年4月在武汉大学人民医院生殖医学中心因染色体平衡易位行PGD助孕的51例患者的临床资料,根据患者促排卵方案的不同...目的探讨高孕激素下促排卵方案和黄体期长方案对平衡易位携带行PGD周期治疗效果的比较。方法回顾性分析2016年5月至2018年4月在武汉大学人民医院生殖医学中心因染色体平衡易位行PGD助孕的51例患者的临床资料,根据患者促排卵方案的不同将其分为高孕激素下促排卵方案组(PPOS方案组)和黄体期长方案组(LP方案组),其中PPOS方案组24例患者,LP方案组27例患者。比较两组患者的一般特点、促排卵情况、胚胎发育情况和子代胚胎染色体情况。结果两组患者的一般情况,包括双方年龄、不孕年限、BMI、基础窦卵泡数、基础FSH、基础LH、FSH/LH比值和基础E2比较,其差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。促排卵过程中,PPOS方案组患者促排天数显著低于LP方案组患者(9.21±1.67 vs 11.22±2.87,P=0.003),PPOS方案组患者获卵数少于LP方案组患者[10.50(8.25,17.50)vs 14.00(12.00,20.00),P=0.096)],PPOS方案组患者M2卵子数少于LP方案组患者[9.50(7.00,13.00) vs 12.00(8.00,18.00),P=0.219)],PPOS方案组患者2PN数少于LP方案组患者[8.00(6.00,12.00) vs 9.00(5.00,14.00),P=0.583)],PPOS方案组患者第5天囊胚比例高于LP方案组患者(56.12%vs 45.65%,P=0.149),两组差异均无统计学意义;但PPOS方案组患者可活检囊胚形成率显著高于LP方案组患者(44.34%vs 34.40%,P=0.023),其差异具有统计学意义。两组患者胚胎染色体形成情况中,正常/平衡胚胎比例(32.65%vs 36.08%,P=0.614))、不平衡胚胎比例(40.82%vs 32.99%,P=0.495))、非整倍体胚胎比例(37.76%vs 41.24%,P=0.619))等比较,其差异均无统计学意义。2种方案均有约30%的患者无可移植胚胎(29.17%vs 29.63%,P=0.971)。结论对于染色体平衡易位行PGD助孕的患者,PPOS方案能够获得与黄体期长方案相似的促排卵效果,而且可活检囊胚形成率更高。通过分析二代测序结果显示,PPOS方案对子代染色体形成没有不利影响。所以,对于染色体平衡易位行PGD助孕的患者,PPOS方案是一种更为经济合理的促排卵方案。展开更多
A couple with a proband child of GJB2 （encoding the gap junction protein connexin 26）-associated hearing impairment and a previous pregnancy miscarriage sought for a reproductive solution to bear a healthy child. Ou...A couple with a proband child of GJB2 （encoding the gap junction protein connexin 26）-associated hearing impairment and a previous pregnancy miscarriage sought for a reproductive solution to bear a healthy child. Our study aimed to develop a cus- tomized preconception-to-neonate care trajectory to fulfill this clinical demand by integrating preimplantation genetic diagno- sis （PGD）, noninvasive prenatal testing （NIPT）, and noninvasive prenatal diagnosis （N1PD） into the strategy. Auditory and ge- netic diagnosis of the proband child was carried out to identify the disease causative mutations. The couple then received in-vitro-fertilization treatment, and eight embryos were obtained for day 5 biopsy. PGD was performed by short-tandem-repeat linkage analysis and Sanger sequencing of GJB2 gene. Transfer of a GJB2c.235delC heterozygous embryo resulted in a sin- gleton pregnancy. At the 13th week of gestation, genomic DNA （gDNA） from the trio family and cell-free DNA （cfDNA） from maternal plasma were obtained for assessment of fetal chromosomal aneuploidy and GJB2 mutations. NIPT and NIPD showed the absence of chromosomal aneuploidy and GJB2-associated disease in the fetus, which was later confirmed by inva- sire procedures and postnatal genetic/auditory diagnosis. This strategy successfully prevented the transmission of hearing im- pairment in the newborn, thus providing a valuable experience in reproductive management of similar cases and potentially other monogenic disorders.展开更多
Background In in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment, preimplantation genetic diagnosis/screening (PGD/S) attempts to detect chromosomal abnormalities in embryos before implantation. Using the meta-analytic and qualit...Background In in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment, preimplantation genetic diagnosis/screening (PGD/S) attempts to detect chromosomal abnormalities in embryos before implantation. Using the meta-analytic and qualitative review approaches, this study aims to evaluate the effect of PGD/S on clinical pregnancy, live births, and childhood outcomes. Methods We conducted a literature search using 1) PubMed and other search engines, and 2) an ancestry search by track-ing references cited in prior work. After screening the studies, we extracted information pertinent to the meta-analysis. We calculated the effect sizes for clinical pregnancy and live birth rates, and performed a moderation analysis by maternal age, type of genetic screening, and timing of the biopsy. For childhood outcomes, we conducted a systematic review of studies reporting the anthropometric, psychomotor, cognitive, behavioral, and family functioning of PGD/S children. Results We included 26 studies for clinical pregnancy and live births, and 