A PRIORITY-BASED POLLING SCHEDULING ALGORITHM FOR ARBITRATION POLICY IN NETWORK ON CHIP

A solution is imperatively expected to meet the efficient contention resolution schemes for managing simultaneous access requests to the communication resources on the Network on Chip (NoC). Based on the ideas of conflict-free transmission, priority-based service, and dynamic self-adaptation to loading, this paper presents a novel scheduling algorithm for Medium Access Control (MAC) in NoC with the researches of the communication structure features of 2D mesh. The algorithm gives priority to guarantee the Quality of Service (QoS) for local input port as well as dynamic adjustment of the performance of the other ports along with input load change. The theoretical model of this algorithm is established with Markov chain and probability generating function. Mathematical analysis is made on the mean queue length and the mean inquiry cyclic time of the system. Simulated experiments are conducted to test the accuracy of the model. It turns out that the findings from theoretical analysis correspond well with those from simulated experiments. Further more, the analytical findings of the system performance demonstrate that the algorithm enables effectively strengthen the fairness and stability of data transmissions in NoC.

Priority-Based CCA Periods for Efficient and Reliable Communications in Wireless Sensor Networks

The IEEE 802.15.4 standard utilizes the CSMA-CA mechanism to control nodes’ access to the shared wireless communication medium. CSMA-CA implements the Binary Exponential Backoff (BEB) algorithm by which a node refrains from sending any packet before the expiry of its backoff period. After that, the node is required to sense the medium for two successive time slots to assert that the medium is clear from any ongoing transmissions (this is referred to as Clear Channel Assessment (CCA)). Upon finding the medium busy, the node doubles its backoff period and repeats that process. While effective in reducing the likelihood of collisions, this approach takes no measures to preserve the priorities among the nodes contending to access the medium. In this paper we propose the Priority-Based BEB (PB-BEB) algorithm in which we enhance BEB such that nodes’ priority is preserved. We provide a simulation study to examine the performance of PB-BEB. Our simulations show that the latter not only outperforms BEB in terms of fairness, but also show promising results in terms other parameters like channel utilization, reliability, and power conservation.

Grant-Free Random Access in Pilot-Reused Multicell Massive MIMO Systems with Backoff Mechanisms

Grant-free random access(RA)is attractive for future network due to the minimized access delay.In this paper,we investigate the grantfree RA in multicell massive multiple-input multipleoutput(MIMO)systems with pilot reuse.With backoff mechanism,user equipments(UEs)in each cell are randomly activated,and active UEs randomly select orthogonal pilots from a predefined pilot pool,which results in a random pilot contamination among cells.With the help of indicators that capture the uncertainties of UE activation and pilot selection,we derive a closed-form approximation of the spectral efficiency per cell after averaging over the channel fading as well as UEs’random behaviors.Based on the analysis,the optimal backoff parameter and pilot length that maximize the spectral efficiency can be obtained.We find that the backoff mechanism is necessary for the system with large number of UEs,as it can bring significant gains on the spectral efficiency.Moreover,as UE number grows,more backoff time is needed.

面向水下移动汇聚节点的媒体接入控制协议研究

针对水下移动传感网络(underwater mobile sensor network,UWMSN)中使用自主移动节点进行数据收集存在的拓扑结构不断变化、传输不可靠的问题,提出一种动态退避发送数据帧的自适应媒体接入控制(media access control,MAC)协议,通过将协议划分为控制阶段与数据阶段周期性地更新可建立通信的节点信息,根据当前周期获得的节点距离信息调度各节点数据传输顺序,利用水下环境的大传播时延计算各节点的回退发送数据帧的时间,使用数据重传机制提高传输的可靠性。采用OPNET网络仿真模拟器对提出的协议进行仿真和对比分析。仿真结果显示,协议在密度较低的小范围水下传感网络中可保证较高的投递成功率和较低的端到端时延,增大了网络吞吐量,提高了网络性能。

DNBP-CCA:A Novel Approach to Enhancing Heterogeneous Data Traffic and Reliable Data Transmission for Body Area Network

