Influence of anchorage length and pretension on the working resistance of rock bolt based on its tensile characteristics

In coal mining roadway support design,the working resistance of the rock bolt is the key factor affecting its maximum support load.Effective improvement of the working resistance is of great significance to roadway support.Based on the rock bolt’s tensile characteristics and the mining roadway surrounding rock deformation,a mechanical model for calculating the working resistance of the rock bolt was established and solved.Taking the mining roadway of the 17102(3)working face at the Panji No.3 Coal Mine of China as a research site,with a quadrilateral section roadway,the influence of pretension and anchorage length on the working resistance of high-strength and ordinary rock bolts in the middle and corner of the roadway is studied.The results show that when the bolt is in the elastic stage,increasing the pretension and anchorage length can effectively improve the working resistance.When the bolt is in the yield and strain-strengthening stages,increasing the pretension and anchorage length cannot effectively improve the working resistance.The influence of pretension and anchorage length on the ordinary and high-strength bolts is similar.The ordinary bolt’s working resistance is approximately 25 kN less than that of the high-strength bolt.When pretension and anchorage length are considered separately,the best pretensions of the high-strength bolt in the middle of the roadway side and the roadway corner are 41.55 and 104.26 kN,respectively,and the best anchorage lengths are 1.54 and 2.12 m,respectively.The best anchorage length of the ordinary bolt is the same as that of the high-strength bolt,and the best pretension for the ordinary bolt in the middle of the roadway side and at the roadway corner is 33.51 and 85.12 kN,respectively.The research results can provide a theoretical basis for supporting the design of quadrilateral mining roadways.

Dual cycloid gear mechanism for automobile safety pretensioners

The most conventional vehicle pretensioner system consists of an internal gear pair with involute teeth. However, it has been well known that the corresponding gear pairs are relatively weak under the situation of impact loadings. To improve this phenomenon, a new pretensioning gear system with cycloid teeth rather than the involute ones was proposed, and dual cycloidal gear mechanisms were designed for satisfying geometric constraints and dynamic loading conditions. The simulations of the prototypes were conducted by LS-DYNA program and the experiments for a prototype were performed for a dynamic model with impact loading devices. The results show that the better operation and the smoother motion are confirmed in the proposed cycloidal gear system rather than the conventional one without interferences between gear teeth under the impact of a crash.

Dynamic behaviors of pretensioned cable AERORail structure

The AERORail, a new aerial transport platform, was chosen as the object of this work. Following a review of the literature on static behaviors, model tests on the basic dynamic mechanical characteristics were conducted. A series of 90 tests were completed with different factors, including tension force, vehicle load and vehicle speed. With regard to the proper tension and vehicle load, at a certain speed range, the tension increments of the rail's cable were proved relatively small. It can be assumed that the change of tension is small and can be reasonably ignored when the tension of an entire span is under a dynamic load. When the tension reaches a certain range, the calculation of the cable track structure using classical cable theory is acceptable. The tests prove that the average maximum dynamic amplification factor of the deflection is small, generally no more than 1.2. However, when the vehicle speed reaches a certain value, the amplified factor will reach 2.0. If the moving loads increase, the dynamic amplification factor of dynamic deflection will also increase. The tension will change the rigidity of the structure and the vibration frequency; furthermore, the resonance speed will change at a certain tension. The vibration is noticeable when vehicles pass through at the resonance speed, and this negative impact on driving comfort requires the right velocity to avoid the resonance. The results demonstrate that more design details are required for the AERORail structure.

Simulation of Corrosion Crack in Pretensioned Prestressed Concrete Members

Corrosion of PC tendon embedded in concrete deteriorates performance of PC （prestressed concrete） members. Corrosion crack observed in pretensioned PC members is different from that in reinforced concrete and post tensioned PC members. The purpose of this study is to clarify mechanisms of corrosion crack in pretensioned PC members. Contribution of compressive stress induced by prestressing force and arrangement of PC tendons on corrosion crack in pretensioned PC members is investigated through experiment and numerical analysis. Three dimensional finite element analyses were carried out to simulate corrosion crack in PC specimen. Based on the analytical and experimental results, the influencing factor of corrosion crack in pretensioned PC members is discussed. It was concluded that the contribution of compressive stress in concrete by prestressing force on corrosion crack is not significant and that the dominant reason for wider corrosion cracks in pretensioned PC members is the arrangement of PC tendons with small intervals.

