Neonatal hemorrhage stroke and severe coagulopathy in a late preterm infant after receiving umbilical cord milking:A case report

BACKGROUND Umbilical cord milking(UCM)is an alternative placental transfusion method for delayed umbilical cord clamping in routine obstetric practice,allowing prompt resuscitation of an infant.Thus,UCM has been adopted at some tertiary neonatal centers for preterm infants to enhance placental-to-fetal transfusion.It is not suggested for babies less than 28 wk of gestational age because it is associated with severe brain hemorrhage.For late preterm or term infants who do not require resuscitation,cord management is recommended to increase iron levels and prevent the development of iron deficiency anemia,which is associated with impaired motor development,behavioral problems,and cognitive delays.Concerns remain about whether UCM increases the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage.However,there are very few reports of late preterm infants presenting with neonatal hemorrhage stroke(NHS)and severe coagulopathy after receiving UCM.Here,we report a case of a late preterm infant born at 34 wk of gestation.She abruptly deteriorated,exhibiting signs and symptoms of NHS and severe coagulopathy after receiving UCM on the first day of life.CASE SUMMARY A female preterm infant born at 34 wk of gestation received UCM after birth.She was small for her gestational age and described as vigorous with Apgar scores of 9 and 10 at one minute and five minutes of life,respectively.After hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit,she showed hypoglycemia and metabolic acidosis.The baby was administered glucose and sodium bicarbonate infusions.Intramuscular vitamin K1 was also used to prevent vitamin K deficiency.The baby developed umbilical cord bleeding and gastric bleeding on day 1 of life;a physical examination showed bilateral conjunctival hemorrhage,and a blood test showed thrombocytopenia,prolonged prothrombin time,prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time,low fibrinogen,raised D-dimer levels and anemia.A subsequent cranial ultrasound and computed tomography scan showed a left parenchymal brain hemorrhage with extension into the ventricular and subarachnoid spaces.The patient was diagnosed with NHS in addition to disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC).Fresh frozen plasma(FFP)and prothrombin complex concentrate were given for coagulopathy.Red blood cell and platelet transfusions were provided for thrombocytopenia and anemia.A bolus of midazolam,intravenous calcium and phenobarbital sodium were administered to control seizures.The baby’s clinical condition improved on day 5 of life,and the baby was hospitalized for 46 d and recovered well without seizure recurrence.Our case report suggests that preterm infants who receive UCM should undergo careful clinical assessment for intracranial hemorrhage,NHS and severe coagulopathy that may develop under certain circumstances.Supportive management,such as intensive care,FFP and blood transfusion,is recommended when the development of massive NHS and associated DIC is suspected.CONCLUSION Our case report suggests that for late preterm infants who are small for gestational age and who receive UCM for alternative placental transfusion,neonatal health care professionals should be cautious in assessing the development of NHS and severe coagulopathy.Neonatal health care professionals should also be more cautious in assessing the complications of late preterm infants after they receive UCM.

Use of antenatal corticosteroids among infants with gestational age at 24 to 31 weeks in 57 neonatal intensive care units of China: a cross-sectional study

Background:Antenatal corticosteroids(ACS)can significantly improve the outcomes of preterm infants.This study aimed to describe the ACS use rates among preterm infants admitted to Chinese neonatal intensive care units(NICU)and to explore perinatal factors associated with ACS use,using the largest contemporary cohort of very preterm infants in China.Methods:This cross-sectional study enrolled all infants born at 24^(+0)to 31^(+6)weeks and admitted to 57 NICUs of the Chinese Neonatal Network from January 1st,2019 to December 30th,2019.The ACS administration was defined as at least one dose of dexamethasone and betamethasone given before delivery.Multiple logistic regressions were applied to determine the association between perinatal factors and ACS usage.Results:A total of 7828 infants were enrolled,among which 6103(78.0%)infants received ACS.ACS use rates increased with increasing gestational age(GA),from 177/259(68.3%)at 24 to 25 weeks’gestation to 3120/3960(78.8%)at 30 to 31 weeks’gestation.Among infants exposed to ACS,2999 of 6103(49.1%)infants received a single complete course,and 33.4%(2039/6103)infants received a partial course.ACS use rates varied from 30.2%to 100%among different hospitals.Multivariate regression showed that increasing GA,born in hospital(inborn),increasing maternal age,maternal hypertension and premature rupture of membranes were associated with higher likelihood to receive ACS.Conclusions:The use rate of ACS remained low for infants at 24 to 31 weeks’gestation admitted to Chinese NICUs,with fewer infants receiving a complete course.The use rates varied significantly among different hospitals.Efforts are urgently needed to propose improvement measures and thus improve the usage of ACS.

