Low Birth Weight and Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Malaria in Pregnant Women in Lomé (Togo) in 2021: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Since 2012, the World Health Organization has recommended intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPT-SP) to prevent malaria-related complications in pregnant women. Ten years following these recommendations, we conducted this study to estimate the coverage for three doses of IPT-SP (IPT3) as well as the prevalence of low birth weight (LBW), and its associated factors in Lomé (Togo) in 2021. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between January and March 2021. An exhaustive recruitment of women and their newborns was carried out in the maternity wards of the Sylvanus Olympio University Hospital Center. Data from antenatal consultations and clinical data of the newborns were collected. Multivariate logistic regression was carried out to determine factors associated with LBW. Results: A total of 252 mother-child pairs were included in this study. Median age of the mothers was 27 years, IQR [24-31]. More than a third (35.3%) of the mothers were primigravida. IPT3 coverage was 66.7% and 14.7% of newborns had a LBW. The prevalence of LBW was 33.3% [23.3-43.4] in women who had received fewer than 3 doses of IPT-SP and 5.4% [2.0-8.8] in those who had received at least 3 doses of IPT-SP (p Conclusion: Ten years following recommendations of the WHO on IPT-SP, malaria prevention based on IPT-SP is not optimal among pregnant women in Lomé, and the proportion of LBW children remains high. Actions to strengthen the three-dose IPT-SP policy are needed to prevent malaria and its consequences among newborns in Togo.

Application of traditional Chinese herbal medicine in the prevention and treatment of swine viral infectious diseases

This study aims to explore the current application status and development prospects of Chinese herbal medicine in preventing and treating swine viral infectious diseases over the past five years.By adopting the method of literature review,we collect,organize,and analyze relevant research literature,with the goal of summarizing and summarizing the research progress in this field.Through research,we found that swine infectious diseases have caused serious economic losses in the breeding industry and that some diseases cannot be fully protected by using vaccines.Therefore,we need new means to prevent diseases.The use of Chinese herbal medicine for the prevention and treatment of related diseases has become a reliable means.This study first briefly introduces the common infectious diseases of pigs and the risks and challenges faced by prevention and treatment,then reads the literature comparing the treatment with Western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine,proving the reliability of traditional Chinese medicine treatment and the unique advantages of Chinese herbal medicine.Afterwards,we summarized the literature on the prevention and treatment of related swine diseases with Chinese herbal medicine in the past five years,and finally made a summary and outlook,hoping to provide ideas for relevant researchers and workers.

Effect of Health Management in Raising Awareness Rate of Disease Prevention and Treatment in Patients with Prehypertension

Objective: To analyze the effect of health management on improving the awareness rate of disease prevention and treatment in patients with prehypertension, so as to provide guidance for clinical management of patients with prehypertension. Methods: 108 patients diagnosed with prehypertension in our hospital were divided into a control group and an experimental group. The control group was not given management measures, while the experimental group was given health management. The incidence of hypertension and cognition level of hypertension knowledge were compared between the two groups after management. Results: The incidence of hypertension in the experimental group was 7.41% lower than that in the control group 29.63%. The cognitive level of hypertension in the patients (66.54 ± 1.25) was significantly higher than that in the patients without health management (41.45 ± 2.45), and P < 0.05;Conclusion: For patients with prehypertension, the implementation of health management is helpful to improve their cognition of hypertension, master related prevention knowledge, and reduce the incidence of hypertension.

Research progress on cardiotoxicity mechanism of doxorubicin and prevention and treatment of traditional Chinese medicine

Doxorubicin is an anthracycline antibiotic.As a broad-spectrum antitumor drug,it is widely used in clinic.However,doxorubicin is dose-dependent and shows obvious cardiotoxicity,which limits its clinical application.At present,the mechanism of doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity has not been fully clarified.Reducing cardiotoxicity and improving the scope of clinical application have become the focus of research in recent years.This paper reviews the mechanism of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity and the prevention and treatment of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity with traditional Chinese medicine,in order to provide reference for the combined application of doxorubicin.

