Using deep neural networks coupled with principal component analysis for ore production forecasting at open-pit mines

Ore production is usually affected by multiple influencing inputs at open-pit mines.Nevertheless,the complex nonlinear relationships between these inputs and ore production remain unclear.This becomes even more challenging when training data(e.g.truck haulage information and weather conditions)are massive.In machine learning(ML)algorithms,deep neural network(DNN)is a superior method for processing nonlinear and massive data by adjusting the amount of neurons and hidden layers.This study adopted DNN to forecast ore production using truck haulage information and weather conditions at open-pit mines as training data.Before the prediction models were built,principal component analysis(PCA)was employed to reduce the data dimensionality and eliminate the multicollinearity among highly correlated input variables.To verify the superiority of DNN,three ANNs containing only one hidden layer and six traditional ML models were established as benchmark models.The DNN model with multiple hidden layers performed better than the ANN models with a single hidden layer.The DNN model outperformed the extensively applied benchmark models in predicting ore production.This can provide engineers and researchers with an accurate method to forecast ore production,which helps make sound budgetary decisions and mine planning at open-pit mines.

A Hybrid Optimization Approach of Single Point Incremental Sheet Forming of AISI 316L Stainless Steel Using Grey Relation Analysis Coupled with Principal Component Analysiss

We investigated the parametric optimization on incremental sheet forming of stainless steel using Grey Relational Analysis(GRA) coupled with Principal Component Analysis(PCA). AISI 316L stainless steel sheets were used to develop double wall angle pyramid with aid of tungsten carbide tool. GRA coupled with PCA was used to plan the experiment conditions. Control factors such as Tool Diameter(TD), Step Depth(SD), Bottom Wall Angle(BWA), Feed Rate(FR) and Spindle Speed(SS) on Top Wall Angle(TWA) and Top Wall Angle Surface Roughness(TWASR) have been studied. Wall angle increases with increasing tool diameter due to large contact area between tool and workpiece. As the step depth, feed rate and spindle speed increase,TWASR decreases with increasing tool diameter. As the step depth increasing, the hydrostatic stress is raised causing severe cracks in the deformed surface. Hence it was concluded that the proposed hybrid method was suitable for optimizing the factors and response.

A Modified Principal Component Analysis Method for Honeycomb Sandwich Panel Debonding Recognition Based on Distributed Optical Fiber Sensing Signals

The safety and integrity requirements of aerospace composite structures necessitate real-time health monitoring throughout their service life.To this end,distributed optical fiber sensors utilizing back Rayleigh scattering have been extensively deployed in structural health monitoring due to their advantages,such as lightweight and ease of embedding.However,identifying the precise location of damage from the optical fiber signals remains a critical challenge.In this paper,a novel approach which namely Modified Sliding Window Principal Component Analysis(MSWPCA)was proposed to facilitate automatic damage identification and localization via distributed optical fiber sensors.The proposed method is able to extract signal characteristics interfered by measurement noise to improve the accuracy of damage detection.Specifically,we applied the MSWPCA method to monitor and analyze the debonding propagation process in honeycomb sandwich panel structures.Our findings demonstrate that the training model exhibits high precision in detecting the location and size of honeycomb debonding,thereby facilitating reliable and efficient online assessment of the structural health state.

Comparative Analysis of Differences among Northern,Jiangnan,and Lingnan Classical Private Gardens Using Principal Component Cluster Method

This paper investigates the design essence of Chinese classical private gardens,integrating their design elements and fundamental principles.It systematically analyzes the unique characteristics and differences among classical private gardens in the Northern,Jiangnan,and Lingnan regions.The study examines nine classical private gardens from Northern China,Jiangnan,and Lingnan by utilizing the advanced tool of principal component cluster analysis.Based on literature analysis and field research,273 variables were selected for principal component analysis,from which four components with higher contribution rates were chosen for further study.Subsequently,we employed clustering analysis techniques to compare the differences among the three types of gardens.The results reveal that the first principal component effectively highlights the differences between Jiangnan and Lingnan private gardens.The second principal component serves as the key to defining the types of Northern private gardens and distinguishing them from the other two types,and the third principal component indicates that Lingnan private gardens can be categorized into two distinct types as well.

