A More Accurate Determination of the Magnitude of Cosmic Inflation in the Big Bang Model

According to our hypothesis, at the very beginning of the Big Bang, a hyperenergetic spherical wave was created. We described its characteristics in our previous work, and the present work is based on them. Logically, we saw that in cosmic inflation the frequency of such a wave would decrease sharply. Based on the temperature that prevailed immediately after inflation according to the hot Big Bang model, we determined a measure of the size of the inflation in this model, in accordance with our hypothesis.

The Singularity of the Big Bang Can Be Described in Greater Depth than the Limits of the Planck Time and Length

In this paper, we determine the frequency, energy and momentum of the primordial spherical wave at the birth of our universe, which are consistent with the fact that the total energy of our universe was created in the hot Big Bang. With this, we also indirectly demonstrate the consistency of previous works on the hypothesis of primary particles, by using their results. We obtain a hyper-high initial frequency of the spherical wave, which is not in contradiction with string theory.

The Self-Deployment of Worlds on the Other Side of the Big Bang

String theory and quantum loop gravity have given us a lot of hope and have achieved some success in trying to build a quantum theory of gravity. However, we still don’t have definitive answers. In this paper, we substantiate the idea of the existence of a Primary Parent Particle, constituents of the medium of primary matter before the Big Bang and describe its structure, consisting of three Beginnings united in the form of Borromeo rings. We derived a generalization of the Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization rules on the multidimensional case and considered problems of the embedding spaces into the each other based on the Nash theorems. Assuming that at the distances occupied by the triad we can consider the space Euclidean flat, we introduce quantum mechanical equations describing them. The problems of constructing the theory of quantum gravity and Dark matter radiation are considered separately. As part of our approach, we describe the acceleration of the Universe created by Dark Energy during expansion. We criticize principle of dualism, which can be used only for linear theories, but is not applicable to nonlinear theories. We investigated various distributions of dark matter densities and the gravitational potentials induced by them in galaxies and velocities for rotation curves. The main goal in the article was to show self-deployment of the Universe and its origin before Big Bang.

The Worlds on the Other Side of the Big Bang

Taking the Big Bang as an established fact, the question inevitably arises about what exactly caused it, in what environment could it have happened and what happened before it. The developed approach allows us to shed light on many raised questions and to establish what universal laws and structures formed what happened before the Big Bang, to understand its cause and the dynamic processes that led to it. This required a radical revision of many views, giving them a new meaning and content. This approach has led to a consistent and conceptually new understanding of these phenomena, which allowed correctly formulate questions to which there are still no clear answers. Based on this formulation of the problem, we came to new ideas about the nature of Dark energy, Dark matter and the region of their birth, formulated and described the mechanism of the formation of worlds and their hierarchy on the other side of the Big Bang and the mechanism of this explosion itself. The Primary Parent Particle was introduced into the concept, which was the basis of everything and is the carrier of the fundamental Primary space introduced by us, which had at least two phase states. This particle consists of Beginnings united in the form of Borromeo rings. This made it possible to calculate the structure and primary spectrum of elementary particles that arose on the other side of the Big Bang, the mechanisms of their formation and the resulting fundamental interactions that lead to the existence of vortices before the Big Bang;the mechanisms of the birth of multiple universes and much more are also considered. The concept of the “cosmic genetic code" is introduced, the characteristics and mechanism of its formation before the Big Bang are presented.

Solidification behavior and rheo-diecasting microstructure of A356 aluminum alloy prepared by self-inoculation method

Semisolid slurry of A356 aluminum alloy was prepared by self-inoculation method, and the microstructure and solidification behavior during rheo-diecasting process were investigated. The results indicate that the semisolid slurry of A356 aluminum alloy can be prepared by self-inoculation method at 600 °C. Primary α-Al particles with fine and spherical morphologies are uniformly distributed when the isothermal holding time of slurry is 3 min. Liquid phase segregation occurs during rheo-diecasting process of semisolid slurry and the primary particles(α1) show obvious plastic deformation in the area of high stress and low cooling rate. A small amount of dendrites resulting from the relatively low temperature of the shot chamber at the initial stage of secondary solidification are fragmented as they pass through the in-gate during the mould filling process. The amount of dendrite fragments decreases with the increase of filling distance. During the solidification process of the remaining liquid, the nucleation rate of secondary particles(α2) increases with the increase of cooling rate, and the content of Si in secondary particles(α2) are larger than primary particles(α1). With the increase of cooling rate, the content of Si in secondary particles(α2) gradually increases. The morphologies of eutectic Si in different parts of die casting are noticeably different. The low cooling rate in the first filling positions leads to coarse eutectic structures, while the high cooling rate in the post filling positions promotes small and compact eutectic structures.