Prevention and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Diseases in College Students

Objective:This paper aims to discuss the prevention and treatment strategies of gastrointestinal diseases in college students.Methods:A sample of 60 college students suffering from gastrointestinal diseases,from August 2021 to August 2022,was used to discuss the symptoms,causes,prevention strategies,and treatment strategies of gastrointestinal diseases based on questionnaire survey.Results:The high-incidence types of gastrointestinal diseases in college students mainly included chronic gastritis,acute gastritis,duodenal ulcer,and dyspepsia,which were closely related to mental state,diet,and living habits.Conclusion:There are many causes of gastrointestinal diseases in college students.During the period of active symptomatic treatment,it is necessary to focus on the prevention of gastrointestinal diseases in colleges and universities,correct the unhealthy lifestyle of students,and reduce the risk of gastrointestinal diseases.

Acute and chronic excitotoxicity in ischemic stroke and late-onset Alzheimer's disease

Stroke and Alzheimer's disease are common neurological disorders and often occur in the same individuals.The comorbidity of the two neurological disorders represents a grave health threat to older populations.This review presents a brief background of the development of novel concepts and their clinical potentials.The activity of glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated Ca^(2+)influx is critical for neuronal function.An ischemic insult induces prompt and excessive glutamate release and drastic increases of intracellular Ca^(2+)mainly via N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors,particularly of those at the extrasynaptic site.This Ca^(2+)-evoked neuronal cell death in the ischemic core is dominated by necrosis within a few hours and days known as acute excitotoxicity.Furthermore,mild but sustained Ca^(2+)increases under neurodegenerative conditions such as in the distant penumbra of the ischemic brain and early stages of Alzheimer's disease are not immediately toxic,but gradually set off deteriorating Ca^(2+)-dependent signals and neuronal cell loss mostly because of activation of programmed cell death pathways.Based on the Ca^(2+)hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease and recent advances,this Ca^(2+)-activated“silent”degenerative excitotoxicity evolves from years to decades and is recognized as a unique slow and chronic neuropathogenesis.The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit GluN3A,primarily at the extrasynaptic site,serves as a gatekeeper for the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activity and is neuroprotective against both acute and chronic excitotoxicity.Ischemic stroke and Alzheimer's disease,therefore,share an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-and Ca^(2+)-mediated mechanism,although with much different time courses.It is thus proposed that early interventions to control Ca^(2+)homeostasis at the preclinical stage are pivotal for individuals who are susceptible to sporadic late-onset Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's disease-related dementia.This early treatment simultaneously serves as a preconditioning therapy against ischemic stroke that often attacks the same individuals during abnormal aging.

Effect of Dietary Resistant Starch on Prevention and Treatment of Obesity-related Diseases and Its Possible Mechanisms

Overweight or obesity has become a serious public health problem in the world, scientists are concentrating their efforts on exploring novel ways to treat obesity. Nowadays, the availabilities of bariatric surgery and pharmacotherapy have enhanced obesity treatment, but it should has support from diet, physical exercise and lifestyle modification, especially the functional food. Resistant starch, an indigestible starch, has been studied for years for its beneficial effects on regulating blood glucose level and lipid metabolism. The aim of this review is to summarize the effect of resistant starch on weight loss and the possible mechanisms. According to numerous previous studies it could be concluded that resistant starch can reduce fat accumulation, enhance insulin sensitivity, regulate blood glucose level and lipid metabolism. Recent investigations have focused on the possible associations between resistant starch and incretins as well as gut microbiota. Resistant starch seems to be a promising dietary fiber for the prevention or treatment of obesity and its related diseases.