Comparative assessment of the frying efficiency of standard and low linolenic rapeseed oils: Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

In this research,the performance of regular rapeseed oil(RSO)and modified low-linolenic rapeseed oil(LLRO)during frying was assessed using a frying procedure that commonly found in fast-food restaurants.Key physicochemical attributes of these oils were investigated.RSO and LLRO differed for initial linolenic acid(12.21%vs.2.59%),linoleic acid(19.15%vs.24.73%).After 6 successive days frying period of French fries,the ratio of linoleic acid to palmitic acid dropped by 54.49%in RSO,higher than that in LLRO(51.54%).The increment in total oxidation value for LLRO(40.46 unit)was observed to be significantly lower than those of RSO(42.58 unit).The changes in carbonyl group value and iodine value throughout the frying trial were also lower in LLRO compared to RSO.The formation rate in total polar compounds for LLRO was 1.08%per frying day,lower than that of RSO(1.31%).In addition,the formation in color component and degradation in tocopherols were proportional to the frying time for two frying oils.Besides,a longer induction period was also observed in LLRO(8.87 h)compared to RSO(7.68 h)after frying period.Overall,LLRO exhibited the better frying stability,which was confirmed by principal component analysis(PCA).

Robust Principal Component Analysis Integrating Sparse and Low-Rank Priors

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a widely used technique for data analysis and dimensionality reduction, but its sensitivity to feature scale and outliers limits its applicability. Robust Principal Component Analysis (RPCA) addresses these limitations by decomposing data into a low-rank matrix capturing the underlying structure and a sparse matrix identifying outliers, enhancing robustness against noise and outliers. This paper introduces a novel RPCA variant, Robust PCA Integrating Sparse and Low-rank Priors (RPCA-SL). Each prior targets a specific aspect of the data’s underlying structure and their combination allows for a more nuanced and accurate separation of the main data components from outliers and noise. Then RPCA-SL is solved by employing a proximal gradient algorithm for improved anomaly detection and data decomposition. Experimental results on simulation and real data demonstrate significant advancements.

Predicting the alloying element yield in a ladle furnace using principal component analysis and deep neural network

The composition control of molten steel is one of the main functions in the ladle furnace(LF)refining process.In this study,a feasible model was established to predict the alloying element yield using principal component analysis(PCA)and deep neural network(DNN).The PCA was used to eliminate collinearity and reduce the dimension of the input variables,and then the data processed by PCA were used to establish the DNN model.The prediction hit ratios for the Si element yield in the error ranges of±1%,±3%,and±5%are 54.0%,93.8%,and98.8%,respectively,whereas those of the Mn element yield in the error ranges of±1%,±2%,and±3%are 77.0%,96.3%,and 99.5%,respectively,in the PCA-DNN model.The results demonstrate that the PCA-DNN model performs better than the known models,such as the reference heat method,multiple linear regression,modified backpropagation,and DNN model.Meanwhile,the accurate prediction of the alloying element yield can greatly contribute to realizing a“narrow window”control of composition in molten steel.The construction of the prediction model for the element yield can also provide a reference for the development of an alloying control model in LF intelligent refining in the modern iron and steel industry.

A blast furnace fault monitoring algorithm with low false alarm rate:Ensemble of greedy dynamic principal component analysis-Gaussian mixture model

The large blast furnace is essential equipment in the process of iron and steel manufacturing. Due to the complex operation process and frequent fluctuations of variables, conventional monitoring methods often bring false alarms. To address the above problem, an ensemble of greedy dynamic principal component analysis-Gaussian mixture model(EGDPCA-GMM) is proposed in this paper. First, PCA-GMM is introduced to deal with the collinearity and the non-Gaussian distribution of blast furnace data.Second, in order to explain the dynamics of data, the greedy algorithm is used to determine the extended variables and their corresponding time lags, so as to avoid introducing unnecessary noise. Then the bagging ensemble is adopted to cooperate with greedy extension to eliminate the randomness brought by the greedy algorithm and further reduce the false alarm rate(FAR) of monitoring results. Finally, the algorithm is applied to the blast furnace of a large iron and steel group in South China to verify performance.Compared with the basic algorithms, the proposed method achieves lowest FAR, while keeping missed alarm rate(MAR) remain stable.

