Earthquake Science and Technology as Well as Preparedness and Reduction of Earthquake Disaster in China

This paper systematically presents the state-of-the-art of preparedness and reduction of earthquake disasters in China. It contains abundant information on the goal, policy, working links, administrative organizations, and main scientific and technological approaches for earthquake disaster reduction in this country. The focus is placed on "taking science and technology as the foundation" and "management based on legal system."

Application of IPv6 and NGN to the information network of earthquake preparedness and disaster mitigation

下一代网络（next generation network，缩写为NGN）是以高性能、可扩展、可运营、可管理、更安全的下一代电信网络为基础，实现高质量流媒体应用、无线和移动应用、多样化终端设备、按需的传输质量控制和更高安全保障的新型网络，IPv6是下一代网络的关键支撑技术．IPv6网是下一代IP网，不等同于下一代网络，IPv6网只有在满足下一代网络的必要特征后才可成为下一代网络．

Information system for emergence decision on the protection against earthquake and disaster reduction in Shanghai City──Application of GIS

For meeting the need of rapid development of economy in Shanghai and the protection against earthquake and disaster reduction in the mega city, it is necessary to build a information system for emergence decision on the protection against earthquake and disaster reduction in the city. In this paper, GIS is applied to 'the information system for emergence decision on the protection against earthquake and disaster reduction in Shanghai City (Baoshan experiment region)'. We introduce to the structure and effect of each functional module in this information system. This information system consists of 7 functional modules:background information of seismology and geology, subsystem for rapid evaluation of damage loss from earthquake, subsystem for the decisive information on earthquake emergence, information query, maintenance and management of system, help, quit. The key parts of this information system are the subsystem for rapid evaluation of damage loss from earthquake and the subsystem for the decisive information on earthquake emergence. Also, this paper introduces to the application of technology of color infra-red aerial photograph remote sensing to this information system.

Ideas of establishing the information system for emergence decisions on the protection against earthquakes and disaster reduction in cities (application of GIS)

ith urban reformation and opening becoming deeper,the work of protection against earthquake and disaster reduction would be more important.In this paper,some ideas are suggested about establishing the information system for emergency decisions on protection against earthquake and disaster reduction in cities .The information system mainly includes a subsystem for rapid evaluation of damage loss from earthquake (which includes input of seismic information,distribution of earthquake intensity,evaluation of seismic fragility on all social factors and etc.) and a subsystem for the decisive information of seismic emergency(which mainly includes project of disaster relief,project of personnel evacuation,dangerous degree warning for the dangerous articlesstoring places and protection measures against them,assistant decision on fire due to earthquake,location of headquarter for providing disaster relief,and etc.). It is thought that the data investigation and collection about all kinds of buildings(including lifeline engineering)are the most important and difficult work as establishing this system.

Study on Functions and Countermeasures of Disaster Prevention and Reduction of Urban Green Land

From the advanced experiences at home and abroad,according to the requirements of emergency evacuation at earthquake disaster,then strategies and methods to disaster prevention and reduction functions of urban green land construction were put forward.

Overview of Earthquake Preparedness and Disaster Mitigation in China1

As an earthquake-prone country, China has made sustained efforts in the study of earthquakes and disaster mitigation during the past several decades, with China Seismological Bureau (CSB) as the backbone of these efforts. Working towards this purpose, a series of key projects were implemented in the “Ninth Five-Year Plan” (1995-2000) to upgrade earthquake monitoring systems and to improve the supporting infrastructure, significant results in earthquake science were achieved. In the new century, we have worked out a blueprint for earthquake preparedness and disaster mitigation in the “Tenth Five-Year Plan”, which emphases 3 systems (i.e. Seismic Monitoring & Prediction, Seismic Hazards Prevention, Emergency Response), and 10 key projects in earthquake science and technology.

Security of earthquake disaster reduction system

No matter whether a system is operated manually or automatically controlled by computer, the system’s vulnerability always exists. Earthquake Disaster Reduction System (EDRS) belongs to the category of information system. According to the features of security for EDRS, the steps and the methods on how to build the EDRS security were analyzed. The EDRS security features, security strategies and security measures were also given through a distributed EDRS skeleton that has been applied. Because there was still no appointed and authoritative agency or organization to certify and test EDRS security in China, a national information technology security certification center was introduced and suggested for the certification of the EDRS security. Finally, several discussions and tendencies for the EDRS development were presented.