18 studies for childhood outcomes. Results indi-cated that women who underwent comprehensive chromosome screening-based PGD/S had significantly higher clinical pregnancy rates (rr 1.207, 95% CI 1.017–1.431) and live birth rates (rr 1.362, 95% CI 1.057–1.755) than those whose IVF treatment did not include PGD/S. Early childhood outcomes of PGD/S children did not differ from those of non-PGD/S children. Conclusions Comprehensive chromosome screening-based PGD/S can improve clinical pregnancy and live birth rates without adversely affecting functioning in childhood at least up to age 9. Results are discussed in the context of bioethical, financial, legal, and psychological issues surrounding PGD/S.展开更多
Birth defects are caused by multiple factors,such as chromosome abnormality,environmental factors,and maternal factors.In this study,we focused on exploring the genetic causes of a non-consanguineous couple who suffer...Birth defects are caused by multiple factors,such as chromosome abnormality,environmental factors,and maternal factors.In this study,we focused on exploring the genetic causes of a non-consanguineous couple who suffered from four times of unsuccessful pregnancy due to unexplained recurrent fetal malformations with similar symptoms and normal chromosome copy number variations.Using trio-whole exome sequencing(trio-WES) for this couple and one of the affected fetuses,we found a mutation,c.1996 delC on the maternal imprinted gene MAGEL2 that was carried by the affected fetus and husband,leading to Schaaf-Yang syndrome.To screen this mutation,we further performed preimplantation genetic diagnosis(PGD) strategy followed by a gene pedigree validation and pathogenicity analysis.After the transfer of a PGD-screened embryo,a normal newborn without previous abnormal symptoms was born(February 15,2019).We present the first data that identified a pathogenic gene(MAGEL2 c.1996 delC) in a fetus with Schaaf-Yang syndrome in the EAS(East Asian) database and overcame this genetic defect by using processed PGD for this couple based on the WES results.展开更多
Background: Reciprocal translocation(RCP) causes male infertility and female recurrent pregnancy loss. Male and female carriers have different responses to meiotic disturbances. Gender difference in outcomes of the RC...Background: Reciprocal translocation(RCP) causes male infertility and female recurrent pregnancy loss. Male and female carriers have different responses to meiotic disturbances. Gender difference in outcomes of the RCP couples undergoing preimplantation genetic testing(PGT) is unknown.Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 238 RCP couples(124 female and 114 male carriers) divided by gender of carrier from March 2014 to March 2017. Blastocysts were divided by day 5 and day 6. Females were divided into older(≥38 years) and younger(<38 years). Logistic regression was fitted for the relationship between gender of carriers and euploidy. Euploidy rate of each group, pregnancy rate, and live birth rate between different genders were analyzed.Results: The sperm live rate, forward motile sperm rate, and normal morphology rate of serum in male RCP group were significantly decreased. The euploidy rate was 30.30% in female group and 34.90% in male group(P = 0.131); 34.50% in day 5 group and 27.50% in day 6 group(P = 0.039); 33.40% in age <38 years group and 22.40% in age ≥38 years group(P = 0.063). Day 5(odds ratio [OR] = 1.388, 95% confidence interval [CI ] = 1.012–1.904; P = 0.042) and younger age(OR = 1.753, 95% CI = 0.97–3.17; P = 0.063) were associated with euploidy. The clinical pregnancy rate(37.90% vs. 41.20%), ongoing pregnancy rate(33.10% vs. 37.70%), and live birth rate(25.80% vs. 31.60%) per initiated were not significantly different in two gender groups.Conclusions: Although gender influence is not significant, couples with male carrier showed better clinical outcomes. The embryo growing rate and female age are important predictions estimating euploidy in RCP couples.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Nos. 2006CB944006 and 2006CB504004)the Key Research Pro-gram of Zhejiang Province, China (No. 2006C13078)the Bureau of Science and Technology of Hangzhou, China (No. 20061123B03)
