Chronic bacterial prostatitis and irritable bowel syndrome： effectiveness of treatment with rifaximin followed by the probiotic VSL#3

This study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of treatment with rifaximin followed by the probiotic VSL#3 versus no treatment on the progression of chronic prostatitis toward chronic microbial prostate-vesiculitis （PV） or prostate-vesiculo-epididymitis （PVE）. A total of 106 selected infertile male patients with bacteriologically cured chronic bacterial prostatitis （CBP） and irritable bowel syndrome （IBS） were randomly prescribed rifaximin （200 mg, 2 tablets bid, for 7 days monthly for 12 months） and probiotic containing multiple strains VSL#3 （450 × 10^9 CFU per day） or no treatment. Ninety-five of them （89.6%） complied with the therapeutic plan and were included in this study. Group A = ＂6Tx/6-＂： treatment for the initial 6 and no treatment for the following 6 months （n = 26）; Group B = ＂12Tx＂： 12 months of treatment （n = 22）; Group C = ＂6-/6Tx＂： no treatment for the initial 6 months and treatment in the last 6 months （n = 23）; Group D = ＂12-＂： no treatment （n = 24）. The patients of Groups A = ＂6Tx/6-＂ and B = ＂12Tx＂ had the highest frequency of chronic prostatitis （88.5% and 86.4%, respectively）. In contrast, group ＂12-＂： patients had the lowest frequency of prostatitis （33.4%）. The progression of prostatitis into PV in groups ＂6Tx/6-＂ （15.5%） and ＂6-/6Tx＂ （13.6%） was lower than that found in the patients of group ＂12-＂ （45.8%）. Finally, no patient of groups ＂6Tx/6-＂ and ＂6-/6Tx＂ had PVE, whereas it was diagnosed in 20.8% of group ＂12-＂ patients. Long-term treatment with rifaximin and the probiotic VSL#3 is effective in lowering the progression of prostatitis into more complicated forms of male accessory gland infections in infertile patients with bacteriologically cured CBP plus IBS.

Probiotic Mixture VSL#3 Alleviates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-induced Colitis in Mice by Downregulating T Follicular Helper Cells

Clinical trials have shown beneficial effects of probiotics on inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), although the exact mechanism remains unknown. VSL#3, a mixture of 8 probiotic bacteria, has been confirmed to have adjunctive therapeutic effects on colitis. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, a new separate subset of CD4+ T helper cells, have been proved to play a vital role in autoimmunity. The present study aimed to identify the beneficial effect of the probiotic mixture VSL#3 on the mouse model of colitis by regulating Tfh cells. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was used to induce chronic colitis in C57BL/6 mice. VSL#3 (3x109 live bacteria) was given to C57BL/6 mice every other day for 60 days by gavage. The disease activity index (DAI), histological activity index (HAI), colon length and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were detected. Immunofluorescence was used to visualize the location of Tfh cells. Immunoglobulins, Tfh cells and plasma cells were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry, real-time PCR or Western blotting. The results showed that after DSS treatment, the humoral immunity was disordered in C57BL/6 mice, with increased IgM, IgG and IgA levels in colonic mucus and increased Tfh cells in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). VSL#3 treatment showed anti-inflammatory effects as evidenced by reduced DAI score, HAI score and MPO activity. IgM, IgG and IgA levels were significantly reduced in colon mucus, and the number of Tfh cells was markedly decreased in MLN after VSL#3 treatment. It was concluded that VSL#3 alleviates DSS-induced colitis by downregulating Tfh cells, and Tfh cells may become a potential therapeutic target for IBD.

Probiotic mixture VSL#3:An overview of basic and clinical studies in chronic diseases

Probiotics are known as“live microorganisms”and have been proven to have a health effect on hosts at the proper dose.Recently,a kind of probiotic mixture including eight live bacterial strains,VSL#3,has attracted considerable attention for its combined effect.VSL#3 is the only probiotic considered as a kind of medical food;it mainly participates in the regulation of the intestinal barrier function,including improving tight junction protein function,balancing intestinal microbial composition,regulating immune-related cytokine expression and so on.The objective of this review is to discuss the treatment action and mechanism for the administration of VSL#3 in chronic diseases of animals and humans(including children).We found that VSL#3 has a therapeutic or preventive effect in various systemic diseases per a large number of studies,including digestive systemic diseases(gastrointestinal diseases and hepatic diseases),obesity and diabetes,allergic diseases,nervous systemic diseases,atherosclerosis,bone diseases,and female reproductive systemic diseases.