Redevelopment of Daqing Oil Field distributed earthquake disaster reduction system skeleton

Through investigation on the international development trend of earthquake disaster reduction system(EDRS)researches,a well finished Daqing Oilfield EDRS is introduced.Based on the PC System,redevelopment of the EDRS skeleton is well discussed,including the technical skeleton,function composition,structures of software and hardware,redevelopment languages,database,and remote linking and calling of analysis modules.Meanwhile,it is pointed out that extending and utilizing the function of remote sensing information on the basis of the current distributed EDRS skeleton will become another study direction of EDRS.

New Seismic Zoning Map of Chin a and Its Application in Earthquake Disaster Mitigation

The New Seismic Zoning Map of China was prepared from 1987 to 1990 and officially promulgated in 1991.In comparison with the previous two seismic zoning maps prepared in 1957 and 1977,some new methods were applied to upgrade the method currently used for seismic hazard analysis.First,a probabilistic method was used instead of the deterministic analysis was used for previous mapping.Second,by taking advantages of the long history of historical seismic data in China,the nonhomogeneity of seismicity both in space and in time has been fully considered and hence the over-and/or underestimation of seismic hazard could be avoided.Third,the results of middle-and long-term earthquake prediction based on tectonic evidence have been incorporated into seismic hazard analysis.In addition,the attenuation laws for both intensity and peak acceleration of strong motion as the mapping parameters are also presented.Finally,an evaluation of the New Seismic Map and its effect on engineering application,such as aseismic

Annual Consultation on the Likelihood of Earthquakes in Continental China: Its Scientific and Practical Merits

Since the 1970s, Chinese seismologists have started to conduct the Annual Consultation on the Likelihood of Coming Earthquakes in the Next Year. This approach has unique scientific and practical merits either as an active response to the social needs in the situation that earthquake prediction research meets many difficulties, or as a real forward prediction test persistently conducted for 1/3 century. It is a pity that such an approach has not been well-known by international seismological community, and the scientific merits of such an endeavor is sometimes regrettably underestimated.

A catastrophic debris flow in the Wenchuan Earthquake area,July 2013：characteristics,formation,and risk reduction

In the Wenchuan Earthquake area,many co-seismic landslides formed blocking-dams in debris flow channels. This blocking and bursting of landslide dams amplifies the debris flow scale and results in severe catastrophes. The catastrophic debris flow that occurred in Qipan gully(Wenchuan,Southwest China) on July 11,2013 was caused by intense rainfall and upstream cascading bursting of landslide dams. To gain an understanding of the processes of dam bursting and subsequent debris flow scale amplification effect,we attempted to estimate the bursting debris flow peak discharges along the main gully and analyzed the scale amplification process. The results showed that the antecedent and triggering rainfalls for 11 July debris flow event were 88.0 mm and 21.6 mm,respectively. The event highlights the fact that lower rainfall intensity can trigger debris flows after the earthquake. Calculations of the debris flow peak discharge showed that the peak discharges after the dams-bursting were 1.17–1.69 times greater than the upstream peak discharge. The peak discharge at the gully outlet reached 2553 m^3/s which was amplified by 4.76 times in comparison with the initial peak discharge in the upstream. To mitigate debris flow disasters,a new drainage channel with a trapezoidal V-shaped cross section was proposed. The characteristic lengths(h1 and h2) under optimal hydraulic conditions were calculated as 4.50 m and 0.90 m,respectively.

Status quo and Existing Problems of Seismic Prevention Planning in Counties and Districts——a Case Study of Hongsibao District, Wuzhong City,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

This paper introduced domestic and overseas status, the historical evolution and the development history of earthquake disaster reduction planning. The urgencies and realistic significance were analyzed to carry out earthquake disaster reduction planning for districts or countries in the northwest. With Hongsibao District in Wuzhong City, Ningxia Province as an example, this article analyzed in detail the present situation and the special problems of earthquake disaster reduction planning in Northwest China. The relevant solving measures were put forward in order to offer a reference for the scientific establishment and effective implementation of earth- quake disaster reduction planning in Northwest China. The foundation of earthquake disaster reduction in the Hongsibao District is still very weak, there is a single earthquake monitoring means, the emergency rescue system is not complete, the working mechanism is not perfect, and the lack of funding for the work of earthquake disaster reduction.

The research of a solution on locating optimally a station for seismic disasters rescue in a city

When the stations for seismic disasters rescue in future or the similars are designed on a network of communication line, the general absolute center of a graph needs to be solved to reduce the requirements in the number ofstations and running parameters and to establish an optimal station in a sense distribution of the rescue arrivaltime by the way of locating optimally the stations. The existing solution on this problem was proposed by Edward (1978) in which, however, there is serious deviation. In this article, the work of Edward (1978) is developed in both formula and figure,more correct solution is proposed and proved. Then the result from the newersolution is contrasted with that from the older one in a instance about locating optimally the station for seismicdisasters rescue.