文摘Objective: To evaluate the effect of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) conducted for women who had Down syndrome pregnancy previously. Methods: Trisomy 21 was diagnosed by using fluorescence in site hybridization (FISH) before embryo transfer in two women who had Down syndrome pregnancies. Each received one or two PGD cycles respectively. Results: Case 1: one PGD cycle was conducted, two oocytes were fertilized and biopsied. One embryo is of trisomy 21 and the other of monosomy 21. No embryo was transferred. Case 2: two PGD cycles were conducted, in total, sixteen oocytes were fertilized and biopsied. Four embryos were tested to be normal, six of trisomy 21, and one of monosomy 21. Five had no signal. Four normal embryos were transferred but no pregnancy resulted. Conclusion: For couples who had pregnancies with Down syndrome pre-viously, PGD can be considered, and has been shown to be an effective strategy.
文摘Preimplantation genetic diagnosis allows to test the genetic status of embryos prior to implantation. In order to obtain genetic material, on which carry out a genetic diagnosis, a procedure named embryo biopsy is required. In the last two decades, embryo biopsy at the cleavage stage has been the mostly performed procedure. However, recently, alternative methods allowing the retrieval of a larger number of cells (blastocyst stage biopsy), or representing a valid alternative to overcome ethical issues (polar body biopsy) have obtained increasing consensus. This article reviews different methods of embryo biopsy and points out their positive and negative aspects.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 30772069)
文摘Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), as a new assisted reproductive technology which can select normal embryos for transplantation combined with in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer(IVF-ET)through the analysis of genetic materials before embryo implantation, holds a more and more important position in the diagnosis of genetic diseases and has made an important significance to the Aristogenics.PGD is an important aspect of assisted reproduction technology(ART)with its rapid development. Continuous appearances and comprehensive applications of new methods and technologies have greatly developed the PGD. In this review, we introduce some new methods and their principles about the new research advances of PGD.
基金supported by the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission (Z131100005213006)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31230047)the National Basic Research Program of China (2011CB944504)
文摘Preimplantation genetic diagnosis(PGD)gives couples who have a high risk of transmitting genetic disorders to their baby the chance to have a healthy offspring through embryo genetic analysis and selection.Preimplantation genetic screening(PGS)is an effective method to select euploid embryos that may prevent repeated implantation failure or miscarriage.However,how and to whom PGS should be provided is a controversial topic.The first successful case of PGD of a human being was reported in 1990,and there have been tremendous improvements in this technology since then.Both embryo biopsy and genetic technologies have been improved dramatically,which increase the accuracy and expand the indications of PGD/PGS.
文摘Charcot-Marie-Tooth （CMT） disease is the most common hereditary neuropathy, with a population prevalence of 1 in 2500. CMT disease type 1A （CMT1A）, accounting for ~70% of CMT1 cases and ~ 50% of all CMT cases, is transmitted in an autosomal dominant manner. CMT1A maps to chromo- some 17pl 1.2 and is caused, in the majority of cases, by a 1.4- Mb tandem duplication that includes the peripheral myelin protein22 （PMP22） gene （Li et al., 2013）. The disease usually presents in the first 20 years of age, causing difficulty in walking or running, distal symmetrical muscle weakness and wasting, and sensory loss （van Paassen et al., 2014）.
