Method for prevention and control of spontaneous combustion of coal seam and its application in mining field

Spontaneous combustion of coal seam has been and continues to be a big problem in coal mines. It could pose great threat to the safety of the whole mine and all miners, especially when it occurs in or nearby coal mines. Besides, environment of area surrounded mines during combustion can be threatened where large amount of toxic gases including CO_2, CO, SO_2 and H_2S can be leased by fire in mine. Hence, it is important and significant for scholars to study the controlling and preventing of the coal seam fire. In this paper, the complicated reasons for the occurrence and development of spontaneous combustion in coal seam are analysed and different models under various air leakage situations are built as well. Based on the model and approximately calculation, the difficulty of fire extinguishment in coal seam is pointed out as the difficulty and poor effect to remove the large amount of heat released. Detailed measurements about backfilling and case analyses are also provided on the basis of the recent ten years' practice of controlling spontaneous combustion in coal seams in China. A technical fire prevention and control method has been concluded as five steps including detection, prevention, sealing, injection and pressure adjustment. However, various backfill materials require different application and environmental factors, so in this paper, analyses and discussion about the effect and engineering application of prevention of spontaneous combustion are provided according to different backfilling technologies and methods. Once the aforementioned fire prevention can be widely applied and regulated in mines, green mining will be achievable concerning mine fire prevention and control.

Overburden fracture evolution laws and water-controlling technologies in mining very thick coal seam under water-rich roof

Considering the danger of water inrush in mining very thick coal seam under water-rich roof in Majialiang Coal Mine,the universal discrete element(UDEC)software was used to simulate the overburden fracture evolution laws when mining 4#coal seam.Besides,this study researched on the influence of face advancing length,speed and mining height on the height of the water flowing fractured zones(HWFFZ),and analyzed the correlation of face advancing length and change rules of aquifer water levels and goaf water inflow.Based on those mentioned above,this research proposed the following water-controlling technologies:draining the roof water before mining,draining goaf water,reasonable advancing speed and mining thickness.These water-controlling technologies were successfully used in the feld,thus ensured safely mining the very thick coal seam under water-rich roof.

Prevention and Control Mode of Desertification in China＇s State Energy Group Shendong Mining Area with Annual Coal Output of 200 Million Tons

According to the strategic goal of sustainable development,construction and management for the construction of Shendong mining area with ecological safety,the ecological restoration principle of ＂ control protects development and development promotes control＂ for desertification prevention and control was adopted,and engineering measures,plant greening measures,and enclosure management and protection measures were taken to prevent and control desertification in the mining area based on careful detailed investigation and accurate planning and design in the early period. After 32 years,the desertification ecological landscape environment of the mining area has undergone a qualitative change,and the vegetation coverage has increased from 3%-8% to above 60% after the development. The former desertification land has become a modern green energy base that has produced 200 million tons of coal every year. The construction and management mode of an ecologically safe and modernized green coal mining area built by Shendong in the desertification region of northwestern China shows that taking appropriate comprehensive ecological restoration construction technology and management measures that integrate engineering,plants and enclosure management and protection is an effective technical and management paradigm for the construction of a modernized green large-scale coal mining area in China＇s arid and semi-arid regions.

Design of a water curtain to reduce accumulations of float coal dust in longwall returns

Accumulation of float coal dust(FCD)in underground mines is an explosion hazard that affects all underground coal mine workers.While this hazard is addressed by the application of rock dust,inadequate rock dusting practices can leave miners exposed to an explosion risk.Researchers at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH)have focused on developing a water curtain that removes FCD from the airstream,thereby reducing the buildup of FCD in mine airways.In this study,the number and spacing of the active sprays in the water curtain were varied to determine the optimal configuration to obtain peak knockdown efficiency(KE)while minimizing water consumption.

