In China, sports and physical activity (PA) have tradition- ally been an integral part of school curricula to promote fitness and enhance healthy growth among children and ado- lescents. Three decades of economic re...In China, sports and physical activity (PA) have tradition- ally been an integral part of school curricula to promote fitness and enhance healthy growth among children and ado- lescents. Three decades of economic reforms, however, have brought major changes in social, economic.展开更多
Continuous improvements in perinatal care have resultedin increased survival of premature infants.Their immature lungs are prone to injury with mechanical ventilation and this may develop into chronic lung disease(CLD...Continuous improvements in perinatal care have resultedin increased survival of premature infants.Their immature lungs are prone to injury with mechanical ventilation and this may develop into chronic lung disease(CLD) or bronchopulmonary dysplasia.Strategies to minimize the risk of lung injury have been developed and include improved antenatal management(education,regionalization,steroids,and antibiotics),exogenous surfactant administration and reduction of barotrauma by using exclusive or early noninvasive ventilatory support.The most frequently used mode of assisted ventilation is pressure support ventilation that may lead to patientventilator asynchrony that is associated with poor outcome.Ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction or disuse atrophy of diaphragm fibers may also occur.This has led to the development of new ventilation modes including neurally adjusted ventilatory assist(NAVA).This ventilation mode is controlled by electrodes embedded within a nasogastric catheter which detect the electrical diaphragmatic activity(Edi) and transmit it to trigger the ventilator in synchrony with the patient's own respiratory efforts.This permits the patient to control peak inspiratory pressure,mean airway pressure and tidal volume.Back up pressure control(PC) is provided when there is no Edi signal and no pneumatic trigger.Compared with standard conventional ventilation,NAVA improves blood gas regulation with lower peak inspiratory pressure and oxygen requirements in preterm infants.NAVA is safe mode of ventilation.The majority of studies have shown no significant adverse events in neonates ventilated with NAVA nor a difference in the rate of intraventricular hemorrhage,pneumothorax,or necrotizing enterocolitis when compared to conventional ventilation.Future large size randomized controlled trials should be established to compare NAVA with volume targeted and pressure controlled ventilation in newborns with mature respiratory drive.Most previous studies and trials were not sufficiently large and did not include longterm patient oriented outcomes.Multicenter,randomized,outcome trials are needed to determine whether NAVA is effective in avoiding intubation,facilitating extubation,decreasing time of ventilation,reducing the incidence ofCLD,decreasing length of stay,and improving long-term outcomes such as the duration of ventilation,length of hospital stay,rate of pneumothorax,CLD and other major complications of prematurity.In order to prevent barotrauma,next generations of NAVA equipment for neonatal use should enable automatic setting of ventilator parameters in the backup PC mode based on the values generated by NAVA.They should also include an upper limit to the inspiratory time as in conventional ventilation.The manufacturers of Edi catheters should produce smaller sizes available for extreme low birth weight infants.Newly developed ventilators should also include leak compensation and high frequency ventilation.A peripheral flow sensor is also essential to the proper delivery of all modes of conventional ventilation as well as NAVA.展开更多
The prevalence of obesity related hypertension has dramatically increased in children with the parallel increase in pediatric obesity.This pediatric health problem may adversely affect cardiovascular health in adult l...The prevalence of obesity related hypertension has dramatically increased in children with the parallel increase in pediatric obesity.This pediatric health problem may adversely affect cardiovascular health in adult life.The pathogenesis of hypertension in obese children is not widely understood.We therefore undertake this review to raise public awareness.Early childhood parameters like birth weight and postnatal weight gain may play important roles in risk for obesity and obesity related hypertension later in childhood and adult life.Further information is required to confirm this origin of hypertension so that appropriate measures are taken in the peri-natal period.The role of sympathetic nervous system has now been well established as one of the principle mechanisms involved in obesity related hypertension.The Renin-Angiotensin system,insulin resistance due to obesity and as a part of metabolic syndrome along with imbalance in adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin,cause activation of the sympathetic system,vasoconstriction,endothelial dysfunction and sodium reabsorption among other perturbations.Multi-step interventions targeting these various mech-anisms are required to break the cycle of obesity and metabolic syndrome.Vitamin D deficiency,sleep apnea due to airway obstruction and hyperuricemia may also play a significant role and should not be ignored in its early stages.Obesity is a risk factor for other comorbid conditions like chronic kidney disease and fatty liver which further accentuate the risk of hypertension.Increased awareness is required to prevent,diagnose and treat obesity related hypertension among the pediatric population.展开更多