文摘目的探讨高孕激素下促排卵方案和黄体期长方案对平衡易位携带行PGD周期治疗效果的比较。方法回顾性分析2016年5月至2018年4月在武汉大学人民医院生殖医学中心因染色体平衡易位行PGD助孕的51例患者的临床资料,根据患者促排卵方案的不同将其分为高孕激素下促排卵方案组(PPOS方案组)和黄体期长方案组(LP方案组),其中PPOS方案组24例患者,LP方案组27例患者。比较两组患者的一般特点、促排卵情况、胚胎发育情况和子代胚胎染色体情况。结果两组患者的一般情况,包括双方年龄、不孕年限、BMI、基础窦卵泡数、基础FSH、基础LH、FSH/LH比值和基础E2比较,其差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。促排卵过程中,PPOS方案组患者促排天数显著低于LP方案组患者(9.21±1.67 vs 11.22±2.87,P=0.003),PPOS方案组患者获卵数少于LP方案组患者[10.50(8.25,17.50)vs 14.00(12.00,20.00),P=0.096)],PPOS方案组患者M2卵子数少于LP方案组患者[9.50(7.00,13.00) vs 12.00(8.00,18.00),P=0.219)],PPOS方案组患者2PN数少于LP方案组患者[8.00(6.00,12.00) vs 9.00(5.00,14.00),P=0.583)],PPOS方案组患者第5天囊胚比例高于LP方案组患者(56.12%vs 45.65%,P=0.149),两组差异均无统计学意义;但PPOS方案组患者可活检囊胚形成率显著高于LP方案组患者(44.34%vs 34.40%,P=0.023),其差异具有统计学意义。两组患者胚胎染色体形成情况中,正常/平衡胚胎比例(32.65%vs 36.08%,P=0.614))、不平衡胚胎比例(40.82%vs 32.99%,P=0.495))、非整倍体胚胎比例(37.76%vs 41.24%,P=0.619))等比较,其差异均无统计学意义。2种方案均有约30%的患者无可移植胚胎(29.17%vs 29.63%,P=0.971)。结论对于染色体平衡易位行PGD助孕的患者,PPOS方案能够获得与黄体期长方案相似的促排卵效果,而且可活检囊胚形成率更高。通过分析二代测序结果显示,PPOS方案对子代染色体形成没有不利影响。所以,对于染色体平衡易位行PGD助孕的患者,PPOS方案是一种更为经济合理的促排卵方案。
基金supported by the National Program on Key Basic Research Project(2014CB943001 and 2012CB944700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81120108009 and 81530032)+3 种基金the National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China(201402004)Science and Technology Plan of Guangdong Province(2013B022000005)Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory of Human Disease Genomics(2011A060906007)Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Birth Defects Screening([2011]861)
文摘A couple with a proband child of GJB2 （encoding the gap junction protein connexin 26）-associated hearing impairment and a previous pregnancy miscarriage sought for a reproductive solution to bear a healthy child. Our study aimed to develop a cus- tomized preconception-to-neonate care trajectory to fulfill this clinical demand by integrating preimplantation genetic diagno- sis （PGD）, noninvasive prenatal testing （NIPT）, and noninvasive prenatal diagnosis （N1PD） into the strategy. Auditory and ge- netic diagnosis of the proband child was carried out to identify the disease causative mutations. The couple then received in-vitro-fertilization treatment, and eight embryos were obtained for day 5 biopsy. PGD was performed by short-tandem-repeat linkage analysis and Sanger sequencing of GJB2 gene. Transfer of a GJB2c.235delC heterozygous embryo resulted in a sin- gleton pregnancy. At the 13th week of gestation, genomic DNA （gDNA） from the trio family and cell-free DNA （cfDNA） from maternal plasma were obtained for assessment of fetal chromosomal aneuploidy and GJB2 mutations. NIPT and NIPD showed the absence of chromosomal aneuploidy and GJB2-associated disease in the fetus, which was later confirmed by inva- sire procedures and postnatal genetic/auditory diagnosis. This strategy successfully prevented the transmission of hearing im- pairment in the newborn, thus providing a valuable experience in reproductive management of similar cases and potentially other monogenic disorders.