Waste-filling in fully-mechanized coal mining and its application

A fully-mechanized coal mining (FMCM) technology capable of filling up the goaf with wastes (including solid wastes) is described. Industrial tests have proved that by using this technology not only can waste be re-used but also coal resources can be exploited with a higher recovery rate without removing buildings located over the working faces. Two special devices, a hydraulic support and a scraper conveyor, run side-by-side on the same working face to simultaneously realize mining and filling. These are described in detail. The tests allow analysis of rock pressure and ground subsidence when backfilling techniques are employed. These values are compared to those from mining without using backfilling techniques, under the same geological conditions. The concept of equivalent mining height is proposed based on theoretical analysis of rock pressure and ground subsidence. The upper limits of the rock pressure and ground subsidence can be estimated in backfilling mining using this concept along with traditional engineering formulae.

RESEARCH ON DEEP COAL SEAM MINING FLOOR STARTA WATER BURSTING INFLUENCED FACTORS BASED ON ANALYTIC HIERACHY PROCESS

Deep coal seam mining floor strata water bursting is a complicate nonlinear system, whose factors are coupling and influencing themselves. It built the analytic structure model for deep coal seam mining floor strata water bursting, the judgment matrix was found by the expert scoring method, the contribution weights of the influenced factors were given out by the equation analytic process. The thirteen controlling factors and five main controlling factors were put award by analyzing weights, so the result was basically conform to the field practice. The expert scoring method and analytic process can convert the objective fact to the subjective cognition, so it is a method that can turn the qualitative into the quantitative. This can be relative objectively and precisely to study the question of many factors and grey box.

考虑采动效应的闭坑矿井水硫酸盐污染规律

高硫煤矿闭坑后成为埋藏在地表以下深部的产酸污染场,对相邻含水层和周边环境造成了潜在危害,且因采动效应影响和矿井空间分布复杂导致相邻含水层的污染过程与污染程度评价困难。以某闭坑矿区为研究对象,选取SO_(4)^(2-)作为特征污染物,考虑多煤层采动裂隙对含水层结构的破坏影响,运用数值模拟技术对闭坑矿区酸性矿井水中SO_(4)^(2-)污染迁移特征进行研究,并分析流体扩散系数对含水层污染物运移的影响。结果表明:SO_(4)^(2-)在二叠系童子岩组砂岩含水层中水平迁移面积随时间增大而增大,增大速率逐渐减小,垂向渗透系数扩大10倍,空间变异性增强;闭坑5、10、15a后,最大水平迁移距离分别为215、414、612m,最大垂向迁移距离分别达到50、65、70m;而扩散系数越大,产酸时间越长,SO_(4)^(2-)迁移距离和污染范围将随之增大,相较于水平方向,垂向上SO_(4)^(2-)浓度变化对扩散系数的敏感度更高。基于模拟结果,结合闭坑矿区实际条件,针对性提出了“源头减量-过程阻断-末端治理”的综合防控与治理方案。研究结果将为该闭坑煤矿酸性矿井水污染治理与防控提供理论基础,也为其他同类矿井提供科学借鉴。

急倾斜特厚煤层冲击地压防治探索与总结

急倾斜特厚煤层开采顶板破断运动复杂,应力和能量演化规律特殊,在深部“三高一扰动”影响下,冲击地压防治不容乐观。基于某矿2016年冲击地压事故后急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段开采冲击地压防治经验,从急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段开采冲击地压发生机理、瓦斯突出与冲击地压综合防治和冲击地压管理详细介绍了该矿7年来急倾斜特厚煤层冲击地压防治经验。冲击地压发生机理方面,建立了顶板岩层倾斜悬臂梁模型,揭示了顶、底板覆岩结构破断失稳演化过程,划分了夹持煤体受力状态分区,提出了急倾斜特厚煤层冲击“夹持理论”。瓦斯突出与冲击地压综合防治方面,基于冲击地压灾害控制解危技术的强度弱化减冲理论,结合原有防突措施体系,提出了既能防冲且对防突有利的解危措施,形成了某矿瓦斯/CO_(2)突出-冲击地压“双防”技术体系,建立了适用于某矿急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段开采的冲击地压防治体系,以钻屑量和瓦斯吸解值验证了瓦斯突出防治的强度保障,同时以加强实施卸压措施工作面的微震事件分布及各能级总频次和能量对比,论证说明了卸压方案防治效果的有效性。冲击地压管理方面,形成了预测评价、监测预警、治理预防、效果检验、安全防护和教育培训“六位一体”综合防治架构,基于《煤矿安全规程》和《防治煤矿冲击地压细则》等各项规定,制定了Q/YJMD-—FC 0104-2022《窑街煤电集团有限公司煤矿冲击地压防治第四部分:冲击地压防治技术规范》。