Mechanical behavior and failure mechanisms of rock bolts subjected to static-dynamic loads

This study explores the effects of dynamic and static loading on rock bolt performance a key factor in maintaining the structural safety of coal mine roadways susceptible to coal bursts.Employing a housemade load frame to simulate various failure scenarios,pretension-impact-pull tests on rock bolts were conducted to scrutinize their dynamic responses under varied static load conditions and their failure traits under combined loads.The experimental results denote that with increased impact energy,maximum and average impact loads on rock bolts escalate significantly under pretension,initiating plastic deformation beyond a certain threshold.Despite minor reductions in the yield load due to impactinduced damage,pretension aids in constraining post-impact deformation rate and fluctuation degree of rock bolts.Moreover,impact-induced plastic deformation causes internal microstructure dislocation,fortifying the stiffness of the rock bolt support system.The magnitude of this fortification is directly related to the plastic deformation induced by the impact.These findings provide crucial guidance for designing rock bolt support in coal mine roadway excavation,emphasizing the necessity to consider both static and dynamic loads for improved safety and efficiency.

Analytical study on pretensioned bolt-cable combined support of large cross-section tunnel

To study the mechanical responses of large cross-section tunnel reinforced by pretensioned rock bolts and anchor cables, an analytical model is proposed. Considering the interaction between rock mass and bolt-cable support, the strain softening characteristic of rock mass, the elastic-plastic characteristic of bolt-cable support, and the delay effect of installation are considered in the model. To solve the different mechanical cases of tunneling reinforced by bolt-cable support, an analytical approach has been put forward to get the solutions of stress and displacement associated with tunneling. The proposed analytical model is verified by numerical simulation. Moreover, parametric analysis is performed to study the effects of pretension force,cross-section area, length, and supporting density of bolt-cable support on tunnel reinforcement, which can provide references for determining these parameters in tunnel design. Based on the analytical model, a new Ground Response Curve(GRC)considering the reinforcement of bolt-cable support is obtained, which shows the pretension forces and the timely installation are important in bolt-cable support. In addition, the proposed model is applied to the analysis of the Great Wall Station Tunnel, a high-speed railway tunnel with a super large cross-section, which shows that the analytical model of bolt-cable support was a useful tool for preliminary design of large cross-section tunnel.

Ultimate load analysis of pretensioned inverted T-beams with circular web openings

The provision of transverse openings in floor beams to facilitate the passage of utility pipes and service ducts not only results in a more systematic layout of pipes and ducts,it also translates into substantial economic savings in the construction of a multi-storey building.In this paper,ultimate load analysis of statically loaded simply supported pretensioned inverted T-beams with circular web openings is presented.Major findings relevant to ultimate load analysis of pretensioned beams with circular web openings are summarized.An attempt has been made to answer the frequently asked questions related to ultimate load analysis on multiple circular web open-ings.It has been shown that the analysis method for pretensioned beams with multiple large circular web openings can be further simplified without sacrificing rationality.

Axisymmetric wetting of a liquid droplet on a stretched elastic membrane

Wetting of a liquid droplet on another liquid substrate is governed by the well-known Neumann equations.The present work aims to develop an explicit modified version of the Neumann equations for axisymmetric wetting of a liquid droplet on a highly stretched elastic membrane of non-zero bending rigidity.An explicit modified form of the Neumann equations is derived to determine the two contact angles,which is reduced to Young's equation for a liquid droplet on a rigid membrane or to the Neumann equations for a liquid droplet on another liquid substrate.Further implications of the modified Neumann equations are examined by comparison with some previous results reported in the recent literature,particularly considering the ranges of material and geometrical parameters of the liquid droplet-membrane system which have not been recently addressed in the literature.

正面碰撞安全带约束系统开发与试验验证

详细介绍MADYMO安全带及正面碰撞模型的建模流程;并利用此模型,从乘员运动姿态、头胸部伤害响应值和非约束系统效率等方面,对比不同安全带预紧器、限力器模型对乘员的保护效果。计算结果表明,利用预紧器消除安全带的初始松弛量,可显著提高乘员的非约束系统效率,并有效降低人体损伤值;在预紧量相同的情况下,锁扣预紧器的非约束系统效率优于卷收器预紧器;利用限力器可减轻胸部载荷。