早产小于胎龄儿校正0~24月龄追赶生长的纵向研究

目的了解早产小于胎龄儿(small for gestational age,SGA)和适于胎龄儿(appropriate for gestational age,AGA)校正0~24月龄期间生长发育状况和差异,为早产儿早期健康干预提供依据。方法回顾性选取2019年7月—2022年7月在广州市妇女儿童医疗中心定期保健的824例早产儿作为研究对象,其中SGA 144例,AGA 680例。分析和比较SGA组和AGA组出生及校正0~24月龄的体格发育数据。结果SGA组在校正0~18月龄期间的体重和身长均落后于同月龄AGA组(P<0.05),而校正24月龄时,两组的体重和身长比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。校正24月龄时,85%(34/40)SGA早产儿和79%(74/94)AGA早产儿完成追赶生长。按胎龄分层分析的结果显示:胎龄<34周SGA亚组体重、身长在校正0~9月龄与胎龄<34周和≥34周AGA亚组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);胎龄≥34周SGA亚组体重、身长分别在校正0~18月龄和校正0~12月龄与胎龄<34周和≥34周AGA亚组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。胎龄<34周和≥34周SGA早产儿追赶生长分别主要发生在校正0~12月龄、校正0~18月龄。结论SGA早产儿生命早期体格发育落后于AGA早产儿,但在校正24月龄时实现追赶生长的比例高于AGA早产儿。胎龄<34周SGA早产儿实现追赶生长的时间早于胎龄≥34周SGA早产儿。

Vγ9Vδ2-T lymphocytes have impaired antiviral function in small-for-gestational-age and preterm neonates

Preterm and small-for-gestational-age （SGA） neonates are vulnerable groups that are susceptible to various microbial infections. Vγ9Vδ2-T cells are critical components of the host immune system and have been demonstrated to play an important role in the defense against viral infection in adults. However, the characteristics of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells in children, especially the preterm and SGA populations, are poorly understood. Here, we examined the frequency and antiviral function of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells in neonates, including preterm, SGA and full-term babies. When compared to adults, neonates had a significantly lower percentage of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells in the blood. Upon influenza virus stimulation, neonatalVγ9Vδ2-T cells, especially from preterm and SGA babies, showed markedly decreased and delayed antiviral cytokine responses than those of adults. In addition, the antiviral responses of neonatal Vγ9Vδ2-T cells were positively correlated with gestational age and birth weight. Finally, a weaker expansion ofVγ9Vδ2-T cells by isopentenyl pyrophosphate （IPP） was shown in neonates than the expansion in adults. Our data suggest that the depressed antiviral activity and decreased frequency of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells may likely account for the high susceptibility to microbial infection in neonates, particularly in preterm and SGA babies. Improving Vγ9Vδ2-T -cell function of neonates may provide a new way to defend against virus infection.

