Enhancing Private Healthcare Effectiveness in Lagos State, Nigeria: An Overview of the Effect of Quality Improvement Initiatives and Implications for Sustainable Healthcare Delivery

Background: Nigeria, a nation grappling with rapid population growth, economic intricacies, and complex healthcare challenges, particularly in Lagos State, the economic hub and most populous state, faces the challenge of ensuring quality healthcare access. The overview of the effect of quality improvement initiatives in this paper focuses on private healthcare providers in Lagos State, Nigeria. The study assesses the impact of donor-funded quality improvement projects on these private healthcare facilities. It explores the level of participation, perceived support, and tangible effects of the initiatives on healthcare delivery within private healthcare facilities. It also examines how these initiatives influence patient inflow and facility ratings, and bring about additional benefits and improvements, provides insights into the challenges faced by private healthcare providers in implementing quality improvement projects and elicits recommendations for improving the effectiveness of such initiatives. Methods: Qualitative research design was employed for in-depth exploration, utilizing semi-structured interviews. Private healthcare providers in Lagos involved in the SP4FP Quality Improvement Project were purposively sampled for diversity. Face-to-face interviews elicited insights into participation, perceived support, and project effects. Questions covered participation levels, support perception, changes observed, challenges faced, and recommendations. Thematic analysis identified recurring themes from interview transcripts. Adherence to ethical guidelines ensured participant confidentiality and informed consent. Results: Respondents affirmed active involvement in the SP4FP Quality Improvement Project, echoing literature emphasizing private-sector collaboration with the public sector. While acknowledging positive influences on facility ratings, respondents highlighted challenges within the broader Nigerian healthcare landscape affecting patient numbers. Respondents cited tangible improvements, particularly in staff management and patient care processes, validating the positive influence of quality improvement projects. Financial constraints emerged as a significant challenge, aligning with existing literature emphasizing the pragmatic difficulties faced by private healthcare providers. Conclusions: This study illuminates the complex landscape of private healthcare provision in Lagos State, emphasizing the positive impact of donor-funded quality improvement projects. The findings provide nuanced insights, guiding policymakers, healthcare managers, and practitioners toward collaborative, sustainable improvements. As Nigeria progresses, these lessons will be crucial in shaping healthcare policies prioritizing population well-being.

Impact of correlated private signals on continuous-time insider trading

A model of continuous-time insider trading in which a risk-neutral in-sider possesses two imperfect correlated signals of a risky asset is studied.By conditional expectation theory and filtering theory,we first establish three lemmas:normal corre-lation,equivalent pricing and equivalent profit,which can guarantee to turn our model into a model with insider knowing full information.Then we investigate the impact of the two correlated signals on the market equilibrium consisting of optimal insider trading strategy and semi-strong pricing rule.It shows that in the equilibrium,(1)the market depth is constant over time;(2)if the two noisy signals are not linerly correlated,then all private information of the insider is incorporated into prices in the end while the whole information on the asset value can not incorporated into prices in the end;(3)if the two noisy signals are linear correlated such that the insider can infer the whole information of the asset value,then our model turns into a model with insider knowing full information;(4)if the two noisy signals are the same then the total ex ant profit of the insider is increasing with the noise decreasing,while down to O as the noise going up to infinity;(5)if the two noisy signals are not linear correlated then with one noisy signal fixed,the total ex ante profit of the insider is single-peaked with a unique minimum with respect to the other noisy signal value,and furthermore as the noisy value going to O it gets its maximum,the profit in the case that the real value is observed.

Research on the Innovative Decisions of Supermarket Private Brands and Designated Manufacturers

One of the core competencies of a supermarket lies in its branding.With the continuous development of the market economy and the ongoing evolution of consumer demand,private brands have progressively emerged as significant contributors to supermarket growth.However,a pivotal developmental challenge for supermarkets is navigating the innovative decision-making process between private brands and designated manufacturers.This paper aims to investigate the innovative decisions between private brands and designated manufacturers,along with the relevant promotional strategies employed during entry into the United States market.