TOC estimation from logging data using principal component analysis

Total organic carbon(TOC)content is one of the most important parameters for characterizing the quality of source rocks and assessing the hydrocarbon-generating potential of shales.The Lucaogou Formation shale reservoirs in the Jimusaer Sag,Junggar Basin,NW China,is characterized by extremely complex lithology and a wide variety of mineral compositions with source rocks mainly consisting of carbonaceous mudstone and dolomitic mudstone.The logging responses of organic matter in the shale reservoirs is quite different from those in conventional reservoirs.Analyses show that the traditional△logR method is not suitable for evaluating the TOC content in the study area.Analysis of the sensitivity characteristics of TOC content to well logs reveals that the TOC content has good correlation with the separation degree of porosity logs.After a dimension reduction processing by the principal component analysis technology,the principal components are determined through correlation analysis of porosity logs.The results show that the TOC values obtained by the new method are in good agreement with that measured by core analysis.The average absolute error of the new method is only 0.555,much less when compared with 1.222 of using traditional△logR method.The proposed method can be used to produce more accurate TOC estimates,thus providing a reliable basis for source rock mapping.

Mantle sources of Cenozoic volcanoes around the South China Sea revealed by geochemical and isotopic data using the principal component analysis

Principal component analysis(PCA)was employed to determine the implications of geochemical and isotopic data from Cenozoic volcanic activities in the Southeast Asian region,including China(South China Sea(SCS),Hainan Island,Fujian-Zhejiang coast,Taiwan Island),and parts of Vietnam and Thailand.We analyzed 15 trace element indicators and 5 isotopic indicators for 623 volcanic rock samples collected from the study region.Two principal components(PCs)were extracted by PCA based on the trace elements and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic ratios,which probably indicate an enriched oceanic island basalt-type mantle plume and a depleted mid-ocean ridge basalt-type spreading ridge.The results show that the influence of the Hainan mantle plume on younger volcanic activities(<13 Ma)is stronger than that on older ones(>13 Ma)at the same location in the Southeast Asian region.PCA was employed to verify the mantle-plume-ridge interaction model of volcanic activities beneath the expansion center of SCS and refute the hypothesis that the tension of SCS is triggered by the Hainan plume.This study reveals the efficiency and applicability of PCA in discussing mantle sources of volcanic activities;thus,PCA is a suitable research method for analyzing geochemical data.

Integrated classification method of tight sandstone reservoir based on principal component analysise simulated annealing genetic algorithmefuzzy cluster means

In this research,an integrated classification method based on principal component analysis-simulated annealing genetic algorithm-fuzzy cluster means(PCA-SAGA-FCM)was proposed for the unsupervised classification of tight sandstone reservoirs which lack the prior information and core experiments.A variety of evaluation parameters were selected,including lithology characteristic parameters,poro-permeability quality characteristic parameters,engineering quality characteristic parameters,and pore structure characteristic parameters.The PCA was used to reduce the dimension of the evaluation pa-rameters,and the low-dimensional data was used as input.The unsupervised reservoir classification of tight sandstone reservoir was carried out by the SAGA-FCM,the characteristics of reservoir at different categories were analyzed and compared with the lithological profiles.The analysis results of numerical simulation and actual logging data show that:1)compared with FCM algorithm,SAGA-FCM has stronger stability and higher accuracy;2)the proposed method can cluster the reservoir flexibly and effectively according to the degree of membership;3)the results of reservoir integrated classification match well with the lithologic profle,which demonstrates the reliability of the classification method.

Wireless Sensor Network-based Detection of Poisonous Gases Using Principal Component Analysis

This work utilizes a statistical approach of Principal Component Ana-lysis(PCA)towards the detection of Methane(CH_(4))-Carbon Monoxide(CO)Poi-soning occurring in coal mines,forestfires,drainage systems etc.where the CH_(4) and CO emissions are very high in closed buildings or confined spaces during oxi-dation processes.Both methane and carbon monoxide are highly toxic,colorless and odorless gases.Both of the gases have their own toxic levels to be detected.But during their combined presence,the toxicity of the either one goes unidentified may be due to their low levels which may lead to an explosion.By using PCA,the correlation of CO and CH_(4) data is carried out and by identifying the areas of high correlation(along the principal component axis)the explosion suppression action can be triggered earlier thus avoiding adverse effects of massive explosions.Wire-less Sensor Network is deployed and simulations are carried with heterogeneous sensors(Carbon Monoxide and Methane sensors)in NS-2 Mannasim framework.The rise in the value of CO even when CH_(4) is below the toxic level may become hazardous to the people around.Thus our proposed methodology will detect the combined presence of both the gases(CH_(4) and CO)and provide an early warning in order to avoid any human losses or toxic effects.

