Impacts of Changes in Structure of Rural Land Property Rights on Agricultural Performance

In the reform process of the rural land property rights system,the incentive mechanism of the rural land property rights system has a crucial impact on the production activities of rural economic entities.Due to the different rights structures of the property rights system in different social and economic development stages,the land rights and interests enjoyed by rural economic subjects are different,and the degree of incentives for farmers is also different.This difference in incentives affects farmers investment in agricultural production factors,which in turn affects agricultural performance.This paper analyzes the incentive impacts of the structure of rural land property rights on the changes of farmers land rights and agricultural performance since the founding of the People s Republic of China,in order to further deepen the reform of the land system,protect the rights and interests of farmers,promote the modernization of agriculture and rural areas,and explore the realization form and operation mechanism of the rural collective land system in the new era.

Reform Paths of Rural Land Property Rights System in the Context of Agricultural Modernization

The reform of rural land property rights system can promote large-scale and intensive agricultural production,improve the quality of laborers,improve agricultural production efficiency,increase farmers'income,and effectively promote the development of agricultural modernization.In the context of the reform of the"separation of three powers",the rural land property rights system still has problems in terms of ownership,use rights,disposal rights,and income rights,which affect the healthy development of agricultural modernization.In this situation,it is necessary to further clarify the subject of rural land ownership,thoroughly improve the right to use rural land,vigorously improve the right to dispose of rural land,effectively protect the right to benefit from rural land,and deeply promote the reform of the rural land property rights system in order to effectively promote the development of agricultural modernization.

Practice Mode and Value Research of Reform of Rural Collective Economy Property Right System in Beijing Rural-urban Continuum

In the research, reform of rural collective economy property right system in Beijing rural-urban continuum was explored in terms of background, cause, pro- cess and practice modes by surveying and interviewing, and the value of system reform on urbanization in rural areas was illustrated from the perspective of farmers who lose lands. The results showed that since reform and opening-up, disadvan- tages of collective economy property are always the fundamental cause of reform; rural-urban contradiction produced from rapid urbanization makes the reform much more urgent; shareholding co-operative system is the essence of reform of collective economy property right system. Rural collective economy property right system in Beijing includes stock-assets quantification shareholding co-operative system, share- capitalization of contractual land management right, farmers as shareholders by investment, and resource and capital mode, with advantages and disadvantages respectively. The common character should be noticed is that all modes have share on contractual right of land, indicating the core of the reform of property system lies in asset quantification and stock quota. In improving urban-rural integration and modern market system, as well as endowing more rights to farmers, reform of rural collective economy property right system is of great significance, which provides a transition space and buffer mechanism for urbanization in rural areas.

Timberland Investing and Private Property Rights in the United States of America

Investments in rural land for agriculture, timber, and other natural resource purposes occur frequently and globally. Fundamental principles of liberty and property found in the United States of America’s (“US”) legal system, from its origins to recent US Supreme Court decisions, continue to positively benefit holders of real estate in the Southern US, through a deep-rooted public policy of supporting private property rights and rural economic development. This stable rule of law enhances the long-term adaptability and sustainability of timberland as an asset class. This article is a commentary. It combines legal research methodology with the observations and conclusions of the authors. Its purpose is to demonstrate that the existence of alienable, documentable ownership, and related property rights create inherent stability and security. These principles form the basis of a culture that is defined by the rule of law and is “open for business.” This business mindset is particularly prevalent in the Southern US.

Methods and Paths for Rural Collectively Owned Profit-oriented Construction Land Entering into Trading Market

On the basis of analyzing cases of existing rural collectively owned profit-oriented construction land entering into trading market,this paper put forward several thoughts,introduced methods and paths for rural collectively owned profit-oriented construction land entering into trading market,including reforming rural collective land property right system,cultivating new rural collective economy organizations,helping them to become market entities; improving various legal systems,making clear range of construction land entering into trading market; formulating scientific benefit allocation mechanism; establishing fair and transparent decision making mechanism.

Path Choice of Rural Land Transfer in China

Establishing rural land collective property right system with clear ownership,complete powers and functions,smooth transfer,and strict protection is the basic guarantee to the equal exchange of land elements. In this study,the reform of relevant legal systems to China's rural land transfer was introduced firstly,and then the guiding ideology of China's rural land transfer was proposed. Finally,the ways of practicing rural land transfer in China were discussed. Based on the premise of insisting on and improving the strictest land preservation system,farmers should have the right to occupy,use,and transfer their contracted land,and they can transfer their land contracting and management right in ways of exchange,subcontracting,renting,stock cooperation,and trust. Exploring the ways of equal exchange of land elements according to local conditions is an important political and economic issue concerning the livelihood and development of farmers in China,so it should be conducted under the guidance of the correct ideas to integrate scattered land in China's rural areas,develop moderate-scale management,shorten the income gap between urban and rural areas,and realize balancing development of urban and rural areas in China.