Research on the Development Path and Mechanism of“Double-Qualified”Teachers in Private Universities Under the Background of Digital Transformation

This article explores the development path and mechanism of“double-qualified”teachers in private universities under digital transformation.Through literature review,theoretical analysis,and other research methods,this study conducts an in-depth analysis of the impact of digital technology on the development of“double-qualified”teachers in private colleges and universities and puts forward corresponding strategies and suggestions.Research shows that digital transformation provides new opportunities and challenges for developing“double-qualified”teachers in private colleges and universities.To adapt to this trend,teachers must continuously improve their digital skills,and schools should establish a complete incentive mechanism and evaluation system,strengthen school-enterprise cooperation and the integration of industry and education to promote the comprehensive development of“double-qualified”teachers,and provide a useful guideline for private universities to promote the development of“double-qualified”teachers in digital transformation.

Comparative Analysis of Differences among Northern,Jiangnan,and Lingnan Classical Private Gardens Using Principal Component Cluster Method

This paper investigates the design essence of Chinese classical private gardens,integrating their design elements and fundamental principles.It systematically analyzes the unique characteristics and differences among classical private gardens in the Northern,Jiangnan,and Lingnan regions.The study examines nine classical private gardens from Northern China,Jiangnan,and Lingnan by utilizing the advanced tool of principal component cluster analysis.Based on literature analysis and field research,273 variables were selected for principal component analysis,from which four components with higher contribution rates were chosen for further study.Subsequently,we employed clustering analysis techniques to compare the differences among the three types of gardens.The results reveal that the first principal component effectively highlights the differences between Jiangnan and Lingnan private gardens.The second principal component serves as the key to defining the types of Northern private gardens and distinguishing them from the other two types,and the third principal component indicates that Lingnan private gardens can be categorized into two distinct types as well.

A Study on the Internal Control and Countermeasures of Fixed Assets in Private Universities:A Case Study of N College

Fixed assets in universities occupy an important position in university management due to their wide coverage and large amount of money.Due to insufficient funding supply,private universities mainly focus on the allocation and utilization of fixed assets,which reflects the overall characteristics of cautious allocation,maximum utilization,and delayed elimination in the actual management of fixed assets.This article aims to conduct research and analysis on the entire lifecycle process of the allocation,use,and disposal of fixed assets in private universities,summarize the problems existing in the internal control of fixed assets in private universities,and propose corresponding countermeasures and suggestions in a targeted manner.

Research on the High-Quality Development Path of Listed Private Education Groups

The rapid growth of the education industry and private education groups has brought the high-quality development of listed private education companies into focus for both the educational sector and the capital market.This study employs the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis(fsQCA)method to explore pathways to high-quality development for these companies.Necessity analysis confirms that no single factor guarantees a company’s success,highlighting the importance of multi-factor interactions.Three main paths to high-quality development are identified:human resource optimization,precise market positioning,and comprehensive advantage.Conversely,four development paths for non-high-level companies are identified:dual insufficiency in resources and market,high turnover and over-investment,scale expansion with resource mismatch,and inadequate human resource development.The findings indicate that optimal allocation of educational resources,precise market positioning,rational resource allocation,and staff training are crucial for achieving high-quality development.Robustness tests,which raise the consistency threshold,verify the reliability and stability of the results.These findings provide a reference for policymakers,investors,and managers in the education industry.

Challenges and Countermeasures for Private Universities in Providing Education for International Students

Private universities are one of the forces driving the internationalization of higher education in China.Private universities are taking advantage of the trend to provide education for international students,playing an important role in the high-quality development of higher education in China.However,they also face challenges such as insufficient policy support,lack of management experience,and limited enrollment channels.Breakthroughs can be made through methods such as refining content,expanding enrollment channels,and attracting talent.