Corrigendum to “Probiotic mixture VSL#3: An overview of basic and clinical studies in chronic diseases”

Correction to:Cheng FS,Pan D,Chang B,Jiang M,Sang LX.Probiotic mixture VSL#3:An overview of basic and clinical studies in chronic diseases.World J Clin Cases 2020;8:1361-1384.We are the team of Min Jiang and Li-Xuan Sang from the First Affiliated Hospital,China Medical University.Now we solemnly declare that the studies mentioned in this article[1]evaluated the probiotic formulation known as VSL#3 before January 31,2016.The probiotic formulation is now commonly referred to as De Simone Formulation.In addition,the product currently known as VSL#3 is not the same as De Simone Formulation.De Simone Formulation is now available as Visbiome in the United States and Vivomixx in Europe.

VSL#3通过PI3K/Akt信号通路调节溃疡性结肠炎大鼠调节性T细胞表达

目的探讨益生菌VSL#3对2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)诱导的溃疡性结肠炎大鼠调节性T细胞表达的影响及其作用机制。方法将SD大鼠随机分为5组:对照组、模型组、VSL#3组、Wortmannin组和VSL#3+Wortmannin组,对照组大鼠正常喂养,其余4组利用TNBS诱导建立溃疡性结肠炎大鼠模型,VSL#3组于模型建立后给予VSL#3灌胃,Wortmannin组腹腔注射Wortmannin溶液,VSL#3+Wortmannin组先以VSL#3灌胃再腹腔注射Wortmannin溶液。大鼠继续喂养2周,观察大鼠喂养期一般情况,计算疾病活动指数(DAI)。2周后处死大鼠,观察结肠组织学改变,检测结肠组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性和磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B(PI3K/Akt)通路相关蛋白表达;同时检测血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素(IL)-6、IL-10含量和外周血调节性T细胞(Treg)比例。结果从第7天开始,VSL#3组、Wortmannin组DAI评分明显低于同时段模型组,VSL#3+Wortmannin组DAI评分较模型组降低更明显,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。VSL#3组和Wortmannin组MPO活性和TNF-α、IL-6水平明显低于模型组,IL-10水平明显高于模型组,VSL#3+Wortmannin组则更显著,各组差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。与模型组比较,VSL#3组和Wortmannin组CD4^+CD25^+Treg细胞比例和Treg/CD4^+T细胞比值明显升高;VSL#3+Wortmannin组升高得更明显,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。此外,VSL#3组、Wortmannin组、VSL#3+Wortmannin组p-Akt、NF-κB p65蛋白表达明显低于模型组,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。结论 VSL#3能减轻溃疡性结肠炎大鼠炎症反应和稳定Treg细胞/CD4^+T细胞比值,其作用机制可能与抑制PI3K/Akt信号通路有关。

益生菌VSL#3对实验性结肠炎大鼠结肠黏膜IFN-γ、IL-12表达的影响

目的评价益生菌VSL#3对三硝基苯磺酸钠(TNBS)诱导的大鼠结肠炎的疗效,并探讨其作用机制。方法成年SD大鼠(n=18),随机分为正常对照组(C)、TNBS模型组(D)、VSL#3治疗组(E)。观察大鼠的一般情况,比较结肠组织炎症程度。HE染色和免疫组化染色观察大鼠结肠黏膜组织形态学变化和IFN-γ、IL-12免疫阳性细胞的表达。结果与正常对照组相比,模型组大鼠结肠黏膜IFN-γ、IL-12免疫组化阳性细胞表达显著升高(P<0.05),VSL#3治疗组IFN-γ、IL-12表达则有不同程度的降低(P<0.05);同时,VSL#3治疗对大鼠结肠黏膜组织及大体变化均有一定程度的改善。肠组织IFN-γ、IL-12的表达与结肠炎病情轻重呈正相关。结论 VSL#3能有效治疗TNBS诱导的大鼠结肠炎,其作用机制可能与益生菌VSL#3通过有效抑制大鼠结肠黏膜IFN-γ、IL-12的表达有关。