Influential and prognostic factors of small for gestational age infants

Background Small for gestational age （SGA） infants are associated with a high rate of oligohydramnios, stillbirth and cesarean delivery. Among SGA patients there is a higher risk of neonatal complications, such as polycythemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and hypothermia. Additionally, the SGA infant is prone to suffer from major neurologic sequelae, as well as cardiovascular system disease, in later life. Proper monitoring and therapy during pregnancy are, therefore, of utmost importance. The present study aimed to investigate the influential and prognostic factors of SGA infants.Methods From January 2001 to June 2007, a total of 55 SGA neonatal infants were included in a study group. All were born at Peking Union Medical College Hospital, with regular formal antenatal examinations. In addition, a total of 122 cases of appropriate for gestational age （AGA） infants were born at the same time and were registered into a control group. All cases were singleton pregnancies with detailed information of the maternal age, gravidity, parity, maternal height and weight, complications, uterine height and abdominal circumference, results from transabdominal ultrasonography between 32-38 gestational weeks, pregnancy duration, delivery manner, placenta, umbilical cord, and neonatal complications.Results Significant differences were observed in placenta weight and neonatal malformations between the study and control groups. Multivariate analysis revealed increased parity, maternal hyperthyroidism and hyperthyroidism history as risk factors. Fetal abdominal circumferences less than 30 and 32 cm at 32-38 gestational weeks respectively, as determined by ultrasonography, resulted in a Youden index of 0.62. Conclusions SGA infants were associated with a greater risk of smaller placentas and infant malformations. Increased parity, maternal hyperthyroidism, and a hyperthyroid history were risk factors for SGA infants. Fetal abdominal circumference less than 30 cm at 32 gestational weeks and less than 32 cm at 38 weeks, as determined by ultrasonograohy, was considered an effective index for SGA.

胎龄小于26周超早产儿单中心救治情况分析

目的探讨胎龄<26周超早产儿(extremely preterm infant,EPI)的救治及转归情况。方法2018年1月至2022年11月,在解放军总医院儿科医学部新生儿重症监护病房(neonatal intensive care unit,NICU)的收治患儿中,纳入胎龄<26周的EPI为研究对象。采用回顾性分析的方法,通过住院登记记录,查阅电子病历,收集研究对象住院期间的病历资料,记录患儿胎龄、出生医院、脑室周围脑室内出血(periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage,PIVH)及转归等情况。统计各年度胎龄<26周EPI救治例数及其所占该年度EPI的比例,分析本院分娩的胎龄<26周的EPI情况、重度PIVH发生率及治愈好转率。结果2018年1月至2022年11月,解放军总医院儿科医学部收治的胎龄<26周EPI占EPI的比例分别为19.9%(38/191)、20.0%(36/180)、15.6%(14/90)、25.5%(26/102)、27.1%(29/107);除2020年,其余年份胎龄<26周EPI占EPI总数的比例呈逐年增高趋势。本院产科分娩的胎龄<26周EPI占胎龄<26周EPI的比例也呈增高趋势,各年度分别为0.0%(0/38)、5.6%(2/36)、14.3%(2/14)、15.4%(4/26)、41.4%(12/29);2021、2022年度,宫内转运EPI分别为4例、12例。各年度胎龄<26周EPI发生重度PIVH者占该年度胎龄<26周EPI的比例分别为29.0%(11/38)、36.1%(13/36)、28.6%(4/14)、34.6%(9/26)、27.6%(8/29)。各年度胎龄<26周EPI的治愈好转率分别为76.3%(29/38)、55.6%(20/36)、71.4%(10/14)、57.7%(15/26)、65.5%(19/29);相较于其他年度,2022年度虽收治23周EPI明显增多,但总体放弃治疗及死亡数明显减少,治愈好转率增高。结论2018年1月至2022年11月,解放军总医院儿科医学部收治的胎龄<26周EPI占EPI总数的比例呈逐年增高趋势,但重度PIVH发生率并未随之升高;与前几年比较,2022年对胎龄23周EPI的救治更加积极,治愈好转率增高。