On the Restricting Factors & System Arrangements of Chinese Land Tenure Marketization

As a general rule of Economics of Development,economic growth and development require rational institution guarantee.Land Tenure.As a main institution factor in agricultural development,closely relates to the reform of Chinese agriculture.Based on the relevant theories of Economics of Institution and Economics of Development,and combined with the marketization process of Chinese Land Tenure of Property Rights,the article studied the effects of institutional factors and put forward some choices in the development of agriculture,which is of both significant and practical importance.

制度变迁背景下集体建设用地改造与政府角色回归:以佛山市南海区为例

集体建设用地再开发是盘活存量,促进城市高质量发展的主要途径,伴随着集体土地产权制度路径依赖式的变迁:自上而下的土地确权正式化集体建设用地的存在,赋予村集体权利,但在土地初次开发中自下而上形成的制度制约着改造。文章探讨制度变迁下,地方政府如何与村集体互动,化解上述制度制约,促进集体建设用地市场化改造的。研究发现,集体建设用地正式化开启了改造市场,但仍受空间破碎、集体土地经营内卷化、开发权模糊的约束。地方政府发挥了企业化的非正式角色,与村集体形成合作与竞争并存的协商型合作关系。合作在于政府从供、需两侧化解前述制约,充当村集体与市场主体间的“交易中介”,降低交易成本,助力改造。竞争表现为村集体为攫取地租把持政府,损害社会公平。地方政府的“非正式”角色应予以制度化,以规避其在维护社会公益上的失灵。

论农村土地制度改革的整体性

农村土地制度改革的整体性体现为两方面,即实现地权平等和地权体系具有适应实践发展需要的有效性、开放性与包容性。家庭承包地“三权分置”政策的法律化和承包期延长,土地征收规则的更新、集体经营性建设用地入市和建设用地指标化交易,以及农村宅基地“三权分置”政策的实施,是农村土地制度改革整体性推进的主要体现。土地利用规划及其实施,以及政府在地权交易中的法律地位,是分析地权交易规则科学性的两个基本因素。为进一步整体性地推进农村土地制度改革,实现其既定政策目标,需要建立科学的农村集体产权制度,深化土地收益分配机制,以市场需求为导向完善土地利用规划机制和土地指标交易机制。

建党以来农地所有制结构的产权实现逻辑、经验与启示

通过探秘并遵循农地占有的内在逻辑思路,围绕农地公有制及其产权市场化政策演变主线,结合不同时期社会主要矛盾变化和党的经济社会发展战略,系统梳理了建党以来农地所有制结构的产权实现历程,归纳了百余年我国农地产权制度变革模式、历史经验和重要启示。研究结论表明,新时代我国农地产权制度创新必须坚持社会主义农地国有化方向、优化农地公有产权结构、扩充财产性农民土地权利和提高民事化市场化农地占有权能等。

农地产权制度改革与农地流转响应:预期偏离与逻辑阐释

农地所有权归属集体以来,产权拆分及农民产权份额的扩大和强化是产权制度改革的主要思路。然而,理论上有效的农地产权制度改革,却在农地流转的推动成效方面呈现时段上的异质性。随着时间的演进,改革对农地流转的正面作用渐衰,甚至表现出对农地流转的抑制。为解释理论与现实的偏差,聚焦改革路径的形成逻辑,重点阐述了改革历程及改革对农地配置的影响成效,提炼出改革成效不足的系统性成因。研究认为,产权理论的引入为确定改革方向提供了理论依据,过去的改革经验为决策层延续产权赋予式改革提升了信心,规模经营路线的确立加强了坚持并推进改革的必要性和紧迫性。改革开放以后,农地产权制度朝着扩大集体成员权能的方向不断推进,却在现阶段表现出抑制农地流转并冲击农地承包权稳定性的负面影响。对此,构建了涵盖政策有效性、农地多功能性以及中央决策层认知调整在内的解释框架。认为在追求现代农业发展的目标导向下,扩大集体成员的土地权能并不可取,增强农村基本经营制度中“统”的作用并以社会保障弥补农户对农地的非生产性寄托是关键。