The increased adoption of Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) technologies has resulted in the widespread use ofBody Area Networks (BANs) in medical and non-medical domains. However, the performance of IEEE 802.15.4-based BANs is impacted by challenges related to heterogeneous data traffic requirements among nodes, includingcontention during finite backoff periods, association delays, and traffic channel access through clear channelassessment (CCA) algorithms. These challenges lead to increased packet collisions, queuing delays, retransmissions,and the neglect of critical traffic, thereby hindering performance indicators such as throughput, packet deliveryratio, packet drop rate, and packet delay. Therefore, we propose Dynamic Next Backoff Period and Clear ChannelAssessment (DNBP-CCA) schemes to address these issues. The DNBP-CCA schemes leverage a combination ofthe Dynamic Next Backoff Period (DNBP) scheme and the Dynamic Next Clear Channel Assessment (DNCCA)scheme. The DNBP scheme employs a fuzzy Takagi, Sugeno, and Kang (TSK) model’s inference system toquantitatively analyze backoff exponent, channel clearance, collision ratio, and data rate as input parameters. Onthe other hand, the DNCCA scheme dynamically adapts the CCA process based on requested data transmission tothe coordinator, considering input parameters such as buffer status ratio and acknowledgement ratio. As a result,simulations demonstrate that our proposed schemes are better than some existing representative approaches andenhance data transmission, reduce node collisions, improve average throughput, and packet delivery ratio, anddecrease average packet drop rate and packet delay.

基于NB-IOT随机接入的评估建模与仿真

由于NB-IoT传输大部分发生在上行链路,随机接入信道容易成为系统瓶颈。针对此问题,对NB-IoT随机接入信道进行建模,推导出RACH成功概率的精确表达式,量化评估每个覆盖等级中网络配置对系统性能的影响。仿真分析结果表明,利用评估模型对最大前导重传次数、退避窗口大小、子载波数量等参数进行周期性优化,能够有效提高设备接入成功率,降低接入时延。

Adaptive Backoff Algorithm for IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol

A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes that can communicate directly over wireless media, without the need for a preconfigured infrastructure. Several approaches have been suggested to improve Quality of Service (QoS) in IEEE 802.11-based MANETs through modifying some of the IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control (MAC) algorithms, such as the backoff algorithm that is used to control the packets collision aftermath. In this work, an adaptive IEEE 802.11 backoff algorithm to improve QoS is de-veloped and tested in simulations as well as in testbed implementation. While the Binary Exponential Backoff (BEB) algorithm deployed by IEEE 802.11 reacts based on individual packet transmit trials, the new algo-rithm takes the history of successive packet transmit trials into account to provide a better QoS performance. The new algorithm has been tested against the legacy IEEE 802.11 through simulations using QualNet and a Linux-based testbed comprising a number of stations. The performed tests have shown significant im-provements in performance, with up to 33.51% improvement in delay and 7.36% improvement in packet delivery fraction compared to the original IEEE 802.11.

History-Based Backoff Algorithms for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a wireless network consisting of mobile devices (laptops, smart phones, etc.) that move and communicate with each other without the use of any existing network infrastructure or centralized server to avoid collisions which have negative effects on the performance of the network. Access to the shared media is controlled by a Backoff algorithm that is a part of the Media Access Protocol. In this paper, we improve the History Based Probabilistic Backoff (HPPB) algorithm by modifying the increment/decrement behavior of the Contention Window to introduce History Based Increment Backoff (HBIB) algorithm which outperforms HBPB in terms of throughput and end-to-end delay with various numbers of nodes and different traffic loads.

A DELAY BASED BACKOFF SCHEME FOR WLAN WITH QoS GUARANTEE AND ITS PERFORMANCE

Based on the Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) and the Enhanced DCF (EDCF) mechanisms in IEEE 802.11 and 802.11e, a novel backoff scheme for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is proposed. The scheme is to solve the problem of the packet loss and the decrease of performance due to the increasing Contention Window (CW) when there are continuous collisions. In the proposed scheme, the CW of the packet will change dynamically with different delay for the different traffics. Mathematic formulas are presented to indicate the relationship between the CW and the delay character. ,The performance of the new scheme is also discussed with simulation results. The results show that it helps WLAN system handle multimedia simultaneously.