益生菌制剂VSL#3对溃疡性结肠炎诱导缓解作用的系统评价

背景:循证医学证据提示益生菌对溃疡性结肠炎(UC)的诱导缓解无效,但对维持缓解有效,然而2009年发表的两项临床试验结果显示益生菌合剂VSL#3对UC的诱导缓解有效。目的:系统评价益生菌尤其是VSL#3诱导UC缓解的有效性和安全性。方法:联机检索MEDLINE、EMBASE、Cochrane Library和中国生物医学文献数据、万方数据库,由两名分析人员独立选取与UC诱导缓解相关、比较益生菌治疗组与对照组(安慰剂或阳性对照)的随机对照试验(不限语种)并提取数据。应用RevMan 5.2.10软件行meta分析,同时行亚组分析和敏感性分析。结果:共纳入9项随机对照试验,共557例UC患者,其中4项治疗组使用VSL#3。Meta分析显示益生菌组总体诱导缓解率显著优于对照组(OR=2.05,95%CI:1.14～3.70,P=0.02),亚组分析显示VSL#3亚组诱导缓解率显著优于对照组(OR:2.35,95%CI:1.45～3.80,P=0.0005),其他菌种与对照组间诱导缓解率无明显差异。益生菌组、VSL#3亚组与对照组间不良反应发生率均无明显差异。敏感性分析显示meta分析结果稳定。结论:VSL#3对UC的诱导缓解作用优于对照组且安全性高。

实验性结肠炎大鼠结肠黏膜中炎性因子对Th1/Th2平衡的影响及VSL#3的调节作用

目的观察益生菌VSL#3对减轻TNBS诱导的大鼠急性结肠炎结肠黏膜中IL-4、IL-13、IFN-γ、IL-12表达对Th1/Th2平衡的影响以及益生菌VSL#3的调节作用。方法 30只大鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、美沙拉嗪组、VSL#3组、美沙拉嗪+VSL#3组,建立TNBS大鼠结肠炎模型。观察各组大鼠一般情况、排便情况、组织病理学变化及Th1/Th2表达情况。取结肠组织做HE染色,观察病理学改变;酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测肠组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)的变化;逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)及Western blotting法检测各组大鼠结肠黏膜组织中IL-4、IL-13、IFN-γ、IL-12的表达。结果与TNBS模型组比较,VSL#3组、美沙拉嗪组、VSL#3+美沙拉嗪组大鼠的疾病活动指数评分(DAI)、肠组织MPO水平、结肠炎大鼠病理评分均降低。RT-PCR及Western blotting检测发现:与TNBS组相比,VSL#3组、美沙拉嗪组和VSL#3+美沙拉嗪组均可下调促炎因子IL-12、IFN-γ的表达,上调抗炎因子IL-4、IL-13的表达,VSL#3组与美沙拉嗪组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Th1/Th2的比值依如下顺序减少:TNBS模型组>VSL#3组>美沙拉嗪组>美沙拉嗪+VSL#3>正常对照组,其比值逐渐趋于正常对照组。结论 VSL#3对TNBS诱导的大鼠实验性结肠炎有治疗作用,其作用机制可能与下调IFN-γ、IL-12,上调IL-4、IL-13炎性因子的表达,使Th1/Th2的平衡趋于正常有关。

益生菌VSL#3治疗大鼠溃疡性结肠炎的疗效观察及对STAT6、STAT4的影响

目的观察益生菌VSL#3对葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulfate sodium,DSS)诱导大鼠溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)的疗效和对信号转导与转录活化因子STAT4、STAT6蛋白表达的影响,了解益生菌VSL#3治疗大鼠实验性结肠炎的可能作用机制。方法采用5%DSS溶液诱导建立UC模型,32只SD大鼠随机分为4组:正常对照组、模型组、美沙拉嗪组、益生菌组,每组8只。模型组、美沙拉嗪组、益生菌组均采用5%DSS溶液造模,正常对照组正常饮食,美沙拉嗪组给予美沙拉嗪混悬液灌胃,益生菌组给予益生菌VSL#3灌胃;采用组织损伤学评分及HE染色检测各组干预疗效,免疫组化及Western blotting法检测大鼠大肠组织中STAT4和STAT6的表达。结果模型组大鼠组织病理损伤最重,明显高于正常对照组、美沙拉嗪组和益生菌组(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,美沙拉嗪组和益生菌组大鼠结肠黏膜组织破坏明显减轻,破坏程度介于正常对照组和模型组之间。与模型组比较,益生菌组、美沙拉嗪组STAT4蛋白和STAT6蛋白表达均降低(P<0.05)。结论益生菌VSL#3对大鼠UC有治疗作用,其部分机制可能是通过抑制STAT4和STAT6的表达水平而发挥治疗作用。

