The Characteristics of the Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases in Business English Contracts and Translation

A majority of contracts will use many prepositions and prepositional phrases to reflect their preciseness which cause the treaty wording complicated and hard to understand. This paper tends to demonstrate the characteristics of the prepositions and prepositional phrases used in business English contracts and explore the translation strategies used in translating the features of the prepositions and the prepositional phrases in business English contracts. The findings of this paper can provide a reference for the majority of the trade workers, which can help them accurately and effectively draft or translate a contract and avoid unnecessary disputes.

A Written Corpus-Based Semantic Research on the Preposition ＂In＂ of Mongolian English Learners

"In" is one of the most important and difficult prepositions for Chinese Mongolian English learners. Based on the cognitive linguistics theory and corpus method, the thesis analyzes the semantic difference of preposition"in"between Mongolian English learners and native speakers. The results show that(1) Mongolian English learners underuse spatial sense while overuse temporal sense and metaphorical sense.(2) As for ten semantic groups, Mongolian English learners overuse eight semantic groups in which six groups have a significant relationship.

On the Association and Collocation of Lexicology:Between Adjectives and Prepositions

Before we focus association and collocation on a given subject,it is highly important to pay attention to association and collocation between word-classes.The essay endeavors to restate the key rules of association and collocation and restrict itself to the associative and collocative relationship between adjectives and prepositions.

A Corpus-based Comparative Analysis of Temporal Prepositions“In-On-At”

Prepositions"in,on,at"can be used as spatial prepositions as well as temporal prepositions.The temporal usages of "in,on,at"vary from each other in indicating different concepts of time.ESL students are often confused with the usages of temporal prepositions.This paper makes a comprehensive analysis of usages of"in,on,at",aiming at distinguishing their befuddling usage principles and exploring the priority when their temporal usage principles are confronted with each other.

A Study on Acquisition of English Preposition in by Chinese Non-English Major Students Under the Principled-Polysemy Model

English preposition is one of difficult points in second language acquisition.This paper analyzes the differences of the senses of preposition in between Chinese non-English major students and native English students based on corpus from a perspective of cognitive linguistics.The study has found that Chinese non-English major students overuse the prototypical semantic entries,the low-level metaphorical entries and certain fixed phrases of in,without the diversity in using other metaphorical meanings.Through systematic analysis of the selected data,we think that the non-correspondence of prepositional semantic categories between English and Chinese caused by different conceptualizations is the main cause of this deviation.

A Typological Investigation into L2 Chinese“Prepositional Phrase-verb”Word Order Acquisition

The study,using an interlanguage corpus,investigates how international students in China acquire“prepositional phrase-verb”word order.It found that students whose mother tongue features VO and OV word order mostly produce pre-placement structure of“prepositional phrase+verb”,which is similar to Chinese word order and hence reflects an overt influence of the target language.However,when producing post-placement structure of“verb+prepositional phrase”,VO type L1 speaking students slightly outnumber those OV type L1 speaking students,which indicates limited influence of L1 transfer.In addition,other factors such as the relator principle and the temporal iconicity principle also exert certain influence on the word order acquisition of“prepositional phrase-verb”structure.

Active American English辅导(三)——介词 preposition

介词顾名思义是起引介作用的小品词。既然起引介作用,就得与所引介的词一起使用,构成介词短语,汉语语法也称作介词结构。汉语中的介诃结构经常充当状语,表示处所、时间、方式、目的。

A Comparative Analysis of Lexical Prepositions in the Ibibio and Igbo Languages

This paper aims at comparing the lexical prepositions of the Ibibio and Igbo languages.Its objectives are to identify what constitute lexical prepositions in Ibibio and Igbo and highlight the similarities and differences between Ibibio and Igbo lexical prepositions.The Ibibio data used for analysis were elicited from two Ibibio native speakers whereas Igbo data were obtained through introspection.The Ibibio and Igbo data were analysed descriptively.The findings of the research reveal that the lexical prepositions obtainable in Ibibio are ke‘to,in,for,at’,mme‘with’,ano‘from’,and ito/nto‘from’.In Igbo,some of the lexical prepositions include:na‘to,in,at,from’,maka‘for’,and gbasara‘about’.The similarity observed between Ibibio and Igbo lexical prepositions is that they both occur before a Noun Phrase(NP),that is,they take NP as their complement.In terms of their differences,the preposition‘to’is marked in Igbo but is unmarked in Ibibio.The preposition‘with’is overtly marked in Ibibio with mme but it is implied in Igbo constructions.Another notable difference between Ibibio and Igbo lexical prepositions is that the English preposition‘from’inflects for number in Ibibio but such feature is absent in Igbo.The paper recommends that further comparative researches should be carried out on other types of preposition like the category incorporated prepositions,and other word classes between Ibibio and Igbo in particular and other African languages in general.

A Brief Review on SLA-Based Approaches to the Teaching of Preposition “on”

English prepositions have always evoked great challenges to ESL/EFL students for their polysemy and complicated usages.Many linguists and grammarians have proposed different views regarding their learning and acquisition.In order to investigate the implications for preposition teaching,SLA-based approaches to the study of on,one of most important prepositions,are reviewed briefly.It is pointed out that a more systematic and principled method is called for.