Lung Cancer Prediction from Elvira Biomedical Dataset Using Ensemble Classifier with Principal Component Analysis

Machine learning algorithms (MLs) can potentially improve disease diagnostics, leading to early detection and treatment of these diseases. As a malignant tumor whose primary focus is located in the bronchial mucosal epithelium, lung cancer has the highest mortality and morbidity among cancer types, threatening health and life of patients suffering from the disease. Machine learning algorithms such as Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) and Naïve Bayes (NB) have been used for lung cancer prediction. However they still face challenges such as high dimensionality of the feature space, over-fitting, high computational complexity, noise and missing data, low accuracies, low precision and high error rates. Ensemble learning, which combines classifiers, may be helpful to boost prediction on new data. However, current ensemble ML techniques rarely consider comprehensive evaluation metrics to evaluate the performance of individual classifiers. The main purpose of this study was to develop an ensemble classifier that improves lung cancer prediction. An ensemble machine learning algorithm is developed based on RF, SVM, NB, and KNN. Feature selection is done based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). This algorithm is then executed on lung cancer data and evaluated using execution time, true positives (TP), true negatives (TN), false positives (FP), false negatives (FN), false positive rate (FPR), recall (R), precision (P) and F-measure (FM). Experimental results show that the proposed ensemble classifier has the best classification of 0.9825% with the lowest error rate of 0.0193. This is followed by SVM in which the probability of having the best classification is 0.9652% at an error rate of 0.0206. On the other hand, NB had the worst performance of 0.8475% classification at 0.0738 error rate.

High-throughput analysis of maize azimuth and spacing from Lidar data

Efficient leaf azimuth angles and plant spacing are crucial for enhancing light interception efficiency in maize,thereby increasing yield per unit area.Traditional methods for measuring these traits are labor-intensive and prone to error.This study aimed to develop an accurate and efficient method for determining leaf azimuth angles and plant spacing in maize to improve understanding of field competition and support breeding programs.Utilizing light detection and ranging(Lidar)technology,3D point cloud data of maize plants were collected,enabling effective 3D morphological reconstruction through multi-frame stitching.Principal component analysis(PCA)was employed to determine the leaf azimuth angles of individual maize plants.Additionally,a method based on point density analysis was developed to identify the central axis position of single maize plants.Specifically,point density in the neighborhood of each point in the maize point cloud was calculated,with the central axis determined along the direction of highest point density.The integration of PCA-based leaf azimuth detection and point density analysis provided a robust framework for accurately determining leaf azimuth angles and plant spacing.In the detection of leaf azimuth angles,this method achieved an R2 of 0.87 and an RMSE of 5.19°.For plant spacing detection,the R2 was 0.83 and the RMSE was 0.08 m.This approach facilitates parameterized modeling of field competition,significantly enhancing the efficiency of breeding programs by providing detailed and precise phenotypic data.Despite the high accuracy demonstrated by the proposed methods,further investigation is needed to evaluate their effectiveness under varying environmental conditions and across different maize varieties.Additionally,challenges related to partial occlusions and complex canopy structures may impact the accuracy of point cloud data analysis,necessitating further refinement of the algorithms.

Application of Principal Component Analysis as Properties and Sensory Assessment Tool for Legume Milk Chocolates

Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to examine the effect of nutritional and bioactive compounds of legume milk chocolate as well as the sensory to document the extend of variations and their significance with plant sources. PCA identified eight significant principle components, that reduce the size of the variables into one principal component in physiochemical analysis interpreting 73.5% of the total variability with/and 78.6% of total variability explained in sensory evaluation. Score plot indicates that Double Bean milk chocolate in-corporated with MOL and CML in nutritional profile have high positive correlations. In nutritional evaluation, carbohydrates and fat content shows negative/minimal correlations whereas no negative correlations were found in sensory evaluation which implies every sensorial variable had high correlation with each other.

Analysis of the Employment Situation of Non Private Enterprises in Various Regions of China

In the past 30 years, Chinese enterprises have been a hot topic of discussion and concern among the general public in terms of economic and social status, ownership structure, business mechanism, and management level. Solving the problem of employment for the people is an important prerequisite for their peaceful living and work, as well as a prerequisite and foundation for building a harmonious society. The employment situation of private enterprises has always been of great concern to the outside world, and these two major jobs have always occupied an important position in the employment field of China that cannot be ignored. With the establishment of the market economy system, individual and private enterprises have become important components of the socialist economy, making significant contributions to economic development and social progress. The rapid development of China’s economy, on the one hand, is the embodiment of the superiority of China’s socialist market economic system, and on the other hand, it is the role of the tertiary industry and private enterprises in promoting the national economy. Since the 1990s, China’s private enterprises have become a new economic growth point for local and even national countries, and are one of the important ways to arrange employment and achieve social stability. This paper studies the employment of private enterprises and individuals from the perspective of statistics, extracts relevant data from China statistical Yearbook, uses the relevant knowledge of statistics to process the data, obtains the conclusion and puts forward relevant constructive suggestions.

