This paper mainly introduces the longitudinal transmission mechanism of urban vegetable prices in Chongqing area. On the basis of the supply chain theory,the " farm price- wholesale price- retail price" of v...This paper mainly introduces the longitudinal transmission mechanism of urban vegetable prices in Chongqing area. On the basis of the supply chain theory,the " farm price- wholesale price- retail price" of vegetables in Chongqing has been identified as the research object. Through statistical analysis,it is found that the above three types of price show a modest annual fluctuation of 7- 12% from 2008 to2013. Later,the paper focuses on the empirical research on the weekly price data in 2013 applying the co-integration theory,which reveals that the farm price of vegetables is largely influenced by themselves; the wholesale price of vegetables is mainly affected by their own price,the production price and the retail price of the earlier stage without the current influence of the production price; and the retail price of vegetables is also affected by their own price,but is not affected by the their current local price and the wholesale price. Vegetable prices have shown an obvious positive transmission mechanism in the links from production to retail,but the feedback effect of retail on production is not brought into play.展开更多
由于数据定价对促进企业数字化转型、构建数据要素市场和促进经济可持续发展具有重要意义,因此借助CiteSpace文献计量分析软件,以中国知网、Web of Science数据库中相关研究文献为数据源,聚焦数据定价研究的主题演变、趋势、时代背景,对...由于数据定价对促进企业数字化转型、构建数据要素市场和促进经济可持续发展具有重要意义,因此借助CiteSpace文献计量分析软件,以中国知网、Web of Science数据库中相关研究文献为数据源,聚焦数据定价研究的主题演变、趋势、时代背景,对1993—2022年国内外数据定价权威文献进行计量分析。研究发现,1993—2022年国内外数据定价的研究整体呈波动上升趋势,近3年热度明显;研究模式国外多为合作共享研究而国内多为独立研究,均缺乏研究机构与数据供应商的合作研究;研究内容国内侧重于数据定价的成本效益、公平交易、隐私权属等,国外则侧重于数据定价的隐私安全与保护、人工智能算法、客户服务质量等,均与信息技术的发展密切相关;未来,数据定价研究将进一步立足“双碳”背景,结合环境、社会和公司治理(Environmental,Social and Governance,ESG)投资理念,布局和拓展新视角。展开更多
The development of Backward Stochastic Differential Equation Theory is just a thing happened in the past years. Although its development and application is far behind Forward Stochastic Differential Equation, its wide...The development of Backward Stochastic Differential Equation Theory is just a thing happened in the past years. Although its development and application is far behind Forward Stochastic Differential Equation, its wide application prospect on financial mathematics gets more and more attention. The meaning of Backward Stochastic Differential Equation is that change a already-known final （usually uncertain） goal into a present certain answer to make a present resolution. But Insurance Pricing happens to know the final result, it＇ s certain that the result is uncertain, that is to say, to get out of danger or not. And then make present insurance price according to the future uncertain result. The Insurance Pricing just follows the meaning of Backward Stochastic Differential Equation. Insurance Pricing itself is also a research field sprang up in past scores of years, because insurance pricing is the indisputable core of insurance work, and gets quite a few researchers＇ attention. This article adopts backward stochastic differential equation theory and do research on problem about technology insurance pricing.展开更多
Research on price transmission in vertically markets models the various price data, production index, consumer index and expectations index to proof market integration relations and estimate price transmission cycles,...Research on price transmission in vertically markets models the various price data, production index, consumer index and expectations index to proof market integration relations and estimate price transmission cycles, as well as to find out its function mechanism. Thanks to the development of market integration theory, research in this field explored well-rounded metric models. And the main research results are very closely to. To build up systematic models to input more variables based on demand and supply function, and remove the assumption of constant returns to scale of enterprises involving marketing and fully competitive market would be the development direction in this field. In this way, models draw close to the truth of economic operations.展开更多
Pricing a product is one of the most important decisions an organization can make. Marketing research has developed several different approaches to price optimization. They include direct methods such as estimation of...Pricing a product is one of the most important decisions an organization can make. Marketing research has developed several different approaches to price optimization. They include direct methods such as estimation of willingness to pay, indirect methods such as Gabor-Granger and van Westendorp techniques, and product/price mix methods such as various discrete choice models. All of them are widely used in practical marketing research for evaluation of optimal prices for different products and product innovations. This work describes and compares several main of these approaches.展开更多
Unlike consumers in the mall or supermarkets, online consumers are “intangible” and their purchasing behaviors are affected by multiple factors, including product pricing, promotion and discounts, quality of product...Unlike consumers in the mall or supermarkets, online consumers are “intangible” and their purchasing behaviors are affected by multiple factors, including product pricing, promotion and discounts, quality of products and brands, and the platforms where they search for the product. In this research, I study the relationship between product sales and consumer characteristics, the relationship between product sales and product qualities, demand curve analysis, and the search friction effect for different platforms. I utilized data from a randomized field experiment involving more than 400 thousand customers and 30 thousand products on JD.com, one of the world’s largest online retailing platforms. There are two focuses of the research: 1) how different consumer characteristics affect sales;2) how to set price and possible search friction for different channels. I find that JD plus membership, education level and age have no significant relationship with product sales, and higher user level leads to higher sales. Sales are highly skewed, with very high numbers of products sold making up only a small percentage of the total. Consumers living in more industrialized cities have more purchasing power. Women and singles lead to higher spending. Also, the better the product performs, the more it sells. Moderate pricing can increase product sales. Based on the research results of search volume in different channels, it is suggested that it is better to focus on app sales. By knowing the results, producers can adjust target consumers for different products and do target advertisements in order to maximize the sales. Also, an appropriate price for a product is also crucial to a seller. By the way, knowing the search friction of different channels can help producers to rearrange platform layout so that search friction can be reduced and more potential deals may be made.展开更多
基金Supported by Western Project of Ministry of Education(13XJC630006)Young Scholar Project of National Social Science Foundation"Cooperative Path for Evolution of Social Network and Advance of Farmers Starting an Undertaking in Transformation Period"(14CGL029)
文摘This paper mainly introduces the longitudinal transmission mechanism of urban vegetable prices in Chongqing area. On the basis of the supply chain theory,the " farm price- wholesale price- retail price" of vegetables in Chongqing has been identified as the research object. Through statistical analysis,it is found that the above three types of price show a modest annual fluctuation of 7- 12% from 2008 to2013. Later,the paper focuses on the empirical research on the weekly price data in 2013 applying the co-integration theory,which reveals that the farm price of vegetables is largely influenced by themselves; the wholesale price of vegetables is mainly affected by their own price,the production price and the retail price of the earlier stage without the current influence of the production price; and the retail price of vegetables is also affected by their own price,but is not affected by the their current local price and the wholesale price. Vegetable prices have shown an obvious positive transmission mechanism in the links from production to retail,but the feedback effect of retail on production is not brought into play.