Current preventive treatment for recurrence after curative hepatectomy for liver metastases of colorectal carcinoma: A literature review of randomized control trials

To review the preventive approaches for recurrence after curative resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma, we have summarized all available publications reporting randomized control trials (RCTs) covered in PubMed. The treatment approaches presented above include adjuvant intrahepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy, systemic chemotherapy, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Although no standard treatment has been established, several approaches present promising results, which are both effective and tolerable in post-hepatectomy patients. Intrahepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy should be regarded as effective and tolerable and it increases overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS) of patients, while 5-fluorouracil-based systemic chemotherapy has not shown any significant survival benefit. Fortunately chemotherapy combined with hepatic arterial infusion and intravenous infusion has shown OS and DFS benefit in many researches. Few neoadjuvant RCT studies have been conducted to evaluate its effect on prolonging survivals although many retrospective studies and case reports are published in which unresectable colorectal liver metastases are downstaged and made resectable with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Liver resection supplemented with immunotherapy is associated with optimal results; however, it is also questioned by others. In conclusion, several adjuvant approaches have been studied for their efficacy on recurrence after hepatectomy for liver metastases from colorectal cancer (CRC), but multi-centric RCT is still needed for further evaluation on their efficacy and systemic or local toxicities. In addition, new adjuvant treatment should be investigated to provide more effective and tolerable methods for the patients with resectable hepatic metastases from CRC.

Changing Grains for the Prevention and Treatment of Kashin-Beck Disease in Children: a Meta-analysis

To evaluate the efficacy of changing grains on the prevention and treatment of Kashin-Beck Disease （KBD） in children, community-based trials were acquired from seven electronic databases （up to July 2014）. As a result, the methodological quality of the six trials that have been included into our analysis was low. The pooled ORs favoring the prevention and treatment effects of changing grains were 0.15 （95% CI： 0.03-0.70） and 2.13 （95% CI： 1.44-3.16） respectively by meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis demonstrated the pooled OR favoring treatment effect of exchanging grains rather than drying grains both compared with endemic grains. The results showed that changing grains had obvious effects on the prevention and treatment of KBD in children. However, the evidences were limited by the potential biases and confounders. Large and well-designed trials are still needed.

New approaches for prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease:a fascinating challenge

The prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is the new challenge for pharmaceutical industry,but also for public institutions,physicians,patients,and their families.The spread of these pathologies is,in fact,a real social problem,especially in the Western Countries where the population age is increasing and chronic diseases are more and more common.

Polyphenols for the prevention and treatment of dementia diseases

The greatest risk factor for neurodegeneration is aging.However genetics at birth only contributes 20-25%to the determinants of lifespan,so we actually have around 75%control over how well individuals age in body and brain.Health is the real wealth and that everyone can significantly control/achieve sustainable health and quality of life through lifestyle choices needs to be better promoted. Dementia is predominantly a disease of aging with millions of people suffering from dementia and Alzheimer＇s disease （AD） and in recent years little has happened to change and improve the cognitive functions of elderly people （2015 Alzheimer＇s disease facts and figures）. Every 4 seconds there is a new case of dementia in the world and with 7.7 mil- lion cases annually, the estimated global cost of AD and demen- tia disease is $604 billion.

The Impact of Directly Observed Therapy on Preventive Treatment for Latent Tuberculosis Infection among Students in Dalian, China

Preventive treatment has an essential effect on latent tuberculosis infection(LTBI)[purified protein derivative(PPD)induration≥15 mm].Between2010 and 2013,there were 6 tuberculosis(TB)outbreaks in the universities in Dalian,China.So far,in Dalian,the directly observed therapy(DOT)and

Research Progress on Diagnosis and Treatment of Bovine Mastitis

Bovine mastitis is a common disease of dairy cows,andit is the main reason for the economic loss of dairy industry.This paper reviews the types,etiology,diagnosis,prevention and treatment of bovine mastitis,in order to provide some reference basis for the prevention and treatment of bovine mastitis.

Evidence-based optimization of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine therapies for prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease： design and implementation

As a chronic disease that seriously endangers public health, the number of coronary heart disease （CHD） patients in China has increased in recent years. There is great potentiality to integrate traditional Chinese and Western medicine therapies to prevent and treat CHD in clinical practice. However, most of the current integrated therapies still lack sufficient high-quality evidence, and the key links in how to apply are unclear. It is urgent to optimize them through evidence-based research to further improve the effectiveness. Therefore, we propose strategies to conduct evidence-based optimization of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine therapies in prevention and treatment of progressive cardiovascular diseases. These are integrated clinical trial design, attention to the key links of taking effect, combination of clinical and basic research. Based on the strategies, we started the national key research and development project ＂Evidence-based optimization research of TCM therapies in prevention and treatment of CHD （angina pectoris - myocardial infarction - heart failure）＂, which is expected to be a new paradigm in the field.