晚期早产儿中小于胎龄儿的影响因素分析

目的探讨晚期早产儿中小于胎龄儿(SGA)发生的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2019年1月至2021年12月在医院出生并收入新生儿重症监护室,胎龄34~36~(+6)周的晚期早产儿的临床资料,根据胎龄和出生体质量将研究对象分为SGA组和适于胎龄儿(AGA)组。使用倾向性评分匹配对两组采用1:1最邻近匹配法,得到组间协变量均衡的样本,比较两组间临床特征。采用多因素条件logistic回归分析晚期早产儿中SGA发生的影响因素。结果SGA组纳入239例,AGA组纳入239例,两组性别、出生胎龄比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。SGA组的产前糖皮质激素治疗比例,妊娠期高血压疾病、双胎妊娠发生率高于AGA组,胎膜早破(≥18 h)发生率低于AGA组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素条件logistic回归分析结果显示,产前糖皮质激素治疗、妊娠期高血压疾病、双胎妊娠是晚期早产儿SGA发生的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论减少产前糖皮质激素治疗,预防妊娠期高血压疾病,避免双胎妊娠是减少晚期早产儿SGA的主要措施。

Men becoming fathers by injection were more often age intracytoplasmic sperm born small for gestational

Being born with nonoptimal birth characteristics decreases the chance of becoming a father. Urogenital malformations as well as metabolic syndrome are more common in men born small for gestational age （SGA） and could be contributing factors to the reduced fertility rate seen in these men. It could imply that men becoming fathers by assisted reproductive technology （ART） more often are born with low birth weight （LBW）, preterm, and/or SGA than men conceiving without treatment and also that men where intracytoplasmic sperm injection （ICSI） had to be performed more often are born with nonoptimal birth characteristics than men where conventional in vitro fertilization （IVF） successfully could be used. In this retrospective, case-control study using Swedish national registers, we compared the birth characteristics of 1206 men who have become fathers by ART with a control group consisting of age-matched men who became fathers without treatment. The differences in birth characteristics between men becoming fathers by IVF and ICSI were also assessed. For men becoming fathers by ART, OR of being born with LBW was 1.66 （95% CI = 1.17-2.36） compared with fathers who conceived without treatment. OR of being born prematurely was 1.32 （95% CI = 1.00-1.77）. Men becoming fathers via ICSI had a doubled increased likelihood of being born SGA compared with men who became fathers via IVF （OR = 2.12; 95% CI = 1.17-3.83）. In conclusion, we have found that men becoming fathers by ICSI treatments had more often been born SGA than men becoming fathers by conventional IVF.

早产小于胎龄儿生长代谢的临床研究

目的探讨早产小于胎龄儿(SGA)与适于胎龄儿(AGA)在住院期间生长代谢的差异,为临床对早产SGA进行营养干预提供依据。方法 1 370例早产儿纳入研究,根据胎龄与出生体重的关系分为SGA组(675例)与AGA组(695例),比较两组早产儿住院期间的一般情况、体格增长及血生化指标等情况。结果 SGA组住院天数长于AGA组(P<0.05)。与AGA组相比,SGA组出院体重、出院体重Z评分及出院身长均较低,宫外生长迟缓发生率较高(P<0.05),头围增长速率大于AGA组。与AGA组相比,SGA组达全肠内喂养时间及需肠外营养时间均较长(P<0.05)。SGA组入院时白蛋白、前白蛋白、血清磷、出院前总胆汁酸高于AGA组,白蛋白低于AGA组(P<0.05)。SGA组窒息、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征、心肌损伤、喂养不耐受、肺炎、败血症、低血糖、低甲状腺素血症的发生率高于AGA组(P<0.05)。结论早产SGA住院期间体格发育明显落后于AGA,宫外生长迟缓发生率较高,更易出现并发症。[中国当代儿科杂志,2019,21(5):458-462]