一种煤矿顶板灾害防治知识图谱构建方法

目前煤矿顶板灾害防治措施决策及事故原因分析等过程主要依赖人工经验,智能化水平较低。顶板灾害防治知识图谱可整合顶板灾害防治知识和经验,辅助顶板灾害事故原因分析和顶板灾害防治措施决策。提出了一种煤矿顶板灾害防治知识图谱构建方法。采用本体方法完成煤矿顶板灾害防治知识建模,将顶板灾害防治领域的概念分为矿井地质类、开采技术类、防治措施类和事故表征类,将概念之间的关系定义为使用、引发、易发、治理、预防和适用,为煤矿顶板灾害防治知识抽取(实体抽取和关系抽取)奠定基础;结合煤矿顶板灾害防治领域文本存在大量嵌套实体和关系之间存在实体重叠的特点,确定了基于跨度的实体抽取方法和基于依存句法树引导实体表示的关系抽取方法;构建了顶板灾害防治领域语料库,采用Neo4j图数据库存储数据,为顶板灾害防治知识图谱的应用提供数据来源支撑;展示了煤矿顶板灾害防治知识图谱局部构建结果,说明该知识图谱可辅助顶板灾害事故原因分析和防治措施决策,从而提高顶板管理的智能化水平;指出基于该知识图谱,结合自然语言处理和知识推理等技术,可实现顶板管理知识问答。

长春市羊草沟矿区地面塌陷现状及防治对策

随着煤炭资源的开发,曾经隐于地下的宝藏和财富得以显现,然而开采过程会伴随着严重的地面塌陷问题,对土地资源及地区经济发展带来了深远的负面影响。本文聚焦长春市羊草沟矿区,对其地面塌陷问题进行了细致研究。通过分析该矿区塌陷的分布特点、发育特征以及所引发的一系列问题,系统剖析了导致地面塌陷的多种因素,并基于此提出了坚持政策先行、加强监测预警、开展工程治理、土地利用调整等针对性的预防与治理对策,作为羊草沟及类似矿区矿山地质环境治理工作的参考依据。

内蒙古母杜柴登煤矿3^(-1)煤充水条件及矿井涌水量预测

母杜柴登煤矿矿井涌水量大,且属于高矿化度水,面临着大量疏排矿井涌水和矿井水地面处理的压力。在分析矿区地质及水文地质条件的基础上,认为开采3^(-1)煤层时,矿井水来源于3^(-1)煤顶板─直罗组底界砂岩含水层,包括直罗组底部中、粗粒砂岩含水层和3^(-1)煤顶板延安组三段砂岩含水层。运用大井法和达西定律计算的30209工作面涌水量分别为931m^(3)/h、919m^(3)/h,与实际接近。研究可为工作面侧向注浆封堵(含水层改造)、帷幕截流减量的可行性和减量程度提供依据。