Research Progress of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of AIDS

Objective:To review the research progress of using Chinese medicine ginseng to prevent and treat AIDS in China.Methods:Based on the method of TCM syndrome differentiation,Chinese medical researchers divided AIDS into four types:heat toxin stagnation type,Qi and blood deficiency type,stasis and internal resistance type,and Qi and Yin injury type.Results:The therapeutic effects of the compound preparation of traditional Chinese medicine were significant,such as Aikang capsule,Tangcao tablet,Wuweilingqi capsule,Aining granule,compound Sanhuang powder,etc.Astragalus,licorice,honeysuckle,Scutellaria,bupleurum,Salvia miltiorrhiza,Viola,Hedyotis diffusa and other 8 kinds of traditional Chinese medicine have been proved to have anti HIV effect.Conclusion:Among the 27 kinds of Chinese medicine ginseng,Andrographis paniculata,Viola,Arnebia,Arctium lappa,Sophora flavescens,honeysuckle,Guanzhong,Prunella,Coptis,Wolfberry,Wedelia and epimedium have been proved to have the effect of preventing HIV replication.

Effectiveness of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine: An in silico pharmacological model

Objective:To explore the efficacy of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy(IPTp)with sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine(SP)against sensitive parasites.Methods:A pharmacological model was used to investigate the effectiveness of the previous recommended at least two-dose regimen,currently recommended three-dose regimen and 4,6,8-weekly regimens with specific focus on the impact of various nonadherence patterns in multiple transmission settings.Results:The effectiveness of the recommended three-dose regimen is high in all the transmission intensities,i.e.>99%,98%and 92%in low,moderate and high transmission intensities respectively.The simulated 4 and 6 weekly IPTp-SP regimens were able to prevent new infections with sensitive parasites in almost all women(>99%)regardless of transmission intensity.However,8 weekly interval dose schedules were found to have 71%and 86%protective efficacies in high and moderate transmission areas,respectively.It highlights that patients are particularly vulnerable to acquiring new infections if IPTp-SP doses are missed.Conclusions:The pharmacological model predicts that full adherence to the currently recommended three-dose regimen should provide almost complete protection from malaria infection in moderate and high transmission regions.However,it also highlights that patients are particularly vulnerable to acquiring new infections if IPTp doses are spaced too widely or if doses are missed.Adherence to the recommended IPTp-SP schedules is recommended.

Characteristics of 240 randomized controlled trials for adjusting constitution in preventive treatment of disease:A bibliometric analysis

Background:A growing number of randomized controlled trials(RCTs)have explored the significance of adjusting constitution for preventive treatment of disease in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).In this study,we sought to comprehensively analyze the characteristics of these RCTs.Methods:All RCTs related to constitutional adjustment and preventive treatment of disease were included in the study.Literature was screened searching seven databases,including Pubmed,Web of Science,Embase,SinoMed,CNKI,Chongqing VIP,and Wangfang Database,from inception to December 2018.Data pertaining to bibliometrics,participants,and interventions were extracted and analyzed.Results:Two hundred and forty papers were published between 2007 and 2018,involving 240 RCTs with 55977 total participants.Sample size in these RCTs ranged from 30 to 7800.Among them,59 RCTs addressed disease prevention prior to onset involving 11 healthy states of participants,mainly for general health or sub-health population(40.68%)using health care and non-drug therapy.In control the development of existing disease(n Z 174),59 diseases were involved.Based on the number of RCTs and sample sizes,diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus,primary hypertension,nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,and hyperlipoproteinemia accounted for 51.15%of the total patients studied.Drug therapy as an intervention was frequently used.In preventing recurrence after recovery(n Z 7),over 4 kinds of health status in participants were involved.Drug therapy combined with health care was mostly used.Most RCTs reported positive outcomes,with only one reporting negative findings(1/240).Conclusion:The number of RCTs of constitutional adjustment on preventive treatment of disease has gradually increased since 2012.Participants and intervention measures from the above-mentioned types of RCTs exhibit their own characteristics.Future systematic reviews or meta-analyses on constitutional adjustment for preventive treatment of disease are warranted.