早产儿体格生长特征研究

目的探讨早产适于胎龄儿(AGA)和小于胎龄儿(SGA)的体格生长特征,为今后对早产儿进行有效干预提供依据。方法选择胎龄在28～36+6周的211例早产AGA儿和25例早产SGA儿作为研究对象,出生后定期接受高危儿管理干预,对其0～12个月内的体重、身长及头围分别按足月儿生长标准进行Z评分评估并分析。结果早产AGA儿和早产SGA儿1岁内体重、身长和头围均出现追赶性生长,且增长最快的阶段均在出生后0～6个月,早产AGA和SGA儿体重、身长、SGA儿头围均ΔZ值>0,自出生后3月龄后,AGA儿头围的ΔZ值≥0。早产AGA和SGA儿体重、身长和头围以出生后6个月内ΔZ值最大,6个月后ΔZ值呈现减小趋势;体重追赶速度优于身长追赶速度,体重的Z值中位数均大于身长;早产SGA儿追赶生长速度慢于早产AGA儿,早产AGA儿体重、身长及头围的Z值中位数分别于出生后3、6、9个月龄起>0,早产SGA儿体重、身长和头围的Z值中位数分别于出生后9、12、12个月龄起>0。结论出生后前6个月是早产儿的快速生长期,体重与身长的变化存在不平衡性;早产AGA儿生长潜力大于早产SGA儿。Z评分法是早产儿生长状态评估的一个较好方法,为早产儿营养供给提供参考。

妊高征与小于胎龄儿的相关性研究

目的：探讨妊高征与小于胎龄儿（SGA）之间的联系。方法：选取2000年1月～2004年10月在本院出生的单胎活产SGA病例共834例（男443例，女391例）作为病例组。以胎儿性别及出生孕周进行频数匹配，按1：3的比例，采用完全随机抽样方法选取出生体重在10％～90％分位的适于胎龄儿2502例（男1329例，女1173例）为对照组，比较病例组及对照组新生儿母亲孕期患妊高征的比例。结果：①病例组母亲患轻度、中度及重度妊高征比例分别是对照组的2．52（95％CI，1．35—4．69）、4．21（2．03—8．70）和5．15（3．10—8．54）倍；②分层分析表明，男性及女性病例组母亲妊高征的患病比例分别是对照组的4．45（2．72—7．27）和3．51（2．14—5．75）倍，男性及女性病例组母亲妊高征的患病优势比无显著差异，早产和足月病例组母亲患妊高征的比例分别为对照组的9．96（4．50—22．02）和3．21（2．15—4．78）倍，早产病例组母亲妊高征的患病优势比显著高于足月病例组；③校正性别、足月与否及母亲年龄的多因素分析结果与单因素分析结果类似。结论：妊高征可显著增加SGA发病的危险性。

晚期早产儿小于胎龄儿围生期呼吸系统并发症的危险因素研究

背景小于胎龄儿体格发育较适于胎龄儿差,易合并呼吸窘迫综合征、肺部感染、喂养不耐受、脑瘫、生长发育落后等并发症,其中晚期早产儿小于胎龄儿的呼吸系统疾病发生率显著高于适于胎龄儿,而关于晚期早产儿小于胎龄儿围生期呼吸系统并发症危险因素的相关研究目前相对较少。目的探讨晚期早产儿小于胎龄儿围生期呼吸系统并发症发生情况及其相关危险因素。方法选取河北北方学院附属第一医院2015年1月-2017年1月收治的100例晚期早产儿(剔除大于胎龄儿)的临床资料进行回顾分析。根据新生儿出生时体质量分为小于胎龄儿组(n=45)和适于胎龄儿组(n=55),比较两组呼吸系统并发症的发生情况。另根据小于胎龄儿组中是否发生呼吸系统并发症分为疾病亚组(n=28)和非疾病亚组(n=17),对母亲和新生儿可能的相关因素进行单因素分析。采用多因素Logistic回归分析晚期早产儿小于胎龄儿围生期呼吸系统并发症的危险因素。结果小于胎龄儿组围生期呼吸系统并发症发生率高于适于胎龄儿组(62.2%与41.8%,χ2=4.122,P<0.05)。疾病亚组母亲相关因素中妊娠期高血压、多胎妊娠、孕期感染、脐带异常、宫内窘迫、孕晚期发热、胎膜早破、窒息史、胎盘早剥发生率及新生儿相关因素中脓毒症发生率高于非疾病亚组(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,妊娠期高血压、多胎妊娠、孕期感染、脐带异常、宫内窘迫、孕晚期发热、胎膜早破、窒息史、新生儿脓毒症为发生呼吸系统并发症的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论晚期早产儿小于胎龄儿围生期呼吸系统并发症发生率高于适于胎龄儿,妊娠期高血压、多胎妊娠、孕期感染、脐带异常、宫内窘迫、孕晚期发热、胎膜早破、窒息史、新生儿脓毒症是引起晚期早产儿小于胎龄儿围生期呼吸系统并发症的高危因素。