煤矿井下供水管网智能调控策略方法研究

煤矿井下供水管网系统是保证煤矿安全生产的关键环节,针对煤矿井下供水管网系统能耗高、管网漏损率高以及调控复杂度增加等问题,以陕西亭南煤矿井下实际供水系统工况展开智能调控策开研究。综合管网影响调控因素建立两级优化调度模型,通过一级优化调度确定每个水泵房的最佳供水压力与供水量,然后以泵组的运行费用为目标函数,建立二级优化模型寻求水泵的最佳运行方案。求解模型中针对传统遗传算法易陷入局部最优解的问题,采用了组合变异算子进行改进。实验结果表明,通过优化调度后,煤矿井下供水系统的能耗明显降低,节能效果显著,在保障供水系统的安全运行的前提下平均日节能8.8%。

矿井采煤工作面顶板事故防治策略研究

随着中国采煤工作面深度和开采规模不断扩大,顶板事故不断增多,给矿井生产带来了极大的影响。如何有效防治顶板事故,成为了亟须解决的问题。论述了矿井采煤工作面顶板事故防治的重要性,通过对事故成因的分析,提出了相应的防治策略,通过对比,证实了研究方向的准确性,可以为矿山安全生产提供有益的参考。

黄河流域煤矿矿井水综合利用问题分析及管控建议

黄河流域煤炭资源丰富,但水资源匮乏,如何在确保生态环境安全的前提下,最大程度实现煤矿矿井水的综合利用,成为该地区迫切需要解决的热点问题.黄河流域煤矿矿井水的涌水量分布不均,呈南多北少的特征,且水质具有高矿化度、碱性或弱碱性以及高氟化物的特点.结合当前煤矿矿井水主要的综合利用途径,在总结国内外煤矿矿井水排放管控要求的基础上,识别当前制约我国煤矿矿井水综合利用的原因包括外排受较多制约,缺少供水需求,缺少对水质标准、技术规范和政策监管的改善,处理过程中缺乏技术规范化指导以及缺乏鼓励矿井水综合利用的措施等.针对以上问题,从实事求是地制订煤矿矿井水外排的管理要求、科学制订基于不同利用途径的煤矿矿井水综合利用水质标准、加强煤矿矿井水处理技术的推荐和引导以及建立多部门协作机制等方面,提出提高黄河流域煤矿矿井水综合利用率的建议,以期为合理利用水资源、确保生态环境安全、促进黄河流域高质量发展提供支撑.

大采深高承压水条件下煤层底板突水问题及解决对策

在当前煤矿普遍面临大采深、底板高承压水、高地应力等采掘条件下,正确评价煤层底板承压水突水危险是做好防治水工作的基础。以河南省受底板灰岩承压水突水威胁的大水矿井为例,就底板破坏深度计算、突水系数计算及临界值、脆弱性指数法、不同水文地质单元的“双层水位”效应等问题进行了剖析。分析表明:在大采深和高地应力开采条件下,底板破坏深度较现有用经验公式计算得到的值偏大,一些矿井突水系数虽小于全国临界值,但回采过程中却发生了突水,脆弱性指数法有待于规范化。此外,井田范围内水文地质条件存在着时空变化,甚至会出现“双层水位”等现象。鉴于此,提出了建立大采深和高地应力开采条件下的底板破坏深度计算模型、确定矿区或矿井范围的临界突水系数值、规范脆弱性指数评价方法、查明水文地质条件的时空变化和不同单元的水动力参数、制定同各单元水文地质条件相适应的防治水措施等各项对策。

济宁煤田鹿洼煤矿上组煤层水文地质特征分析

鹿洼煤矿已开采上组煤20余年,水文地质条件发生了变化,为了总结影响鹿洼煤矿上组煤开采的水害因素,在研究济宁煤田和鹿洼煤矿矿井水文地质条件的基础上,对上组煤层开采的充水因素进行了分析,并根据多年监测数据,利用“大井法”公式反演求解了导水裂隙带含水层渗透系数,采用解析法和比拟法预测了矿井涌水量。研究结果表明,鹿洼煤矿开采上组煤的主要充水水源为第四系下组下段孔隙水、老空水、侏罗系砂砾岩水、3煤顶底板砂岩水、三灰水和奥灰水,主要充水通道为断层、采动裂隙、封闭不良钻孔、岩溶陷落柱等;采用解析法预测的上组煤层正常涌水量为158.5 m^(3)/h,符合矿井实际,但建议采用比拟法预测的上组煤层正常涌水量219.23 m^(3)/h,最大涌水量328.85 m^(3)/h,提出了矿井水害防治建议。