Application of the preventive treatment theory of traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of chronic venous insufficiency of lower extremity

Chronic venous insufficiency is characterized by high incidence,difficult treatment and high recurrence rate.Traditional Chinese Medicine Preventive Treatment Theory is one of the important core contents in the theory of TCM.By using the theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Preventive Treatment,using the theory of“prevention before illness,prevention the disease continues to change and prevention repeated when the disease has been cured”,can reduce the incidence rate effectively,improve the effect of clinical treatment,it is also to enrich and develop the theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Preventive Treatment.

Prevention and Treatment of Pneumoconiosis in China

Silicosis is one of the most serious occupational diseases which affect many workers' health in China. Under the guidance of policies from the Chinese Government, the industries, hcalth care institutions, scientists and workers were organized and have made great efforts in plevention and treatment of silicosis as well as pneumoconiosis. Since the 1960s, the national health standards and chest X-ray diagnosis criteria for silicosis were established and have been revised recently.A nationwide epidemiological survey revealed that the cumulative pneumoconiosis cases were about 4 800 000 (1949-1992). The high prevalence rate has been the motivation to search for anti-silicotic drugs. Several kinds of anti-silicotic drugs were studied and found to be able to retard progression of silicosis and cause changes in X-ray picture. The mechanism of drug efficiency and the development of silicosis have attracted the interest of scientists in this fields and fruitful results have been obtained. For prevention of dust hazards, the systematic design for facilities of dust collection and the isolation of dust source appropriate to township industries have been worked out and used widely. Recently,under the supervision of the Ministry of Public Health, China, a pilot study on countermeasure for industrial hazards and health care service in township industries has been instituted

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice regarding Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPTs) of Malaria among Pregnant Women Attending for Antenatal Care in Benadir Hospital at Benadir Region, Somalia

Background: Malaria in pregnancy is a preventable public health concern leading to a high prevalence of maternal morbidity, maternal mortality and adverse birth outcomes. Intermittent Preventive Treatment during pregnancy using Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) is one of the main strategies used to prevent malaria in pregnancy. This study was aimed to determine knowledge attitude and practice regarding intermittent preventive treatment IPT of malaria in pregnancy utilization among pregnant women attending antenatal center in benadir hospital wadajir district benadir region somalia during the period of the study from April 2021-July 2021. Methods: The study was descriptive cross-sectional retrospective Hospital based. The sample size was 60 respondents of pregnant women at 20 weeks to 36 weeks of gestation. Data were collected by interview method using structured questionnaire. The data were collected and then entered to Statistical Package for Social Science version 20 for analysis. Results: The study displayed that the majority of the respondents (58%) were in the 25 - 34 years’ age group. A total of 51 (85%) were married, while 17 (28%) had primary school education. 43 (72%) were housewives while only 11 (18%) were employed. A total 32 (53%) were had gravid more than Four times, while the study showed that, the majority of mothers 39 (65%) were had knowledge about Intermittent Preventive Treatment during pregnancy using Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP). The study showed that majority of the respondent 25 (42%) were getting health education awareness towards IPTp were from health care providers at health centers while 8 (13%) from Friends/relatives/neighbors, followed by 4 (6%) from their husband. And 34 (57%) were had convenience IPTp-SP tablet consumption at their current pregnancy while 26 (43%) did not. Conclusion and Recommendations: Inclusion there was good knowledge and positive attitude towards IPT despite poor utilization, the study recommended the ministry of health especially health promotion, maternal and reproductive health and national malaria control programe should intensify strategies and policies to ensure 3 doses of IPTp-SP given at antenatal care centers target coverage in Somalia and provide capacity building for all health care providers. Also, there should be continuous sensitization of pregnant women on the importance of intermittent preventive treatment during each pregnancy by healthcare workers.