A utility-optimal backoff algorithm for wireless sensor networks

A novel backoff algorithm in CSMA/CA-based medium access control (MAC) protocols for clustered sensor networks was proposed. The algorithm requires that all sensor nodes have the same value of contention window (CW) in a cluster, which is revealed by formulating resource allocation as a network utility maximization problem. Then, by maximizing the total network utility with constrains of minimizing collision probability, the optimal value of CW (Wopt) can be computed according to the number of sensor nodes. The new backoff algorithm uses the common optimal value Wopt and leads to fewer collisions than binary exponential backoff algorithm. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms standard 802.11 DCF and S-MAC in average collision times, packet delay, total energy consumption, and system throughput.

基于共享介质争用访问机制的电采暖设备自适应控制方法

“煤改电”背景下大量电采暖设备的无序接入,极易造成尖峰负荷、引起电压波动甚至越限,影响电能质量与用电安全。针对这一问题,提出了基于共享介质争用访问机制的电采暖设备自适应控制方法。通过刻画电采暖功率变化与区域内电压分布关系函数,分析了各节点电压波动的关键影响因素。以此为基础,构建了以家庭为最小控制单元的电采暖设备自适应控制方法实施架构:采用自组织映射(SOM)神经网络得到家庭近期活跃的电采暖设备数量,进而借鉴通信网络中信道访问与数据传输冲突监测机制,使电采暖设备通过实时采集本地环境信息和电气信息进行自主控制和冲突规避,实现了无需通信的自适应控制。仿真结果验证了所提控制方法在减小用电尖峰负荷、平抑负荷曲线及抑制电压越限方面的有效性以及在实时控制方面的优越性。

基于信道状态判决的随机接入协议退避算法

针对二进制退避(binary exponential backoff, BEB)算法存在的“饥饿效应”及其与数据链网络作战场景不匹配的问题,通过对现有信道状态判决方法进行改进,结合数据链网络的作战应用场景,提出了基于信道状态判决的退避算法,使退避窗口的设置与节点数据的优先级以及当前信道负载密切相关。对系统的吞吐量和端到端时延进行了理论分析和仿真验证,通过分析仿真结果可知,无论是在系统吞吐量或是在端到端时延方面,所提算法的性能明显优于现有退避算法,保证了高优先级数据链信息发送的实时性。

基于博弈论的空时频谱共享:动态接入与惩罚策略

为了解决时空域频谱资源利用不充分的问题,针对异构网络中多个次用户通过感知空时频谱机会动态接入的场景,提出一种基于博弈论的可靠频谱共享策略。首先,次用户通过信道采样感知主用户的活跃程度,并进一步寻找适合的空时频谱机会。其中,每个次用户旨在寻求更多的频谱资源,须避免对主用户的通信质量造成损害。为此,次用户与主用户之间需进行个人效用的协商,以达到混合纳什均衡状态。当次用户发射功率异常时,其行为将被视为违规。然后,结合违规次数和网络中活动节点数,对次用户采用退避时间补偿算法进行惩罚。最后,仿真结果验证了引入惩罚机制的空时频谱机会共享策略的有效性。

海上自组网中基于侦听的MAC协议退避算法

无人艇通常以编队协同的方式进行作业,并通过自组网进行数据交换.因海浪等因素影响,海上自组网的信道传输损耗通常处于动态变化中,现有MAC协议的退避算法在动态海上环境下无法区分分组碰撞和分组丢失,会出现可靠性和稳定性下降的问题.为此,本文提出一种基于信道监听的自适应最小竞争窗口退避算法,该算法通过感知邻近竞争节点数目来估计信道状态,降低信道冲突概率和重传次数,提升了网络整体的可靠性和稳定性.仿真结果表明,与经典BEB算法相比,改进算法的吞吐量和公平性分别最大提高28.67%和62.00%,端到端延时和丢包率分别最大降低2.84%和15.10%.