文摘由于数据定价对促进企业数字化转型、构建数据要素市场和促进经济可持续发展具有重要意义,因此借助CiteSpace文献计量分析软件,以中国知网、Web of Science数据库中相关研究文献为数据源,聚焦数据定价研究的主题演变、趋势、时代背景,对1993—2022年国内外数据定价权威文献进行计量分析。研究发现,1993—2022年国内外数据定价的研究整体呈波动上升趋势,近3年热度明显;研究模式国外多为合作共享研究而国内多为独立研究,均缺乏研究机构与数据供应商的合作研究;研究内容国内侧重于数据定价的成本效益、公平交易、隐私权属等,国外则侧重于数据定价的隐私安全与保护、人工智能算法、客户服务质量等,均与信息技术的发展密切相关;未来,数据定价研究将进一步立足“双碳”背景,结合环境、社会和公司治理(Environmental,Social and Governance,ESG)投资理念,布局和拓展新视角。
文摘The development of Backward Stochastic Differential Equation Theory is just a thing happened in the past years. Although its development and application is far behind Forward Stochastic Differential Equation, its wide application prospect on financial mathematics gets more and more attention. The meaning of Backward Stochastic Differential Equation is that change a already-known final （usually uncertain） goal into a present certain answer to make a present resolution. But Insurance Pricing happens to know the final result, it＇ s certain that the result is uncertain, that is to say, to get out of danger or not. And then make present insurance price according to the future uncertain result. The Insurance Pricing just follows the meaning of Backward Stochastic Differential Equation. Insurance Pricing itself is also a research field sprang up in past scores of years, because insurance pricing is the indisputable core of insurance work, and gets quite a few researchers＇ attention. This article adopts backward stochastic differential equation theory and do research on problem about technology insurance pricing.
基金Supported by 2012 Basic Science Research Program"Construction of Fruits Equilibrium Model and Prospect of Supply and Demands"of the Institute of Agricultural Economics and Development,CAAS(0052012010)the Special Fund of State Bee Industry System Construction of Ministry of Agriculture(CARS-45-KXJ20)
文摘Research on price transmission in vertically markets models the various price data, production index, consumer index and expectations index to proof market integration relations and estimate price transmission cycles, as well as to find out its function mechanism. Thanks to the development of market integration theory, research in this field explored well-rounded metric models. And the main research results are very closely to. To build up systematic models to input more variables based on demand and supply function, and remove the assumption of constant returns to scale of enterprises involving marketing and fully competitive market would be the development direction in this field. In this way, models draw close to the truth of economic operations.
文摘Pricing a product is one of the most important decisions an organization can make. Marketing research has developed several different approaches to price optimization. They include direct methods such as estimation of willingness to pay, indirect methods such as Gabor-Granger and van Westendorp techniques, and product/price mix methods such as various discrete choice models. All of them are widely used in practical marketing research for evaluation of optimal prices for different products and product innovations. This work describes and compares several main of these approaches.
文摘Unlike consumers in the mall or supermarkets, online consumers are “intangible” and their purchasing behaviors are affected by multiple factors, including product pricing, promotion and discounts, quality of products and brands, and the platforms where they search for the product. In this research, I study the relationship between product sales and consumer characteristics, the relationship between product sales and product qualities, demand curve analysis, and the search friction effect for different platforms. I utilized data from a randomized field experiment involving more than 400 thousand customers and 30 thousand products on JD.com, one of the world’s largest online retailing platforms. There are two focuses of the research: 1) how different consumer characteristics affect sales;2) how to set price and possible search friction for different channels. I find that JD plus membership, education level and age have no significant relationship with product sales, and higher user level leads to higher sales. Sales are highly skewed, with very high numbers of products sold making up only a small percentage of the total. Consumers living in more industrialized cities have more purchasing power. Women and singles lead to higher spending. Also, the better the product performs, the more it sells. Moderate pricing can increase product sales. Based on the research results of search volume in different channels, it is suggested that it is better to focus on app sales. By knowing the results, producers can adjust target consumers for different products and do target advertisements in order to maximize the sales. Also, an appropriate price for a product is also crucial to a seller. By the way, knowing the search friction of different channels can help producers to rearrange platform layout so that search friction can be reduced and more potential deals may be made.