<strong>Introduction</strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><strong>: </strong></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Vaccination is very often dela...<strong>Introduction</strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><strong>: </strong></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Vaccination is very often delayed in premature and low birth weight infants. However, timely vaccination is even more important in this population because of their increased susceptibility to infection.</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objective</span></b><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">:</span></b><span style="font-family:;" "=""> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">To assess immunization practice and factors associated with vaccine promptness</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and completeness in former preterm and low-birth-weight infants.</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods</span></b><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">We conducted a retrospective analytical cross-sectional study (January 2017 to February 2019).</span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Main Measurement: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Promptness and completeness at each contact, Statistical analysis was performed using R software version 3.6.2, logistic regression was used to estimate the Odds Ratio (OR) and their 95% Confidence Interval (CI).</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results</span></b><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> We recruited 310 children aged 12 to 36 months born before 37 weeks with low birth weight, 163 (52.6%) of whom were female. Two hundred and fifty-three had received the vaccines at the indicated age, with</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">promptness rate of 81.6%, and 97.7% had completed routine immunization at 9 months. The mean age at vaccination initiation was 6 days ±</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">11 and the mean weight at vaccination initiation was 2233</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">g ±</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">494. High </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">prematurity and very low birth weight were associated with a high rate of</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> vaccine delay: 61.5% [OR: 15.56;(CI: 3.22</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">118.52;p</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">=</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.002)] and 66.7% [OR: 19.19;(CI: 4.67</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">92.52;p</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.001)] respectively. Distance > 5 km with EHC [OR: 3.48;(CI: 1.68</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">7.47;p</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">=</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.001)] was associated with poor vaccination. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Women in common-law unions had the lowest vaccine readiness rate </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(60.6%), (OR: 3.36;CI: 1.006</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">10.70;p</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">=</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.038). The frequency of occurrence of post </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">immunization adverse events was 24.5%, with fever type in 94.7%.</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion</span></b><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">:</span></b><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Almost all premature and/or low-birth-weight children hospitalized at Essos Hospital Center had completed routine immunization at 9 months, and the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">majority had received the vaccines in a timely manner. Similar</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">study</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">is</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">needed in rural area.</span>展开更多
文摘In China, sports and physical activity (PA) have tradition- ally been an integral part of school curricula to promote fitness and enhance healthy growth among children and ado- lescents. Three decades of economic reforms, however, have brought major changes in social, economic.
文摘Continuous improvements in perinatal care have resultedin increased survival of premature infants.Their immature lungs are prone to injury with mechanical ventilation and this may develop into chronic lung disease(CLD) or bronchopulmonary dysplasia.Strategies to minimize the risk of lung injury have been developed and include improved antenatal management(education,regionalization,steroids,and antibiotics),exogenous surfactant administration and reduction of barotrauma by using exclusive or early noninvasive ventilatory support.The most frequently used mode of assisted ventilation is pressure support ventilation that may lead to patientventilator asynchrony that is associated with poor outcome.Ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction or disuse atrophy of diaphragm fibers may also occur.This has led to the development of new ventilation modes including neurally adjusted ventilatory assist(NAVA).This ventilation mode is controlled by electrodes embedded within a nasogastric catheter which detect the electrical diaphragmatic activity(Edi) and transmit it to trigger the ventilator in synchrony with the patient's own respiratory efforts.This permits the patient to control peak inspiratory pressure,mean airway pressure and tidal volume.Back up pressure control(PC) is provided when there is no Edi signal and no pneumatic trigger.Compared with standard conventional ventilation,NAVA improves blood gas regulation with lower peak inspiratory pressure and oxygen requirements in preterm infants.NAVA is safe mode of ventilation.The majority of studies have shown no significant adverse events in neonates ventilated with NAVA nor a difference in the rate of intraventricular hemorrhage,pneumothorax,or necrotizing enterocolitis when compared to conventional ventilation.Future large size randomized controlled trials should be established to compare NAVA with volume targeted and pressure controlled ventilation in newborns with mature respiratory drive.Most previous studies and trials were not sufficiently large and did not include longterm patient oriented outcomes.Multicenter,randomized,outcome trials are needed to determine whether NAVA is effective in avoiding intubation,facilitating extubation,decreasing time of ventilation,reducing the incidence ofCLD,decreasing length of stay,and improving long-term outcomes such as the duration of ventilation,length of hospital stay,rate of pneumothorax,CLD and other major complications of prematurity.In order to prevent barotrauma,next generations of NAVA equipment for neonatal use should enable automatic setting of ventilator parameters in the backup PC mode based on the values generated by NAVA.They should also include an upper limit to the inspiratory time as in conventional ventilation.The manufacturers of Edi catheters should produce smaller sizes available for extreme low birth weight infants.Newly developed ventilators should also include leak compensation and high frequency ventilation.A peripheral flow sensor is also essential to the proper delivery of all modes of conventional ventilation as well as NAVA.