农村集体地权界定的治理逻辑及其路径分化——基于珠三角地区村级工业园改造的比较案例研究

农村集体地权的界定和治理是当前乡村振兴与城乡融合发展的核心议题之一。本文尝试在“产权的社会视角”基础上做进一步拓展,以阐明当代中国农村集体地权界定实践的理论逻辑。通过对珠三角地区两个相邻制造业重镇推行村级工业园改造政策过程中形成的“基层村庄主导的多元化产权形式”和“地方政府主导的单一化产权形式”两种地权界定结果差异的比较案例分析,本文认为,首先,地方政府与基层村庄围绕集体土地产权界定的博弈结果受到国家治理结构和村庄社会结构的影响。在地方分权的国家治理结构下,集体地权的界定结果取决于村庄社会结构的差异并通过呼吁机制发挥作用。其次,地方政府能够通过正式制度的调整形塑村庄治理结构,由此强化或削弱基层村庄的集体行动能力,最终对集体地权界定结果产生持续性的影响。最后,在城乡融合发展的政策背景下,东部发达地区应该更加尊重村集体和村民的土地权益,积极探索地方政府与村集体合作开展土地开发的新机制。

乡村地域工业用地空间重构研究——以苏南地区为例

国土空间重构能够有效提升自然资源节约集约利用水平,推动经济社会高质量发展。文章在分析苏南地区乡村工业用地的演变特征和乡村工业用地空间重构的必要性与紧迫性基础上,明晰苏南乡村工业用地空间重构存在的困境,理顺其空间重构基本框架与产权融合机制,诠释了产权融合视阈下乡村工业用地空间重构的实施路径。总体看,苏南地区乡村工业发展已进入转型优化期,但产业规模小而散、土地权属杂而混乱、土地产出低而有限。政府投入收益倒挂、土地权属协调困难和破碎土地整合路径不畅等问题仍然存在,严重阻碍了乡村存量工业用地空间重构与价值提升。未来应当引入产权融合治理机制,理顺不同产权结构和主体之间利益博弈,通过归宗整合、用地置换和连片自改等路径实现空间重构,以提升乡村工业空间价值。

农村集体经济发展的制度演进、现实阻滞与路径选择

发展农村集体经济是加快推进农村农民共同富裕的重要抓手。农村集体经济发展有其深厚的制度、组织和产权基础,基于历史、现实和未来角度,分析研究我国农村集体经济发展的制度演进、现实阻滞与路径选择。研究发现:农村集体经济发展存在土地、组织以及产权等多重制度演进逻辑;小农经济和集体经济组织有待创新、土地制度亟待进一步改革、不同历史时期生产力与生产关系矛盾适应延迟等是当前我国农村集体经济发展的现实阻滞;面向未来,我国农村集体经济发展需从尊重历史制度和现实难点出发,进一步推动农村集体产权改革、推进农地制度重点领域改革创新和注重农村集体经济体制机制创新等。

论农村集体成员权与土地财产权分离与联系的制度逻辑

研究目的:基于城乡居民不同历史阶段的经济与社会边界的特征分析,揭示现阶段农村集体成员权和土地财产权分离和联系的制度逻辑,为类型化构造农村土地权利体系提供理论依据。研究方法:社科法学与概念法学相结合的研究方法。研究结果:(1)现阶段乡村封闭的社会边界和开放的经济边界是形成农村集体成员权与土地财产权分离与联系的深层原因。(2)从权利分离来看,此两种权利是法律性质迥然不同的权利,农村集体成员权是团体法上的权利,包括共益权和自益权两部分,土地财产权是个体法上的权利,包括基于身份分配取得的社会保障导向的土地权利和基于价格机制取得的财产经营导向的土地权利。(3)从权利联系来看,此两种权利有着密切的法理联系,农村集体成员权中的共益权和自益权分别与土地财产权中的集体土地所有权和含身份的用益物权之间有着密切的关系。研究结论:农村集体成员权与土地财产权之间存在分离与联系的制度逻辑,可以采用“一般法+特别法”的立法技术进行体系化构造,在《民法典》中构造农村集体成员权和土地财产权的基础法律概念和土地权利关系的一般框架,在《土地管理法》等单行法中规定具体类型土地权利的权利义务、行使规则和救济规则。