罗格列酮、5-ASA和VSL#3对SW480细胞TLR_4、PPARγ、NF-κB表达的影响

目的探讨罗格列酮、5-ASA和VSL#3对SW480细胞TLR4-NF-κB信号途径关键位点蛋白表达的影响。方法 SW480细胞分为5组,4组以脂多糖(LPS)50 ng/ml刺激24 h,另一组仅加入无LPS的RMPI 1640为对照组。刺激后,3组分别以罗格列酮(10μmol/L)、5-ASA(1 mg/ml)和VSL#3(0.01 g/ml)干预2 h。收集各组上清液,用WB法检测各组TLR4、NF-κB、PPARγ蛋白的表达,用ELISA法测量IL-8生成量。结果 VSL#3明显减少TLR4表达,促进PPARγ表达,抑制NF-κB活化;罗格列酮、5-ASA明显促进PPARγ表达,阻止NF-κB活化,对TLR4基本无影响。LPS组IL-8生成量明显高于对照组;罗格列酮、5-ASA、VSL#3干预可明显降低IL-8生成量。结论 TLR4-NF-κB信号途径是重要的信号通路,PPARγ对这条信号通路有抑制作用。VSL#3通过同时降低TLR4表达和增加PPARγ的表达,抑制NF-κB的活性,抑制这条信号通路,最终缓解炎症。罗格列酮的作用可能主要是通过增加PPARγ表达和促进其活性实现。PPARγ是5-ASA的作用靶点之一。

益生菌VSL#3治疗大鼠实验性结肠炎的效果观察及对STAT1/T-bet的影响

目的观察益生菌VSL#3治疗DSS诱导的大鼠实验性结肠炎的疗效及对转录因子STAT1、T-bet的影响,了解益生菌治疗实验性结肠炎的作用机制。方法采用5%DSS溶液诱导大鼠慢性溃疡性结肠炎模型,40只SD大鼠随机分为5组:正常对照组、模型组、模型+美沙拉嗪灌胃组、模型+VSL#3灌胃组、联合组(模型+VSL#3+美沙拉嗪灌胃)。采用DAI积分及组织损伤学评分检测各干预组疗效,Western blotting法检测STAT1、T-bet的表达。结果模型组大鼠DAI积分及组织病理积分明显高于正常组(P均<0.05),模型+美沙拉嗪组和模型+益生菌VSL#3组DAI评分则明显低于模型组,联合治疗组则明显低于单药治疗组,差异有显著统计学意义。与模型组比较,模型+益生菌VSL#3、模型+美沙拉嗪及联合干预后转录因子STAT1蛋白表达降低(P均<0.05);而T-bet的表达升高(P均<0.05)。其中又以联合治疗组效果最佳。结论益生菌VSL#3对大鼠实验性结肠炎有治疗作用,可抑制炎症因子的表达,其部分机制可能为通过抑制STAT1,提高T-bet的表达水平而发挥治疗作用。

益生菌VSL#3对DSS大鼠结肠炎TLR4-NF-κB通路的调节作用

目的阐明益生菌VSL#3对硫酸葡聚糖钠(DSS)诱导结肠炎大鼠TLR4-NF-κB通路的影响,深入探讨VSL#3对结肠黏膜炎症免疫调控机制。方法将33只Sprague-Dawly大鼠(SD大鼠)分为正常组、DSS造模组以及益生菌治疗组。5%DSS溶液自由饮用一周,构建溃疡性结肠炎模型。观察和评价大肠黏膜的组织学损伤,计算DAI评分以及病理学评分;使用real-time PCR检测结肠组织TLR4、NF-κB、TNF-α、IL-1βmRNA的表达水平;Western-Blot检测TLR4、NF-κB蛋白的表达水平;应用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)检测血清中TNF-α和IL-1β的表达。结果益生菌治疗组DAI评分、病理学评分均低于DSS造模组(P<0.05);益生菌治疗组大鼠结肠组织中TLR4、NF-κB、TNF-α、IL-1β的mRNA水平与DSS造模组相比表达下调,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);与DSS造模组相比,益生菌治疗组SD大鼠结肠组织TLR4、NF-κB p65蛋白水平下调,血清TNF-α、IL-1β表达水平降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论益生菌VSL#3可能是通过抑制TLR4-NF-κB通路,发挥其抑制免疫,减轻炎症反应的作用,从而达到治疗溃疡性结肠炎的目的。