早产与足月小于胎龄儿第1年体格生长差异的队列研究

目的探讨早产小于胎龄儿（small for gestational age,SGA）在生后1年内的体格生长变化趋势是否与足月SGA存在差异,为早产SGA生后体格生长随访监测提供参考依据。方法采用前瞻性队列研究,收集2013年9月至2015年6月在重庆医科大学附属儿童医院儿童保健科随访的早产SGA 54人,足月SGA 181人。分别在1、3、6、12月龄（早产SGA在纠正胎龄的1、3、6、12月龄）测量体质量、身长、头围,采用Z积分计算体格水平和生长速度。结果 ①早产SGA生后快速追赶生长发生在纠正年龄1月龄后,而足月SGA在生后即开始;早产和足月SGA在前6个月追赶生长率均达63.0%。②早产SGA未纠正胎龄的体质量Z值在6、12月龄（t=-1.189、-0.911,P=0.236、0.363）,身长、头围Z值在12月龄（t=-0.855、-1.078,P=0.394、0.282）与足月SGA比较差异无统计学意义。③早产SGA的体质量增长速度在1-3、〉3-6月龄（t=4.685、3.787,P〈0.01）,身长、头围在1-3、〉3-6、〉6-12月龄追赶速度明显快于足月SGA（t=3.487、3.626、4.179,t=5.158、3.001、4.641,P〈0.01）。但在1月龄内体质量、身长追赶速度均慢于足月SGA（t=-6.384、-4.821,P〈0.01）,甚至低于出生时Z值水平（ΔZ〈0）。结论早产SGA追赶生长的发生晚于足月SGA,体格生长水平可在1岁时追赶上足月SGA,在1岁内生长潜力大于足月SGA,在纠正年龄1月龄内易发生宫外生长迟缓。

89例早产儿矫正月龄2岁内体格发育纵向研究

目的了解早产儿0~2岁纵向生长发育特点,为早产儿生长发育监测和营养指导提供参考依据。方法选取2012年7月至2013年6月在四川省妇幼保健院出生,在儿保科随访的89例早产儿为研究对象,并按照出生时胎龄和体重将其分为小于胎龄早产儿组(SGA,29例)和适于胎龄早产儿组(AGA,60例)。进行0~24月龄生长发育监测,包括体重、身长、头围测量和喂养咨询指导,共完成12次随访。结果 (1)SGA组早产儿在大部分矫正月龄身长、体重、头围值和年龄别体重Z值(WAZ)、年龄别身长Z值(HAZ)、年龄别头围Z值(HCZ)均低于AGA组早产儿,且差异有统计学意义(体重:t=-5.24^-3.15,均P<0.05;身长:t=-5.23^-2.95,均P<0.05;头围:t=-2.91^-2.01,均P<0.05;WAZ:t=-5.93^-3.07,均P<0.05;HAZ:t=-5.51^-4.01,均P<0.05;HCZ:t=-3.52^-2.36,均P<0.05)。(2)SGA组在绝大多数矫正月龄,WAZ、HAZ和HCZ均为负值。AGA组早产儿WAZ和HCZ在大多数矫正月龄为正值,而HAZ在矫正3月龄前为正值,3月龄后均为负值。(3)比较两组早产儿体格发育的增长速率发现,3~4月龄段,SGA组体重、身长和头围的增长速率值低于AGA组,两组差异有统计学意义(t值分别为-2.57、-4.23、-2.73,均P<0.05),SGA组在5~6月龄身长增长速率值、8~10月龄头围增长速率值、10~12月龄体重和头围增长速率值均低于AGA组,两组差异有统计学意义(t值分别为-3.03、-2.36、-3.42、-2.48,均P<0.05)。18~24月龄段,SGA组体重、身长的增长速率值低于AGA组,两组差异有统计学意义(t值分别为-3.73、-2.91,均P<0.05)。(4)比较两组早产儿体格发育的增速发现,在出生1个月内,SGA组体重的△Z值明显大于AGA组(t=2.63,P<0.05),而SGA组在3~4月龄体重、身长和头围的△Z值,12~18月龄体重和头围的△Z值,18~24月龄体重、身长和头围的△Z值低于AGA组早产儿,两组差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-2.72、-3.23、-2.63、-2.52、2.26、-2.73、3.61、2.91,均P<0.05)。结论 AGA早产儿追赶生长持续到2岁,SGA早产儿1岁内追赶生长明显,其生长潜能落后于AGA早产儿。在临床工作中应重视早产儿尤其SGA早产儿的追赶生长发育。