文摘Background In in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment, preimplantation genetic diagnosis/screening (PGD/S) attempts to detect chromosomal abnormalities in embryos before implantation. Using the meta-analytic and qualitative review approaches, this study aims to evaluate the effect of PGD/S on clinical pregnancy, live births, and childhood outcomes. Methods We conducted a literature search using 1) PubMed and other search engines, and 2) an ancestry search by track-ing references cited in prior work. After screening the studies, we extracted information pertinent to the meta-analysis. We calculated the effect sizes for clinical pregnancy and live birth rates, and performed a moderation analysis by maternal age, type of genetic screening, and timing of the biopsy. For childhood outcomes, we conducted a systematic review of studies reporting the anthropometric, psychomotor, cognitive, behavioral, and family functioning of PGD/S children. Results We included 26 studies for clinical pregnancy and live births, and 18 studies for childhood outcomes. Results indi-cated that women who underwent comprehensive chromosome screening-based PGD/S had significantly higher clinical pregnancy rates (rr 1.207, 95% CI 1.017–1.431) and live birth rates (rr 1.362, 95% CI 1.057–1.755) than those whose IVF treatment did not include PGD/S. Early childhood outcomes of PGD/S children did not differ from those of non-PGD/S children. Conclusions Comprehensive chromosome screening-based PGD/S can improve clinical pregnancy and live birth rates without adversely affecting functioning in childhood at least up to age 9. Results are discussed in the context of bioethical, financial, legal, and psychological issues surrounding PGD/S.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31522034,81521002,81730038)the National High Technology Research and Development Program(2015AA020407)
文摘Birth defects are caused by multiple factors,such as chromosome abnormality,environmental factors,and maternal factors.In this study,we focused on exploring the genetic causes of a non-consanguineous couple who suffered from four times of unsuccessful pregnancy due to unexplained recurrent fetal malformations with similar symptoms and normal chromosome copy number variations.Using trio-whole exome sequencing(trio-WES) for this couple and one of the affected fetuses,we found a mutation,c.1996 delC on the maternal imprinted gene MAGEL2 that was carried by the affected fetus and husband,leading to Schaaf-Yang syndrome.To screen this mutation,we further performed preimplantation genetic diagnosis(PGD) strategy followed by a gene pedigree validation and pathogenicity analysis.After the transfer of a PGD-screened embryo,a normal newborn without previous abnormal symptoms was born(February 15,2019).We present the first data that identified a pathogenic gene(MAGEL2 c.1996 delC) in a fetus with Schaaf-Yang syndrome in the EAS(East Asian) database and overcame this genetic defect by using processed PGD for this couple based on the WES results.
基金sponsored by the Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning Project(No.201640365).
文摘Background: Reciprocal translocation(RCP) causes male infertility and female recurrent pregnancy loss. Male and female carriers have different responses to meiotic disturbances. Gender difference in outcomes of the RCP couples undergoing preimplantation genetic testing(PGT) is unknown.Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 238 RCP couples(124 female and 114 male carriers) divided by gender of carrier from March 2014 to March 2017. Blastocysts were divided by day 5 and day 6. Females were divided into older(≥38 years) and younger(<38 years). Logistic regression was fitted for the relationship between gender of carriers and euploidy. Euploidy rate of each group, pregnancy rate, and live birth rate between different genders were analyzed.Results: The sperm live rate, forward motile sperm rate, and normal morphology rate of serum in male RCP group were significantly decreased. The euploidy rate was 30.30% in female group and 34.90% in male group(P = 0.131); 34.50% in day 5 group and 27.50% in day 6 group(P = 0.039); 33.40% in age <38 years group and 22.40% in age ≥38 years group(P = 0.063). Day 5(odds ratio [OR] = 1.388, 95% confidence interval [CI ] = 1.012–1.904; P = 0.042) and younger age(OR = 1.753, 95% CI = 0.97–3.17; P = 0.063) were associated with euploidy. The clinical pregnancy rate(37.90% vs. 41.20%), ongoing pregnancy rate(33.10% vs. 37.70%), and live birth rate(25.80% vs. 31.60%) per initiated were not significantly different in two gender groups.Conclusions: Although gender influence is not significant, couples with male carrier showed better clinical outcomes. The embryo growing rate and female age are important predictions estimating euploidy in RCP couples.