车载自组织网络的竞争窗口自适应退避算法

随机多址接入协议对于保障车载自组织网络的服务质量(QoS)至关重要。由于该网络中车辆节点的高速移动特性使得网络拓扑变化频繁,固定的媒体接入控制协议机制会限制高动态自组织网络的整体服务质量。本文针对该问题,在CSMA/CA系列协议退避算法基础上,提出了一种基于车辆节点密度、信道占用因子和冲突门限的竞争窗口自适应退避算法(NCW-COCT)。首先,为使冲突概率最小化,以车辆节点密度和竞争窗口值为基础建立一维马尔可夫模型进而构造目标函数;其次,提出信道占用因子并结合最优冲突门限值,实现以车载自组织网络通信服务质量最优化为目标的竞争窗口自适应退避。仿真结果表明,NCW-COCT算法与同类的DCW算法和IM-BEB算法进行比较,吞吐量性能分别提升了11.64%和6.77%,丢包率分别降低了19.46%和13.29%。

基于逆F类的非对称Doherty功率放大器设计

随着5G时代的到来,大容量、高速率通信使得信号具有很高的峰均比。本文设计了一款工作在n78频段的大回退、高效率的逆F类(F^(-1))非对称Doherty功率放大器。在载波功放、峰值功放的负载牵引中加入F^(-1)类谐波抑制网络,使其成为具有高效率的F^(-1)类功放,并且将载波功放后的阻抗逆变器改变为多阻抗匹配网络以提高回退过程中的效率。仿真结果表明在3.4-3.6GHz频段内,F^(-1)类非对称DPA饱和输出功率在41dBm左右,饱和平均效率大于70%,回退6dB时平均效率在50%以上,回退9.5dB时平均效率仍在43%以上。

一种时效性约束的二进制指数退避算法

针对IEEE 802.11标准中二进制指数退避算法(Binary Exponential Backoff,BEB)以最大重传次数作为分组丢弃依据其时效性性能差的问题,提出一种基于时效性约束的二进制指数退避算法(Delay-constrained Binary Expo-nential Backoff,DC_BEB)。以分组自身的超时门限替代最大重传次数作为分组丢弃的依据,能在不显著降低系统归一化吞吐量的同时,提高系统归一化有效吞吐量,适合于对分组时效性要求高的无线自组织网络。构建了Markov模型来分析采用DC_BEB算法时的系统性能。通过仿真实验,验证了模型的近似准确性以及DC_BEB算法相对于BEB算法的优势。

Ad hoc网络中一种新的自适应退避算法

通过分析无线多跳Ad hoc网络中节点由于竞争共享信道引起的拥塞问题,首次提出了一种新的基于接收方的自适应退避算法-RBAB(Receiver-based adaptive backoff)。该算法中,发送方节点根据接收方节点反馈的队列拥塞程度控制竞争窗口的变化,改变节点对信道的竞争能力,从而在总体上控制节点的分组发送速率,达到拥塞控制的效果。仿真结果表明,该算法能够显著提高网络的饱和吞吐量,在MAC层有效控制了网络的拥塞。

IEEE802.11b的媒体访问机制

IEEE80 2 .11b采用无线方式传输信息 ,而无线方式传输与有线方式传输相比 ,具有较大的复杂性 ,所以其MAC(媒体访问控制 )机制也更加复杂。论文在较为深入的对IEEE80 2 .11b协议研读后 ,比较详细地阐述了IEEE80 2 .11b的媒体访问机制──CSMA CA(载波监听多路访问 冲突避免 )机制 ,以及在CSMA CA基础上的两种具体实现控制方式──DCF(分布式 )控制方式和PCF(点协调式 )控制方式 ,同时还简要探讨了MAC层的差错控制问题。

Ad hoc网络信道接入技术研究

Ad hoc网络是一种特殊的对等式网络。传统的基于固定的或有中心的网络的协议不能满足 Ad hoc网络的需要。首先研究了 Ad hoc网络信道接入协议要考虑的隐终端问题和暴露终端问题 ,并给出了一种可能的双信道解决方案。在分析了现有的两种退避算法后 ,提出使用退避计数器广播加信道争用估计技术来消除不公平现象。在这些结果的基础上 ,提出了一种新的信道接入协议。