早产小于胎龄儿血清生长激素释放肽水平变化及临床意义

目的探讨早产小于胎龄(SGA)儿生后早期血清生长激素释放肽(Ghrelin)变化及其对生长发育的影响。方法选取生后24 h内入院的早产儿41例,分为早产SGA组19例和早产适于胎龄(AGA)组22例,采用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法测定两组生后24 h内和第10天血清Ghrelin水平,同时测定胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)、胰岛素(INS)水平,测量体格发育指标。结果①早产SGA组出生后24 h内血清Ghrelin水平明显高于早产AGA组(P<0.01),IGF-1、INS水平明显低于早产AGA组(P<0.05);②早产SGA组生后24 h内血清Ghrelin水平与出生体重、身长、BMI、IGF-1、INS呈负相关(P<0.05),INS与IGF-1水平呈正相关(P<0.01);③生后第10天,早产SGA组体重增长百分比、血清Ghrelin水平高于早产AGA组(P<0.05);两组IGF-1、INS水平比较,差异无统计学意义。结论 Ghrelin参与早产儿的宫内发育过程,可作为反映早产儿宫内发育和营养的重要指标,高水平Ghrelin可能有助于早产SGA儿出生后早期体格生长。

孕期防辐射服的使用与妊娠结局关系的前瞻性队列研究

目的：了解孕期防辐射服的使用情况及其与不良妊娠结局的关系。方法：选取2012年4～8月在上海市闵行区妇幼保健院建档待产的1400名孕妇作为研究对象,于孕中期和孕晚期收集人口学资料,生活方式等信息,并在分娩时记录妊娠结局。结果：本研究中61.43%的妇女在妊娠时穿着防辐射服,其中,大学及以上文化程度、职业为公司职员、初次妊娠者所占比例较高,且使用手机和电脑的时间相对较长。多因素Logistic回归结果显示,是否穿着防辐射服与早产（OR=0.85,95%CI=0.37~1.94）、小于胎龄儿（OR=2.02,95%CI=0.73~5.57）、胎盘异常（OR=1.75,95%CI=0.44~6.94）和前置胎盘（OR=0.34,95%CI=0.12~1.08）之间的关联均无统计学意义。结论：现有结果尚不能说明孕期防辐射服的使用对早产、小于胎龄儿、胎盘异常和前置胎盘的发生有保护作用。

重度子痫前期极早产小于胎龄儿临床特点分析

目的回顾性分析并总结因重度子痫前期剖宫产娩出的极早产小于胎龄儿的临床特点。方法选取2017年8月至2018年7月收治的因重度子痫前期娩出的42例极早产小于胎龄儿作为观察组,以同期健康母亲单纯因宫缩不能抑制娩出的极早产儿40例作为对照组,分析两组围生期特点、感染方面的临床表现、并发症、临床结局等。结果观察组生后6 h内、2~3 d时的白细胞(WBC)计数、中性粒细胞绝对计数(ANC)、血小板(PLT)计数均低于对照组(P<0.05);5~7 d时,观察组ANC、PLT计数仍低于对照组(P<0.05)。生后2~3 d及5~7 d时观察组C反应蛋白(CRP)水平高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组发生重症感染的百分率明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组生后6 h内血红蛋白水平高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组支气管肺发育不良发生率明显高于对照组(P<0.05),两组在肺出血、颅内出血、新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎、早产儿视网膜病发生率,以及有创呼吸机使用率和临床结局上比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论极早产重度子痫前期小于胎龄儿感染发生率高,病情表现重,早期感染指标以WBC计数、ANC、PLT计数降低为主要表现,CRP在其生后早期升高不明显,2~3 d时逐步升高。该类患儿生后绝大部分需要有创机械通气,并发症以支气管肺发育不良为主,临床上应密切观察其临床变化并监测炎性指标,早期识别感染,及时诊断,及时调整抗生素治疗,以提高救治率。