Construction of Anti-breaking Models of the Main Veins of Flue-cured Tobacco Leaves and Principal Component Analysis

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the related mechanisms of the breaking of flue-cured tobacco leaves. [Method] Anti-breaking models of the main veins of flue-cured tobacco leaves were constructed for principal component analysis on the anti-breaking index, leaf traits and cellulose contents. [Result] The results showed that the growth traits had certain relevance with the cellulose contents while the leaf weight assumed a significant negative correlation with the anti-breaking index, indicating that the heavier the leaf weight was, the weaker the anti-breaking capacity of flue-cured tobacco would be; the cross-sectional area of main veins and the cellulose contents had shown a positive correlation with the anti-breaking index, indicating that the thicker the main vein of flue-cured tobacco was, the higher the cellulose contents would be, and the stronger the anti-breaking capacity of flue-cured tobacco leaves would be. [Conclusion] This study provided theoretical basis and reference to improve tobacco production and enhance the quality of flue-cured tobacco.

Correlation and Principal Component Analysis on Main Agronomic Traits of New Waxy Corn Varieties

[Objective] This study was conducted to provide certain theoretical reference for the comprehensive evaluation and breeding of new fresh waxy corn vari- eties. [Method] With 5 good fresh waxy corn varieties as experimental materials, correlation analysis and principal component anatysis were performed on 13 agronomic traits, i.e., plant height, ear position, ear weight, ear diameter, axis diameter, ear length, bald tip length, ear row number, number of grains per row, 100-kernel weight, fresh ear yield, tassel length, and tassel branch number. [Result] The principal component analysis performed to the 13 agronomic traits showed that the first three principal components, i.e., the fresh ear yield factors, the tassel factors and the bald top factors, had an accumulative contribution rate over 87.2767%, and could basically represent the genetic information represented by the 13 traits. The first principal component is the main index for the selection and evaluation of good corn varieties which should have large ear, large ear diameter but small axis diameter, i.e., longer grains, larger number of grains per ear, higher, 100-grain weight and higher plant height. As to the second principal component, the plants of fresh corn varieties are best to have longer tassel and not too many branches, and under the premise of ensuring enough pollen for the female spike, the varieties with fewer tassel branches shoud be selected as far as possible. From the point of the third principal component, bald tip length affects the marketing quality of fresh corn, and during fariety evaluation and breeding, the bald top length should be control at the Iowest standard. [Conclusion] The fresh ear yield of corn is in close positive correlation with ear weight, 100-grain weight, ear diameter, number of grains per row and ear length, and plant height also affects fresh ear yield.

The Principal Component Analysis on Yielding and Agronomic Traits of Hybrid Rice of Liangyou 2111

In order to define the relationship between yield and important agronomic traits of two lines hybrid Uangyou 2111, the principal component analysis method was used to analyze the expadmental data of six test points in Yunnan Province. The results showed that the main factors influencing the production of Liangyou 2111 were grain number, grains seed number, panicle length, growth padod and panicle rate; then were 1 O00-grain weight, seed setting rate, effective panicle and highest stem tillers number; again was plant height. Therefore, when hybrid rice of Uangyou 2111 will be planted widely in yunnan province, we should focus on en- sudng the panicle traits, especially increase grain number and grain seed number, and coordinately develop other traits to achieve high yield.

Modified algorithm of principal component analysis for face recognition

In principal component analysis （PCA） algorithms for face recognition, to reduce the influence of the eigenvectors which relate to the changes of the illumination on abstract features, a modified PCA （MPCA） algorithm is proposed. The method is based on the idea of reducing the influence of the eigenvectors associated with the large eigenvalues by normalizing the feature vector element by its corresponding standard deviation. The Yale face database and Yale face database B are used to verify the method. The simulation results show that, for front face and even under the condition of limited variation in the facial poses, the proposed method results in better performance than the conventional PCA and linear discriminant analysis （LDA） approaches, and the computational cost remains the same as that of the PCA, and much less than that of the LDA.