What Business Models Best Suit the Private Sector in Achieving the SDGs

Since the United Nations Sustainable development goals and the 2030 agenda were initiated in 2015,it has provided governments with a comprehensive blueprint to take action and meet the challenges of the world’s most pressing issues today.But the private sector also plays a large role in contributing to the problems highlighted in the SDGs and companies ranging from many different industries have increasingly become more involved in developing new and innovative solutions to solve the issues highlighted in the SDGs.Social and environmental accountability has been one of the areas that the private sector has been focusing its attention on.Companies in the corporate sector across all industries have adopted Environmental,Social,and Governance(ESG)regulations and targets,that aim to ensure ethical responsibility within private companies and promote transparency about their role in promoting social and environmental well-being across the world.This has allowed many companies to align their values and business models to emphasize the importance of the SDGs.Furthermore,innovative technologies are being utilized to ensure that public reports about the company’s practices are fully accountable and transparent to the public community and the overall private sector.For example,some private companies are using Natural Language Processing and Artificial Intelligence to analyze sustainable practices highlighted in the company’s ESG reports and see if they are genuine and free of greenwashing.This shows that technologies are playing a key role in promoting corporate accountability in terms of sustainability and encouraging private companies to adhere to the guidelines highlighted within the SDGs.Furthermore,private companies have adapted their business models to better promote innovations and collaboration with governments,other private companies as well as NGOs.Since the SDGs were designed to be interconnected and not siloed into their own different challenges,many companies who adopt the SDGs as a major sustainability framework will often develop partnerships and connections with other private sector groups so that they could develop new innovative solutions to meet the challenges posed by current global issues.This is especially prevalent in the clean energy sector,which aims to solve SDG 7 and SDG 13 both important in eradicating the issue of climate change.For example,the solar energy private sector has been currently collaborating with a wide range of universities and research institutions in order to develop solar panels that are more energy efficient and affordable for everyday consumers,while still allowing the private companies to generate significant returns in revenue.When private sector Industries adopt the measures highlighted in the SDGs,not only does it allow them to work with other industries to contribute to combating the world’s most pressing issues,but also maintains and improves their sources of revenue and profit.Overall,in order to meet the world’s most pressing challenges and issues,the private sector has increasingly adopted the SDGs in their business models,so that they would be able to better collaborate with others to develop innovative solutions and to bridge commitment to sustainable development throughout different industries.

Research on the Relationship between the School-Running Characteristics of Private Colleges and Universities and the Development Objectives of the Government

The development objectives of the Chinese government have a guiding effect on the school-running characteristics of private colleges and universities.This paper explores the relationship between the characteristics of private colleges and universities and the development objectives of the provincial government,using Jiangsu Province as a case study.All the schools have the consciousness of fully considering the development objectives of Jiangsu Province when formulating the school-running characteristics.Their characteristics all contain some training methods,training courses,or institutional construction aiming at the development objectives.Most universities can support the government’s objectives on employment and innovation.Only a third of the schools provide government support for science research.Private colleges and universities should make full use of the free and flexible advantages of private education,combine them with the continuous changes of policies and markets,and create clear,scientific,and dynamic school-running characteristics,in order to achieve long-term development.

The Nigeria Government Engagement with the Private Health Sector

In Nigeria, the healthcare sector is divided into primary health which is under the local government’s authority that oversees the Primary Health centers, secondary health which is under the supervision of the State Ministry of Health in charge of the State General Hospitals that cater to primary and secondary healthcare. Tertiary health is supervised by the Federal Ministry of Health that oversees the Federal Medical Centres, the Teaching Hospitals, and Specialist Training Centres. Not to be excluded from Nigeria’s healthcare system are the private clinics and the public-private partnership. The funding for healthcare systems is mainly budgetary allocations from the government. This systemic review was done using secondary literature, policy documents, peer-reviewed literature, and national newspapers, collected using search engines such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Medline. The review was done over 2-month period from February-April 2024. The literature was arranged in order of relevance and the literature not used was kept aside. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended that 11% of a country’s budget be allocated to health. African countries that make up the African Union (AU) recommended that 15% of each member African country’s yearly budget should be committed to providing healthcare services to her citizens. Unfortunately, Nigeria has yet to attain either the WHO target or the AU target while committing an average, of 6% of her budgetary allocation to health. On the other hand, her neighbouring West African country Ghana, has met the average of 15% recommended by AU. The improved National Health Insurance Authority and the government’s partnership with the private health sector in Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is hoped and would improve access to affordable healthcare in general and oral healthcare in particular.