不同模式农地整治权属调整对耕地细碎化的影响研究

基于湖北省483份农户问卷调查数据,采用双重差分模型(DID)分析单一权属调整模式、权属调整结合农地流转模式对耕地细碎化的影响,运用配对样本t检验比较两种模式对耕地细碎化治理效果的差异。结果表明:不同模式农地整治权属调整的实施,均能够显著降低耕地细碎化程度,权属调整结合农地流转模式对降低耕地细碎化的治理效果优于单一权属调整模式;当前权属调整工作开展并不充分,且农户的土地流转方式仍是自发、分散的,尚未达到实施农地规模化经营的目标。据此,应在完善权属调整的法制建设和规范管理的基础上,建立权属调整与农地流转的联结机制,推动土地空间重组与要素市场化配置有效结合,全面推进现代化农业高质量发展。

城乡土地融合发展:概念内涵、历史演进与机制设计

破除城乡土地制度二元性,实现城乡土地要素平等自由交换是城乡融合发展的重要内容。新时代重新审视城乡土地关系,建立健全城乡土地融合发展的体制机制对深化土地制度改革、推动城乡融合发展具有重要的理论与现实意义。因此,在辨析城乡融合发展内涵的基础上,融合“产权—市场—规划”三重要素,从城乡土地产权均等化、城乡土地市场一体化以及土地规划与管理统一化三个层面理解和界定城乡土地融合发展的内涵。在此基础上,结合城乡土地制度变迁,系统梳理新中国成立后城乡土地关系的演变历程,并剖析其内在逻辑。以此为指导,基于深化农村土地产权制度改革、健全土地市场交易制度、加强土地规划与管理三个方面提出构建城乡土地融合发展体制机制的框架。

公私法视角下城镇土地开发权与规划权的现实纠葛

改革开放后,我国的城镇化水平有了长足的提高。在这一过程中,伴随着城镇建设用地使用权法定地位的确立,其作为用益物权的性质被广泛认知并被土地市场所接受;另一方面,其作为开发权的特性虽然被广泛运用于城乡规划实践,但是囿于我国土地公有制的意识形态,对开发权以及规划权作用于开发权时机制的讨论并不充分。城镇开发建设领域中,围绕建设用地指标获取的博弈、“多规并存”“土地财政”等政府层级、部门之间、政府与社会之间的诸多矛盾与问题,究其根本原因是对城镇土地开发权以及规划权的性质认识不清、相关理论研究欠缺、适用法律类型含混。本文尝试从公法与私法的视角,梳理城镇土地开发权与规划权,剖析两者之间的区别与关联,提出面向城镇土地开发的政府职能定位与分工以及规划逻辑框架建议。

农地财产权益与农民消费:来自就近城乡融合式发展家庭的实证研究

农民消费的合理激发对于整体经济活力的释放具有战略意义,特别是在城乡融合背景下,以农地财产权益为代表的消费动能问题研究,具有十分重要的意义。基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,以就近城乡融合式发展家庭为研究样本,采用工具变量(IV)等实证策略,就农地对家庭消费的影响进行评估。研究结果表明:总体上农地的财产权益显著增加了就近城乡融合式发展家庭的消费水平,并优化了家庭的消费结构;异质性分析发现,农地财产权益对年轻、中高收入、无房贷家庭的消费有显著的正向作用;进一步机制检验结果表明,不确定性带来的风险会影响农地的消费效用,有农地家庭参与农地转出可以促进家庭就业结构改善,提高家庭消费。以农地财产权益为视角研究就近城乡融合式发展家庭的消费问题有助于推进以县域为载体的新型城镇化,促进县域范围内要素双向流动和城乡融合发展,提高农民消费在整体经济发展中的作用。

宅基地确权的社会经济效应:基于全国50035个村庄的经验证据

研究目的:基于产权理论评估宅基地确权的社会经济效应,以期准确把握宅基地确权的现实价值,加快推进农村宅基地确权工作,释放制度红利。研究方法:理论分析法、问卷调查法、广义精确匹配法和回归分析法。研究结果:宅基地确权有助于保障农民居住权益、壮大村集体经济,充分彰显宅基地的社会价值,同时能够促进宅基地流转和经营性利用,释放宅基地的经济价值。具体而言,每100个村庄中,宅基地确权使存在应分未分农户的村庄下降2.8个,村集体获得宅基地增值收益的村庄增加3.8个,有宅基地流转的村庄增加4.9个,有宅基地经营性利用的村庄增加2个。区位条件对宅基地确权的社会效应无显著影响,但会弱化其经济效应。研究结论:宅基地确权是释放宅基地多重功能的前提和基础,未来各级政府还需强化对农村宅基地确权的宣传和支持力度,为有效落实户有所居、发挥集体经济优势、提高农民财产性收入提供制度保障。