正面碰撞安全带约束系统保护效果的研究

为对比在正面碰撞中,不同安全带预紧器及其组合、不同载荷限力器的各限力等级对驾驶员安全性的影响,采用碰撞仿真软件MADYMO建立了某型轿车驾驶员约束系统仿真模型,并经试验验证。仿真结果显示:安装卷收器与带扣双预紧器、带扣预紧器以及卷收器、带扣与锚点三预紧器分别能使驾驶员头部伤害指标HIC36、髋部合成加速度a以及左、右大腿力Fleft、Fright降至最低值360.35、418.03 m/s2、2 018.34 N、1 245.21 N;当未安装预紧器时,HIC36、胸部3 ms合成加速度T3MS、上颈部剪切力(负值)Fx-、上颈部轴向力(正值)Fz+、Fleft、Fright以及a分别到达最大值634.73、401.45 m/s2、739.46 N、1 625.24 N、3 323.43 N、3 102.55 N以及482.76 m/s2;当卷收器载荷限力器的限力等级逐渐减少时,T3MS、Fx-、Fz+以及胸部压缩量Thpc都逐渐降低,但Fright逐渐增大;当锚点载荷限力器的限力等级逐渐减少时,Fleft、Fright、Fx-都呈上升的趋势。上述结果进一步扩展了安全带预紧器与载荷限力器的研究范围,为新型安全带约束系统的研制提供了理论依据。

汽车安全带新型预紧器的结构与性能仿真

提出了一种作为安全带预紧器核心部件的新型离合机构,应用该机构开发了一套新型预紧式汽车安全带,介绍了它的结构组成、工作原理和性能.建立了安全带机构力学模型,利用ADAMS软件进行机构运动学仿真和分析,结果表明离合机构传动可靠,织带回卷量与设计要求吻合;采用MADYMO软件建立了正面碰撞模型,仿真分析表明人体头部伤害指数、胸部加速度、大腿骨轴向力和胸部变形量均在GB11551—2003和ECER94等相关标准的规定范围之内,其它如粘性伤害响应、组合胸部指数和胸部累积3ms损伤等人体损伤指标也处在较小的区间,正则化伤害评价值约为0.48,说明该新型安全带能够有效降低乘员伤害值,具有较好的乘员保护效能.

儿童乘员伤害指标及下潜趋势的影响因素

建立了基于多刚体动力学MADYMO软件的儿童乘员约束系统台车碰撞系统的仿真模型,包括儿童座椅增高垫、成人安全带系统、后排座椅、6岁儿童假人,研究了成人安全带系统的限力器和预紧器的相关参数对儿童乘员碰撞响应和损伤值的影响.结果表明:卷收器预紧器可有效减小儿童乘员伤害值,同时减小儿童乘员的下潜风险;而锚点预紧器会增大儿童乘员的下潜风险,锚点预紧器与安全带单向锁止器配合使用可降低儿童乘员的下潜风险;广泛用于降低成年人碰撞伤害的4.0kN卷收器式限力器在本研究中被证实对于儿童乘员没有明显的保护效果,减小成人安全带限力值可对儿童起到较好保护作用.

智能预警式汽车安全带控制模式及实验研究

分析了普通预警式安全带的机械结构组成和预警工作过程,针对其自身存在的不足,提出了智能预警式安全带控制系统,构建了距离预警子系统、车辆横向稳定预警子系统、车辆纵向稳定预警子系统以及碰撞预警子系统,同时确定了系统控制参数。结合智能预警安全带控制软件,设定了与前车相对时间距离、车辆横摆角速度、方向盘转角、车辆减速度4种车辆不稳定输入信号进行实验,结果表明:智能预警式安全带收紧量有效控制在0～10 cm范围内,预警力控制在0～20 N范围内,最大反应时间为19 ms,起到了预警与收紧作用,能有效地对驾乘人员提供防护。

Deformation-softening behaviors of high-strength and high-toughness steels used for rock bolts

In deep ground engineering,the use of high-strength and high-toughness steels for rock bolt can significantly improve its energy absorption capacity.However,the mechanisms and effects of rock loading conditions on this kind of high energy-absorbing steel for rock bolt remain immature.In this study,taking Muzhailing highway tunnel as the background,physically based crystal plasticity simulations were performed to understand the effect of rock loading rate and pretension on the deformation behaviors of twinning induced plasticity(TWIP)steel used for rock bolt.The material physical connecting to the underlying microscopic mechanisms of dislocation glide and deformation twinning were incorporated in numerical modeling.The rock loading conditions were mimicked by the real-time field monitoring data of the NPR bolt/cable equipment installed on the tunnel surrounding rock surface.The results indicate that the bolt rod exhibits pronounced deformation-softening behavior with decrease of the loading rate.There is also a sound deformation-relaxation phenomenon induced by the dramatic decrease of loading rate after pre-tensioning.The high pretension(>600 MPa or 224 k N)can help bolt rod steel resist deformation-softening behavior,especially at low loading rate(<10~(-1)MPa/s or 10~(-2)kN/s).The loading rate was found to be a significant factor affecting deformation-softening behavior while the pretension was found to be the major parameter accounting for the deformation-relaxation scenario.The results provide the theoretical basis and technical support for practical applications.