Private banking development in China under two organizational structures:Economic analysis from an organizational innovation perspective

This paper investigates optimal decisions for private banking development in China under two innovative organizational structures—the big retail mode(BRM)and the independent development mode(IDM).Under the BRM,the retail and private banking divisions form a cooperative relationship wherein the former transfers highnet-worth customers to the latter.In addition,retail banking receives a share of private banking revenues.We investigate the optimal revenue-sharing ratio between the two divisions and the optimal effort by private banking to serve transferred customers within the cooperative relationship.The analytical results show that as the private banking division becomes more developed,the optimal revenue-sharing ratio decreases,and the private banking division’s optimal effort to serve transferred customers decreases because it puts more effort into acquiring new customers.Under the IDM,the two divisions form a competitive relationship since they compete to acquire customers independently.We investigate customer acquisition efforts in this interdivisional competition.Optimal customer acquisition efforts by both divisions increase in potential assets and rates of return.This paper contributes to the literature by(1)analyzing financial innovation by private banks from an organizational perspective;(2)providing an economic analysis for private banking development in China.

China Sets Up Special Bureau to Stimulate Private Economy

Since the Opinion of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the State Council to Boost the Development of the Private Sector(hereinafter referred to as the Opinion)was released in July,all departments and regional governments have been working hard to promote the recovery and development of the private economy.Recently,Cong Liang,Deputy Head of the NDRC(National Development and Reform Bureau),announced an important message at a news conference:China will set up the Bureau of the Development of the Private Economy within the NDRC.

轻罪案件附条件不起诉制度研究

《刑事诉讼法》的修改须与轻罪立法以及犯罪结构的调整相协调,立法者应构建轻罪案件附条件不起诉制度并充分发挥其诉前分流作用。附条件不起诉制度普遍适用于轻罪案件,有助于彰显犯罪嫌疑人的主体性,激励犯罪嫌疑人复归社会以及优化司法资源配置。立法者设计轻罪案件附条件不起诉制度时,应当参考未成年人附条件不起诉制度的已有经验。《刑事诉讼法》应厘清轻罪案件附条件不起诉制度的适用范围,并以适用于3年有期徒刑以下轻罪案件为原则。附加条件应兼具惩罚性与教育性的双重特征并遵循比例原则。行为人可能被判处拘役的,考验期限为1年以下,但不能少于6个月;行为人可能被判处管制的,考验期限为2年以下,但不能少于6个月;行为人可能被判处有期徒刑的,考验期限为3年以下,但不能少于1年。

The influencing mechanism of pro-environmental behaviors in the private domain on those in the public domain

From the perspective of regulatory focus theory,the influencing mechanism of pro-environmental behaviors(PEBs)in the private domain on behaviors in the public domain were analyzed by revealing the mediating ef‐fect of the status quo maintenance and the moderating effect of the prevention focus orientation.The study re‐sults show that PEBs in the private domain significantly promote individuals’PEBs in the public domain.The status quo maintenance partially mediates the relationship between PEBs in the private and public domains.Specifically,individuals with a high-level prevention focus orientation strengthen the relationship between the PEBs in the private domain and the status quo maintenance,and that of the PEBs in the public domain.There‐fore,individuals with a high-level prevention focus will more likely engage in subsequent PEBs in the public domain after their initial PEBs in the private domain due to their increased status quo maintenance degree.Policymakers and practitioners should pay attention to the prevention-repetition effect and use the PEBs in the private domain to promote those in the public domain.

关于《刑事诉讼法》第四次修改的几点思考

近日,刑事诉讼法的第四次修改提上日程。学界对本次修改整体上较为积极,也有部分观点对修改存有隐忧。从整体上看,启动第四次刑事诉讼法修改有其必要性和重要的时代价值,应当抓住此次难得时机,同时,也要对实践中重打击轻保护的氛围保持高度警惕,牢牢把握人权保障和正当程序的目标和方向。刑事诉讼法第四次修改应当将刑事诉讼法典实质化作为目标,采取大修的立法模式,立足当下,着眼长远,系统规划,分步实施,迈出刑事诉讼法典实质化的关键一步。刑事诉讼法修改也要设定改革的亮点,这些亮点可以包括但不限于:重塑刑事诉讼法的篇章体例、以技术主义路径推进以审判为中心和庭审实质化、因应轻罪时代扩大附条件不起诉的适用范围、探索构建律师无效辩护制度、重塑强制措施体系、构建相对独立的涉案财物处置程序、完善证据制度等。