Soil Aggregation and Its Relationship with Organic Carbon of Purple Soils in the Sichuan Basin,China

The interaction of soil aggregate dynamics with soil organic carbon is complex with varied spatio-temporal processes in macro-and micro-aggregates. This paper is to determine the aggregation of soil aggregates in purple soils （Regosols in FAO Taxonomy or Entisols in USDA Taxonomy） for four types of land use, cropland [corn （Zea mays L.）], orchard （citrus）, forestland （bamboo or cypress）, and barren land （wild grass）, and to explore their relationship with soil organic carbon in the Sichuan basin of southwestern China. Procedures and methods, including manual dry sieving procedure, Yoder＇s wet sieving procedure, pyrophosphates solution method, and Kachisky method, are used to acquire dry, wet, and chemically stable aggregates, and microaggregates. Light and heavy fractions of soil organic carbon were separated using 2.0 g·mL^-1 HgI2-KI mixed solution. The loosely, stably, and tightly combined organic carbon in heavy fraction were separated by extraction with 0.1 M NaOH and 0.1 M NaOH-0.1M Na4P2O7 mixed solution （pH 13）. The results show that the contents of dry and wet macroaggregates 〉0.25 mm in diameter were 974.1 and 900.0 g·kg^-1 highest in red brown purple soils under forestland, while 889.6 and 350.6 g·kg^-1 lowest in dark purple soil and lowest in grey brown purple soils under cropland, respectively. The chemical stability of macroaggregates was lowest in grey brown purple soil with 8.47% under cropland, and highest in red brown purple soil with 69.34% under barren land. The content of microaggregates in dark purple soils was 587g·kg^-1 higher than brown purple soils, while 655g·kg^-1 in red brown purple soils was similar to grey brown purple soils （651g·kg^-1）. Cropland conditions, only 38.4% of organic carbon was of the combined form, and 61.6% of that existed in light fraction. Forestland conditions, 90.7% of organic carbon in red brown purple soil was complexed with minerals as a form of humic substances. The contents and stability of wet aggregates 〉 0.25 mm, contents and stability of chemically stable aggregates 〉0.25 mm, contents of microaggregates 〉 0.01 mm, contents of aggregated primary particle （d〈0.01 mm） and degree of primary particles （d 〈0.01 mm） aggregation were closely related to the concentrations of total soil organic carbon, and loosely and tightly combined organic carbon in heavy fraction. Soil microaggregation could be associated with organic carbon concentration and its combined forms in heavy fraction. There was a direct relationship between microaggregation and macroaggregation of soil primary particles, because the contents of wet aggregates 〉 0.25 mm and its water stability of aggregates were highly correlated with the contents of aggregated primary particle （d 〈 0.01 mm） and the degree of primary particles （d 〈 0.01 mm） aggregation.

Effect of lubricant sulfur on the morphology and elemental composition of diesel exhaust particles

This work investigates the effects of lubricant sulfur contents on the morphology,nanostructure,size distribution and elemental composition of diesel exhaust particle on a light-duty diesel engine. Three kinds of lubricant（LS-oil,MS-oil and HS-oil,all of which have different sulfur contents：0.182%,0.583% and 1.06%,respectively）were used in this study. The morphologies and nanostructures of exhaust particles were analyzed using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy（TEM）. Size distributions of primary particles were determined through advanced image-processing software. Elemental compositions of exhaust particles were obtained through X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy（EDS）. Results show that as lubricant sulfur contents increase,the macroscopic structure of diesel exhaust particles turn from chain-like to a more complex agglomerate. The inner cores of the core-shell structure belonging to these primary particles change little; the shell thickness decreases,and the spacing of carbon layer gradually descends,and amorphous materials that attached onto outer carbon layer of primary particles increase. Size distributions of primary particles present a unimodal and normal distribution,and higher sulfur contents lead to larger size primary particles. The sulfur content in lubricants directly affects the chemical composition in the particles. The content of C（carbon）decreases as sulfur increases in the lubricants,while the contents of O（oxygen）,S（sulfur）and trace elements（including S,Si（silicon）,Fe（ferrum）,P（phosphorus）,Ca（calcium）,Zn（zinc）,Mg（magnesium）,Cl（chlorine）and Ni（nickel））all increase in particles.

Impact of emission control on regional air quality: An observational study of air pollutants before, during and after the Beijing Olympic Games

An observational study on trace gases and PM2.5 was conducted at three sites in and around Beijing, during the Olympic season from 2007 to 2009. Air quality improved significantly during the Olympic Games due to the special emission control measures. However, concentrations of the primary pollutants and PM were found to have risen significantly after the Games. Although the major O3 precursors （NOx and VOCs） were well controlled during the Olympic season, O3 was still found to be the highest in 2008, based on the data of ground-based observation. All this information suggests that while control of regional emissions for the Beijing Olympic Games did improved the air quality in Beijing, more efforts will be needed for the continuous improvement of regional air quality, especially for significant reductions of O3 and fine particulate pollution, and not only in Beijing, but also in the B eijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.

Variation of granule mass fraction with coordination number in wet granulation process

In granulation, fine particles combine to form a coarse granule in the form of a particle matrix partially or fully saturated with a binder liquid. The final product of granulation possesses a wide variety of granule size distributions with surface mean diameters which differ with operating conditions. The final granule size depends on the operating conditions, e.g. operating gas velocity, inlet air temperature, initial feed particle size, and viscosity of the binder. The objective of this paper is to find out the uniformity in the relation between the granule mass fraction in the final granule size distribution and the number of feed particles present in the granules. The total number of granules obtained depends on the experimental conditions but the granule mass fraction and the number of feed particles forming a single granule are independent of operating variables, feed material and method of granulation. The paper purports further to compare the uniform nature of mass fraction of the granules in final granule size distribution and the primary particles required to form that particular granule size irrespective of experimental conditions of granulation.