汽车安全带预紧限力系统对前排乘员的保护性研究

为了减轻前排乘客在正面碰撞中所受的伤害,对比卷收器、锚点、锁扣在预紧限力方式下的不同组合,采用碰撞仿真软件MADYMO建立了某型轿车副驾驶位的约束系统仿真模型,对碰撞伤害进行评估。同时采用WIC值来综合评价整个约束系统的保护效果。仿真结果显示:预紧限力锚点和预紧限力锁扣相组合的方式对前排乘客的综合伤害指标WIC值最小,为0.279,在这种组合下,其头部伤害指标HIC36、胸部3 ms合成加速度C3ms、胸部压缩量Ccomp以及左右大腿Fleft和Fright值分别为:243.05、24.21 g、25.86 mm、1.03 k N、0.22 k N。对于其他组合,预紧限力卷收器和预紧限力锚点在胸部方面的伤害值会有所改善,预紧限力卷收器和预紧限力锁扣组合在头部方面伤害值表现比较好,而对于单个预紧限力卷收器和三者结合反而效果不是很好。依照上述结果可以进一步对安全带锚点和锁扣详细参数进行细致的研究,为更有效地保护前排乘员安全提供参考。

Modal Experiments and Finite Element Analysis of the Bolted Structure Considering Interface Stiffness and Prtension

It is particularly important to evaluate natural frequencies and natural modes of the structure of bolted joints to avoid the failures of the structure due to the resonance. The vibration characteristics of bolted structures are closely connected to surface roughness of contact interfaces, the magnitude of pretension of the bolts and the number of clamping bolts. In this paper, the effect of the factors above on the natural frequencies of bolted structures is sys- tematically investigated by experiments. Then, the finite element method is applied to analyze the effect. Finally, the numerical method is validated by experimental measurements of the natural frequencies.

Thermo-Mechanical Analysis of the Sealing Performance of a Diesel-Engine Cylinder Gasket

Taking the combustor composite structure of a high-strength diesel engine as the main research object,dedicated tests have been conducted to verify the accuracy of three distinct cylinder gasket pressure simulation models.Using the measured cylinder gasket compression rebound curve,a gasket unit has been designed and manufactured.For this unit,the influence of the bolt pretension,cylinder body and cylinder head material on gasket sealing pressure has been investigated systematically in conditions of thermo-mechanical coupling.The results show that the bolt pretension force is one of the most important factors affecting the cylinder gasket sealing pressure.The change of the body material has little effect on this pressure.The cylinder gasket seal pressure decreases progressively with the reduction of the elastic module of the cylinder head material.

两种安全带预紧器的结构及性能分析

对预紧式汽车安全带中齿轮齿条式和滚球式预紧器的结构及工作原理进行了分析和比较,通过实验数据对比分析了两种预紧器的性能,结果表明两种预紧器均能改善乘员的约束性能,相比而言,齿轮齿条式预紧器具有更好的预紧效果。

正面碰撞中安全带预紧方式对驾驶员损伤影响研究

采用MADYMO软件建立了丰田Yaris正面碰撞下驾驶员侧约束系统仿真模型,并通过与实车试验数据进行对标分析验证了该模型的有效性;然后基于验证过的模型研究了正面碰撞中不同安全带预紧方式对驾驶员的损伤影响;同时,在配备预紧限力式安全带的基础上,分析了卷收器预紧、带扣预紧以及双级预紧安全带对假人的保护效果。仿真结果表明,预紧限力式安全带对假人的保护效果优于仅预紧式、仅限力式以及普通三点式安全带,而且在预紧量相同的情况下,卷收器预紧与带扣预紧对假人损伤影响无明显差异,但双预紧式安全带可有效降低假人头部和胸部损伤值。

基于某车型正面碰撞假人小腿伤害研究

采用madymo仿真软件建立某车型正面碰撞乘员约束系统仿真模型,并对小腿伤害曲线进行对标,在此对标好模型的基础上,分别从安全带限力等级、歇脚板倾角、预紧器的不同类型这3方面对小腿伤害进行研究。结果表明:一定范围内增大限力等级可以降低小腿伤害,但限力等级过大反而不利于小腿保护;增大歇脚板倾角可不同程度地降低左侧小腿伤害;预紧器的增加对小腿有显著的保护效果,其中双预紧对小腿的保护效果最好,其次是锁扣预紧,卷收器预紧最差。