认罪认罚从宽原则解释的差异化及其整合

认罪认罚从宽制度作为我国刑事诉讼改革的重要一环,自诞生以来便深刻地影响着我国以职权主义为中心的诉讼构造模式的发展。在当前司法实务中,更倾向于将认罪认罚从宽原则解释为一项涵盖刑事诉讼法和刑法中各种具体制度的司法制度,而非刑事诉讼法所明文规定的基本原则。公检法三机关对其的理解各执其言,侦查机关、检察机关、审判机关基本以自身角度出发对该原则作出具有自身特点的单一解释,使得应贯穿刑事诉讼全过程的认罪认罚从宽原则呈现出解释的阶段性脱节的状态。在各个诉讼阶段对认罪认罚从宽原则的认知偏差的形成原因在于我国阶段论的诉讼化的效应和模糊不清的刑诉权力结构的双重影响。为了打破对认罪认罚从宽原则阶段性解释的认知壁垒,应当优化现有诉讼程序、区分重点审查对象、促进量刑建议精准化,以此来打破阶段性解释所造成的司法实务中适用时的阶段性割裂的现状,将认罪认罚从宽原则的优势最大化,从而推动其良性发展。

Dilemma and Solution for Relief in the Right to Equal Employment-From the Perspective of Rectifying Private Law with Social Law

At present,the legal remedies in terms of the right to equal employment in China are mainly related to private law,that is,laborers seek direct legal remedies for personality rights liability and infringement liability according to typical private law,supplemented by indirect remedies for labor contract liability under special private law.However,there are many challenges in private law remedies for the right to equal employment,which are manifested in the misunderstanding of the general tort identification of employment discrimination,the loopholes in the regulations on discriminatory employment,the imbalance in the burden of proof,and the limitation and alienation of the functions of civil liability and private law autonomy.The root of those problems lies in the fact that the nature of anti-employment discrimination law is not private law but social law.Equal employment involves both public and private interests,and it should be based on the public interest of society and adhere to the value orientation of prioritizing fairness while taking into account efficiency.Improving the legal relief mechanism for protecting the right to equal employment,with a focus on correcting private law with social law,is the solution to the dilemma.Specific measures include establishing the special tort liability system for equal employment,the legal mechanism against discriminatory labor contracts,the public-private integrated legal responsibility system,and an essentially fair system for the responsibility of adducing evidence.

Research on the Cultural Construction of Private University Laboratories Based on Cultural Education

University laboratories serve as crucial hubs for scientific and technological innovation and play a vital role in nurturing talents.As pivotal spaces for both teaching and scientific research,the development of laboratories necessitates not only investment in scientific research equipment and experimental facilities but also in cultural construction.This cultural aspect holds significant importance in promoting the comprehensive development of students and enhancing scientific research capabilities.This article concentrates on the strategies for cultivating laboratory culture in private universities,addressing six key dimensions:spiritual culture,institutional culture,scientific culture,innovation culture,safety culture,and shared culture.

论个人信息保护民事公益诉讼起诉主体的范围与顺位

自个人信息保护民事公益诉讼在我国开展以来,理论界与实务界就对该类诉讼的起诉主体存在较大争议,分歧主要集中在范围界定与诉权顺位两个方面。《个人信息保护法》第70条虽然对该类诉讼的起诉主体作了规定,但主体范围不明以及诉权顺位不清的问题仍未得到彻底解决。要正确实施该制度,应否定“履行个人信息保护职责的部门”的起诉资格,扩张“法律规定的消费者组织”的范围,明确“由国家网信部门确定的组织”的条件,并以《民事诉讼法》第58条及不同类型民事公益诉讼之间的关系为依据,厘清不同起诉主体的诉权顺位。当受侵害对象为普通公民时,应尊重检察机关民事公益诉权的补充性,将“国家网信部门确定的组织”的起诉顺位置于检察机关之前;当受侵害对象为众多消费者时,应考虑到受侵害对象的特殊身份,依次由“法律规定的消费者组织”“由网信部门确定的组织”和检察机关行使起诉权。