不同喂养方式对早产小于胎龄儿骨密度的影响

目的研究不同喂养方式对早产小于胎龄儿(SGA)骨密度的影响。方法将215例小于胎龄儿按照喂养方式分为5组:早产儿出院后配方奶喂养组、母乳喂养组、足月儿配方奶喂养组、母乳+早产儿出院后配方奶喂养组、母乳+足月儿配方奶喂养组,比较各组在生后第6月、12月骨密度值。结果 5组小于胎龄儿的骨密度数值从高到低依次为:母乳+早产儿出院后配方奶喂养组、母乳喂养组、早产儿出院后配方奶喂养组、母乳+足月儿配方奶组、足月儿配方奶喂养组,差异具有统计学意义(6月龄时:F_男=2.845,F_女=2.570;12月龄时:F_男=2.737,F_女=7.461,均P<0.05)。结论对早产小于胎龄儿童进行母乳喂养或强化母乳喂养能改善其骨密度情况,适用于早产儿。

近足月小于胎龄儿围生期并发症发生情况和危险因素分析

目的:回顾性分析近足月小于胎龄儿围生期并发症发生情况和危险因素。方法:选择349例近足月儿,其中小于胎龄儿(SGA)187例,适于胎龄儿(AGA)162例,比较2组患儿的围生期情况、出生后一般情况、并发症发生情况、治疗转归和随访预后。结果:SGA组患儿围产期的母亲妊娠期高血压综合征、孕期感染、脐带异常和宫内窘迫的发生率分别为43.32%、11.23%、26.20%和18.72%,均高于AGA组(P<0.05~P<0.01);SGA组患儿胎龄显著小于、1 min Apgar评分显著低于、住院时间显著长于AGA组(P<0.01);SGA组患儿呼吸窘迫综合征、感染、高胆红素血症发生率和静脉营养应用率分别为45.99%、61.50%、32.09%和85.56%,均高于AGA组(P<0.05~P<0.01);SGA组患者出院时并发症痊愈率为56.14%,低于AGA组的70.54%(P<0.05),但随访1年时,2组患儿发育情况差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:SGA较AGA患儿具有更高的并发症发生率和更低的痊愈率,同时母亲妊娠期高血压综合征、孕期感染、脐带异常和宫内窘迫是造成近足月儿SGA的危险因素,临床医生应高度重视SGA的特点,尽早干预其发生的危险因素。

2014至2019年广东省早产小于胎龄儿的发病情况研究

目的了解广东省早产小于胎龄儿的发病情况。方法数据来源于广东省出生医学证明管理信息系统,采用描述性分析的方法对广东省的早产小于胎龄儿的发病趋势和地域分布情况进行研究。结果共纳入了2014至2019年广东省出生的474459例早产单活胎,其中早产小于胎龄儿36622例,总体发病率为7.72%。2014至2019年每年早产小于胎龄儿的发病率分别为8.00%(6209/77636)、8.03%(5854/72933)、7.28%(6395/87815)、7.81%(6308/80817)、7.59%(6055/79757)、7.68%(5801/75501),珠三角地区的发病率最低,为7.42%(21564/290651),粤东地区发病率最高,为8.85%(4967/56117)。结论广东省早产小于胎龄儿的发病率在世界范围内处于中等水平,但广东省内各区域间存在一定的差异,地域、二胎政策可能是影响早产小于胎龄儿发生的因素。