Safety Education for Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in Beijing Fuxue Primary School

From the analysis of social needs,social situation and school circumstances,the necessity of earthquake disaster reduction is shown,and try to establish the overall framework of earthquake disaster prevention education in primary schools according to the overall goal of earthquake disaster prevention education.The roles of earthquake disaster reduction education is also discussed.

四川泸定M_(s)6.8地震房屋震害及人员死亡特征分析

在收集整理四川泸定M_(s)6.8地震现场调查资料的基础上,对比九寨沟M_(s)7.0地震,分析房屋震害特征和人员伤亡情况。结果表明,相较九寨沟地震,四川泸定M_(s)6.8地震灾区房屋震害更为严重,遇难人数更多,主要原因是房屋抗震能力不足、选址不合理以及地质灾害较为发育等。灾区房屋结构类型主要有钢混结构、砖混结构、穿斗木结构、石木结构、砖木结构、土木结构等6类。对房屋平均震害指数和易损性曲线的分析表明,未设防的砖混结构、简易结构房屋抗震能力弱,震害比其他结构房屋严重;而人员死亡主要由地震地质灾害造成,集中在高烈度区和地质灾害易发区,死亡人员以中老年为主,人员死亡率与地震烈度、人口密度有明显相关性。灾区房屋破坏及人员伤亡具有高山峡谷地区的震害特征。本文的研究结果可为进一步研究该类地区的地震灾害风险研究提供参考。

城市避难场所防震减灾韧性评价体系研究——以上海市区为例

为增强城市的防震减灾能力,韧性理念提供了一种新的解决思路。从避难场所韧性的吸收能力、恢复能力和适应能力出发,选取24个指标构建避难场所的防震减灾韧性评价指标体系,并以地处我国南方港口且经济发达的上海市为例,分析市区31个避难场所的防震减灾韧性水平。结果表明:上海市区的避难场所大部分处于中等韧性水平,该评价体系可以有效发现避难场所应对地震灾害时存在的薄弱之处,从而提出针对性的措施,可以为我国城市避难场所的韧性规划提供借鉴。

我国防震减灾文化建设研究

为推进我国防震减灾文化建设,厚植全社会防震减灾文化氛围,在辨析防震减灾文化主体、要素、定位和目标的基础上,提出了防震减灾文化的定义、分类和特性。通过分析防震减灾文化建设的意义、方法和内容,基于“地震-文化”的互动逻辑,提出了构建地震灾害记忆体系和激发文化防震减灾作用3个方面的措施建议。

全域科普背景下天津地震科普发展对策研究

全域科普的蓬勃发展为地震科普带来了新的机遇和挑战。在总结分析全域科普背景下地震科普工作面临的新形势和新矛盾的基础上,重点围绕推进社会化机制建设、市场化机制建设、全媒体平台建设和服务供给侧改革4个方面提出相应对策建议,旨在推进天津地震科普工作高质量发展,助力全域科普落地见效。

北京地区农村民居抗震性能调查分析

房屋倒塌是地震中财产损失和人员伤亡的主要原因。为开展北京韧性城市建设,摸清北京地区农村民居抗震性能底数,提升城乡防震减灾综合能力,抽样调查了北京市昌平区、怀柔区、延庆区、平谷区、朝阳区共7518栋农村民居。通过对农居结构类型、不同结构类型年代分布、抗震构造与结构布局、建筑材料与选址设计施工4个方面的分析,指出北京地区农居存在抗震设防不达标、选址和设计施工不规范、使用和维护管理不合理的抗震薄弱环节,并提出提高农村民居抗震性能的相关措施,如全面开展农居安全鉴定和加固工程,规范新建房屋、加强科学指导服务,提高农民的防震减灾意识。

2022年9月5日泸定M6.8地震预警分析

2022年9月5日,四川省泸定县发生M6.8地震。针对四川地震预警台网部署的EEW和JEEW地震预警处理软件产出的地震预警信息进行分析,从观测数据质量、预警参数测定、减灾效能等方面对地震预警处理过程进行系统性分析,检验预警软件处理结果的可靠性。结果表明,EEW和JEEW分别在震后4.4、8.2 s产出了首报预警信息,震级偏差分别为−1.6、−0.8,震中位置偏差分别为11.2、0.8 km,随着时间的延长和触发台站的增多,预警处理结果最终与正式目录结果趋于一致;本次地震预警盲区半径为14.7 km,预警盲区以外,烈度Ⅵ度以上区域的预警时间为0~21 s,预警有效获益区内减灾效能显著。