露天矿地下水控制技术及对边坡稳定性的影响

我国富水露天矿多且涌水量大,若矿山地下水或边坡处治不当,将面临着“水患难止、边坡难固、有矿难采”的窘境。为解决露天矿遇到的水患和边坡失稳的问题,基于我国露天矿先后发展的垂直疏水孔、水平疏水孔、坑下大口径疏水孔和井群疏水等抽排方式,坑底泄水巷、基坑降水和辐射井疏干等疏放方式以及钻孔注浆帷幕、地下混凝土连续墙帷幕、钻孔咬合桩帷幕、防渗膜帷幕等截水帷幕和地层回灌水帷幕等多种地下水控制技术;开展了不同露天矿地下水控制技术对地下水位、端帮边坡岩土体力学性质变化、坡体应力变化和边坡稳定性系数影响的研究,分析了截水帷幕作用下地下水位抬升与边坡稳定性变化规律。研究结果表明:通过抽排方式、疏放方式将露天矿山地下水疏干或疏降可有效降低地下水位,减少边坡岩土体含水率,提高边坡岩土体黏聚力和内摩擦角,减小坡体的静水压力和水平推力,整体提高边坡稳定性系数,但大量疏排地下水又造成水资源的浪费和污染;截水帷幕能够解决疏排降水造成的地下水位下降幅度太大、疏排水量巨大、水资源浪费和污染的问题;在截水帷幕作用下,露天矿截水帷幕外侧水位不断抬升,引起截水帷幕外侧边坡岩土体含水率增加、黏聚力和内摩擦角减小、坡体的静水压力和水平推力增大,而截水帷幕内侧边坡岩土体含水率减小、黏聚力和内摩擦角增大、坡体的静水压力和水平推力减小,从而引起露天矿边坡稳定性系数略有降低;通过截水帷幕可以控制露天矿边坡地下水位,进而保持边坡岩土体力学参数在合理范围,维持边坡稳定性系数在安全区间,实现露天矿地下水资源保护与边坡安全的平衡。

机器学习方法在矿井水防治理论体系研究中的应用思考

致灾机理、危险性评价、灾变预测共同构成矿井水防治理论体系基本内容,其在过去20多年里快速发展,目标是理解矿井水行为特征,预测演化趋势,服务矿区水害防治工作。机器学习是大数据时代进行数据分析和挖掘的有力工具。将机器学习应用于矿井水防治理论体系研究,已得到相对广泛的关注。针对理论体系的3项基本内容,重点讨论了机器学习在各内容建设中的具体应用,主要包括:根据不同水害类型分类简述致灾机理研究现状,指出机器学习应用暂为空白的原因为其不具备做出假设的能力。认为未来致灾机理研究方法依然以传统方法(理论分析、数值模拟、相似模拟等)为主,机器学习促进地质数据获取与处理,对机理研究作出贡献;分析方法优势,指出机器学习作用于危险性评价的主要方式为非结构化数据的处理及丰富评价方法;分析基于物理和基于数据的单一预测模式弊端,论述物理模型与数据驱动相结合的必要性,相应给出“模型-数据”双驱动预测模式的3种实现形式,并讨论了基于图像的灾变预测方法可行性。随着生产数据及地质数据的丰富,机器学习方法可推动理论体系研究快速发展,并为矿井水防治学科系统方法论研究作出贡献。