基金Supported by The National Institute of Health U01 DK-3-012 grantinvestigator-initiated grants from the Cystinosis Research Foundation and Abbott Laboratories
文摘The prevalence of obesity related hypertension has dramatically increased in children with the parallel increase in pediatric obesity.This pediatric health problem may adversely affect cardiovascular health in adult life.The pathogenesis of hypertension in obese children is not widely understood.We therefore undertake this review to raise public awareness.Early childhood parameters like birth weight and postnatal weight gain may play important roles in risk for obesity and obesity related hypertension later in childhood and adult life.Further information is required to confirm this origin of hypertension so that appropriate measures are taken in the peri-natal period.The role of sympathetic nervous system has now been well established as one of the principle mechanisms involved in obesity related hypertension.The Renin-Angiotensin system,insulin resistance due to obesity and as a part of metabolic syndrome along with imbalance in adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin,cause activation of the sympathetic system,vasoconstriction,endothelial dysfunction and sodium reabsorption among other perturbations.Multi-step interventions targeting these various mech-anisms are required to break the cycle of obesity and metabolic syndrome.Vitamin D deficiency,sleep apnea due to airway obstruction and hyperuricemia may also play a significant role and should not be ignored in its early stages.Obesity is a risk factor for other comorbid conditions like chronic kidney disease and fatty liver which further accentuate the risk of hypertension.Increased awareness is required to prevent,diagnose and treat obesity related hypertension among the pediatric population.
文摘<strong>Introduction</strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><strong>: </strong></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Vaccination is very often delayed in premature and low birth weight infants. However, timely vaccination is even more important in this population because of their increased susceptibility to infection.</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objective</span></b><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">:</span></b><span style="font-family:;" "=""> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">To assess immunization practice and factors associated with vaccine promptness</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and completeness in former preterm and low-birth-weight infants.</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods</span></b><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">We conducted a retrospective analytical cross-sectional study (January 2017 to February 2019).</span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Main Measurement: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Promptness and completeness at each contact, Statistical analysis was performed using R software version 3.6.2, logistic regression was used to estimate the Odds Ratio (OR) and their 95% Confidence Interval (CI).</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results</span></b><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> We recruited 310 children aged 12 to 36 months born before 37 weeks with low birth weight, 163 (52.6%) of whom were female. Two hundred and fifty-three had received the vaccines at the indicated age, with</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">promptness rate of 81.6%, and 97.7% had completed routine immunization at 9 months. The mean age at vaccination initiation was 6 days ±</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">11 and the mean weight at vaccination initiation was 2233</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">g ±</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">494. High </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">prematurity and very low birth weight were associated with a high rate of</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> vaccine delay: 61.5% [OR: 15.56;(CI: 3.22</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">118.52;p</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">=</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.002)] and 66.7% [OR: 19.19;(CI: 4.67</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">92.52;p</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.001)] respectively. Distance > 5 km with EHC [OR: 3.48;(CI: 1.68</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">7.47;p</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">=</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.001)] was associated with poor vaccination. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Women in common-law unions had the lowest vaccine readiness rate </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(60.6%), (OR: 3.36;CI: 1.006</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">10.70;p</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">=</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.038). The frequency of occurrence of post </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">immunization adverse events was 24.5%, with fever type in 94.7%.</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion</span></b><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">:</span></b><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Almost all premature and/or low-birth-weight children hospitalized at Essos Hospital Center had completed routine immunization at 9 months, and the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">majority had received the vaccines in a timely manner. Similar</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">study</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">is</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">needed in rural area.</span>