A Cognitive Semantic Study on English Preposition“ON”—from the Per spective of“Schema Theory”

In terms of“schema theory”and“metaphor theory”,the semantics of English preposition“on”are divided into three main parts in this article,including core meaning,metaphorical meaning and special uses of it.Furthermore,it organizes and elabo rates on the semantics of each part,in order to better analyze the polysemy of English preposition“on”

A Cognitive Interpretation of the Proto-scene of Preposition ON

Based on Tyler & Evans' principled polysemy and from the perspective of cognition, this research interprets the protoscene of preposition ON and points out that it is defined by means of two aspects: geometric and functional, with the former referring to"the TR being in vertical contact with the upper side of the LM"and the latter"the LM supporting it".

Study on Polysemy of Prepositions from the Perspective of Cognitive Semantics——a Case Study of Preposition On and Over

Prepositions in English language have the characteristics of polysemy,and their semantics meanings have significant abstract features.Based on the perspective of cognition and taking on and over as examples,this thesis uses the transformation of image schema and its metaphorical projection to provide an explanation for the polysemy of prepositions.In-depth exploration of the polysemy of English prepositions aims to further interpret the internal cognitive system generated by specific meanings,and help learners to fully grasp the extension of the meaning of prepositions.

Analysis the Semantic Extension of Preposition “in” from the Perspective of Conceptual Metaphor Theory

English preposition is flexible word with various meaning and preposition"in"is a high-frequent word used widely in English expression. As we know, there are about 70% English sentences are metaphors, and preposition is used frequently as the backbone of metaphorical expression. Therefore, the preposition cognitive interpretation is an effective way to understand the semantic extension of preposition. This article mainly analysis the prototypical meaning and the image schema of preposition "in"and discusses the mapping process from the spatial domain to the other cognitive domain. Through analysis the metaphor semantic extension process, we might get a better understanding of it.

Second Language Learners＇ Frequency-based Learning of English Prepositions

Because of the obscurity of English preposition and the difficulties of acquisition of its abstract semantic knowledge,learners partly rely on frequently apperceived word co-occurrence(WCO)as collocational knowledge of prepositions.This study will explore the role and scope of frequency-based learning and its relationship to L2 learners’performance on prepositions.The data suggest that,for all proficiency levels,frequency determines learners’ability to acquire preposition and show a growing dependence on collocational knowledge among lower English proficiency learners.The paper will further propose implications for instructing English prepositions to L2 learners at different levels.

A Study of the Translation of Preposition Used in Pride and Prejudice from the Perspective of Skopostheorie

Preposition,as indispensable part in English,is vital to English-to-Chinese translation due to its flexibility and polyse⁃my.This research analyses translation skills or strategies of prepositions in Pride and Prejudice from the perspective of Skopostheo⁃rie.Finally conclusion are drawn that translator should know about preposition feature and consider both the source text and target readers requirements for the better translation.

Preposition（介词）

介词(preposition)，顾名思义是起介绍、媒介作用的词。它的存在使得句中某些词与其他词发生一定的关系。介词又叫前置词，因为它通常放在名词或相当于名词作用的词、短语或从句之前。在茫茫英语语法中，介词看起来似乎微不足道。

Metaphorical Explanations for Misuse of the English Preposition IN by CELs:A Corpus Analysis

There exist differences between the usages of prepositions in English and Chinese, not only for the different cultural backgrounds, but for the different cognitive models. The use of English prepositions is a great challenge for Chinese English learners (CELs). This essay discusses the misuse of the English spatial preposition IN by CELs, using the data collected from Chinese Learner English Corpus (CLEC) against other corpora such as BNC, FLOB, FROWN as reference corpora. The statistical data, such as Frequency and Type/Token Ratio (TTR) of IN, shows that the overuse of IN is typical for Chinese English learners, and it also offers a reasonable explanation for the misuse of IN using the image schema in cognitive metaphor theory (CMT). The polysemy of the spatial preposition IN can be divided into different image schemas. Chinese English learners can avoid preposition misuse with the help of image-schemas.

Making Meaning through Prepositions:A Model for Teacher Trainees

This paper proposes a cognitive-semiotic model for teaching English prepositions within teacher training programs.The model is presented as a three-session grammar module that involves 1)creating an environment for the learners to see prepositional polysemy as multiple ways of viewing Trajector(TR)-Landmark(LM)spatial configurations(Tyler&Evans,2003,2005)and 2)guiding them to make meaning through prepositions in the context of Radden and Dirven’s(2007)event schemas.This is a simplex to complex inventory of constructions for talking about world events(i.e.the material,psychological and force-dynamic world events)that can be presented as manipulations of a basic TR-LM spatial configuration.Such a module is useful for native and non-native English teacher trainees alike considering that it allows for covering prepositional polysemy and use in a systematically graded manner,a manner that may help teacher trainees to learn to prepare conceptually-linked,graded materials for teaching prepositions to EFL(English as a foreign language)learners.

Metaphoric and Literal Readings for Spatial Prepositions: The Case of Boolean Phrases

This paper presents an account of how literal and metaphoric readings of spatial prepositions in so-called"Boolean Phrases"can arise.The account aims to explain how metaphoric and literal readings can interact,when two(spatial)prepositional phrases are the arguments of one phrase headed by Boolean connectives and and or(e.g.in front of the car and over his problems).It is shown that these phenomena can receive a more thorough compositional analysis by assuming that both types of readings are part of a larger semantic domain for spatial prepositions,logical connectives and their combinations thereof.

论我国慈善组织的公益性

探讨慈善组织的公益性,既是《民法典》为代表的私法的问题,也是公法(行政法)的问题。正确厘清慈善领域中的公益与私益的关系,逐渐缩小公法上公办慈善组织与民间慈善组织不平等的法律地位差距,才能使得我国慈善组织能够在相对稳定、安全的法治环境下充分发展。