我国不同类别煤层顶板水害致灾机理与防控路径

我国是世界上成煤和赋存条件最复杂的国家,煤层顶板水文地质条件的多样性和复杂性,采动覆岩裂隙场与渗流场耦合的相互性和时变性以及煤层顶板突水的独特性和危害性,造成顶板水害是我国尤其是西部煤矿区的主要矿井灾害之一。为了更好地认识顶板水害和推广现有技术和探索新技术防控此类矿井灾害,在全面分析近年来我国煤层顶板水害事故规律与顶板充水含水层的赋存条件、突水模式、动力特征、力学行为等基础上,系统划分了顶板水害的类型、特征、主要类别的致灾机理及梳理了现有顶板水害的防治技术,并展望了未来顶板水害防治领域的发展方向。研究发现:①顶板水害主体架构包括巨厚基岩含水层涌(淋)水、薄基岩弱胶结层水-砂耦合溃涌、离层空间蓄水储能突水、天窗补给型突水、围岩烧变增透致突等5种类别,集中分布于秦岭—淮河沿线以北地区,陕、蒙、宁是顶板水害主要聚集地。②采动诱发巨厚基岩含水层下覆岩原生裂隙互馈-贯通发育“Z”型离层空间,导致采场出现大面积涌(淋)水现象;基于复合关键层破断力学条件,阐明了薄基岩弱胶结层水-砂耦合溃涌致灾的动力源;构建了离层失稳突水临界判别准则,将离层突水划分为静载扰动、“动+静”载复合扰动、复合煤层开采重复扰动3种模式;红土隔水层缺失及红土薄弱区采动劣化损伤是产生天窗越流补给的主要根源;围岩烧变增透,孔隙度增大,接受临近水源补水后形成新的含水结构体,在采动诱发下烧变岩水涌入采场发生水害事故。③梳理了当前煤层顶板水害“探-放-治”三位一体的解危防控技术体系,提出了井上下共轭联动、钻-采(掘)高位协同地质勘探系统,以防治水“三区”划分为导向的地质保障工作,“煤-水-生态”多目标齐抓共管的绿色开采和防治水理念,以及数智化、透明化矿山水文地质灾害信息维护系统等未来发展方向。

深部矿井煤炭−地热协同开采系统研究

在煤炭资源深部开采趋势下,矿井高温热害问题日益严重,引起矿井高温热害的热源实质为可持续利用的地热能,在进行煤炭开采的同时将深部矿井地热能提取并进行资源化利用,是建设绿色矿山、降低矿井碳排放的创新途径。总结了国内外深部矿产和地热能共采现状,从工艺流程和关键设备方面分析了煤炭−地热协同开采的可行性,最终提出一种煤炭−地热协同开采系统。该系统总体采用闭式循环,包括地面热能利用系统和井下取热系统,通过在预采煤层水平钻孔并布置同轴套管换热器提取煤层地热能,并由地面热泵机组将从井下开采的低品位地热能进行利用。秉承“先采热、后回采”的时间和空间协同原则,预先在回采工作面前向划分采热工作面,提出顺序采热、交替采热2种模式,确保采热过程对采煤过程无干扰。分析了空间协同设计、煤层钻孔、高效采热和智能监控调控等关键技术,对煤炭开采和地热能提取进行井下空间协同设计,提出基于煤层注水的同轴套管换热器布置工艺,使用快捷装配式同轴套管换热器可进行多种组合实现高效采热,构建智能监控调控平台并提出相关优化模型,构建取热量计算模型,提出智能控制采热方式。简化煤系地层传热过程,构建煤层采热传热模型,可根据回采工作面实际情况和出口风流参数对回采工作面采热能力进行计算评估。根据煤层采热传热模型,分析得出煤层初始温度、煤炭运输量、回采工作面出口风流温度、风流含湿量变化量是决定煤层采热量的关键参数。定义回采工作面风流含湿量不变且回采工作面出口风流等效温度不高于28℃时的采热量为煤层最大采热量。系统的应用将会使深部矿井热害资源化,不仅解决了煤炭开采热害问题,而且实现了深部矿井地热能综合利用。