Probiotics for the treatment of Clostridium difficile associated disease

The purpose of this review paper is to update the current and potential future role of probiotics for Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD). Included in this review, is an update on the testing of newer probiotics (e.g. , Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086) in animal models of CDAD. There is a focus on the modulation of signal transduction pathways (i.e. , transcription factors like cAMP response element-binding, activator protein 1, and nuclear factor kappa B), as well as the inhibition of certain kinases (e.g. , p38 mitogen activated protein kinases) by probiotics. Inhibition of signal transduction by probiotics, such as Saccharomyces boulardii , result in multiple effects on intestinal fluid secretion, neutrophil influx into the colon, inflammation, and colonocyte apoptosis that may positively impact CDAD. Recent clinical approaches with probiotics, for the prevention of primary and recurrent CDAD, are also summarized in this review paper. Future directions for the treatment of CDAD by probiotics are also mentioned in this review. In particular, the use of multi-strain probiotic formulations such as Ecologic AAD and VSL #3 may represent a rationale pharmacological approach, particularly as adjunctive therapies for CDAD. Understanding the mechanistic basis of CDAD, and how probiotics interfere at ceratin steps in the pathogenic process, may also present the opportunity to design other multi-strain probiotics that could have a future impact on CDAD.

VSL#3 can prevent ulcerative colitis-associated carcinogenesis in mice

AIM To investigate the effects of VSL#3 on tumor formation, and fecal and intestinal mucosal microbiota in azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium(AOM/DSS) induced mice model. METHODS C57 BL/6 mice were administered AOM/DSS to develop the ulcerative colitis(UC) carcinogenesis model. Mice were treated with 5-ASA(75 mg/kg/d), VSL#3(1.5 × 109 CFU/d), or 5-ASA combined with VSL#3 by gavage from the day of AOM injection for three months(five days/week). The tumor load was compared in each group, and tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α) and interleukin(IL)-6 levels were evaluated in colon tissue. The stool and intestinal mucosa samples were collected to analyze the differences in the intestinal microbiota by 16 s rDNA sequencing method.RESULTS VSL#3 significantly reduced the tumor load in AOM/DSS-induced mice model and decreased the level of TNF-α and IL-6 in colon tissue. The model group had a lower level of Lactobacillus and higher level of Oscillibacter and Lachnoclostridium in fecal microbiota than the control group. After the intervention with 5-ASA and VSL#3, Bacillus and Lactococcus were increased, while Lachnoclostridium and Oscillibacter were reduced. 5-ASA combined with VSL#3 increased the Lactobacillus and decreased the Oscillibacter. The intestinal mucosal microbiota analysis showed a lower level of Bifidobacterium and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014 and higher level of Al oprevotel a in the model group as compared to the control group. After supplementation with VSL#3, Bifidobacterium was increased. 5-ASA combined with VSL#3 increased the level of both Lachnoclostridium and Bifidobacterium. CONCLUSION VSL#3 can prevent UC-associated carcinogenesis in mice, reduce the colonic mucosal inflammation levels, and rebalance the fecal and mucosal intestinal microbiota.

VSL#3用于慢性肝病治疗的研究进展

VSL#3是一种含有8种益生菌的复合益生菌制剂,主要用于缓解炎症性肠病、肠易激综合征、肿瘤放射治疗等导致的消化道症状和肠道菌群紊乱。近年来研究发现,VSL#3对多种肝病具有良好的治疗前景,如可缓解非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者肝脏的脂质沉积及炎性反应,并可降低肝硬化患者肝静脉压力梯度进而缓解门脉高压,减少肝性脑病等多种肝硬化并发症的发生。该文就VSL#3用于慢性肝病治疗的研究进展作一综述。

益生菌VSL#3抑制四氯化碳诱导的小鼠肝纤维化

目的:研究肠道益生菌VSL#3对四氯化碳诱导的小鼠肝纤维化的影响。方法:建立CCl4诱导的小鼠肝纤维化模型,分为对照组,VSL#3组,CCl4组,VSL#3+CCl4组。应用HE染色和血清AST、ALT检测分析VSL#3对CCl4诱导的小鼠肝脏损伤的影响;天狼星红染色和western blot方法分析VSL#3对CCl4诱导的小鼠肝纤维化的影响及其机制。结果:VSL#3明显减轻CCl4诱导的小鼠肝纤维化和肝损伤,并显著抑制Stat3信号通路的活化。结论:益生菌VSL#3通过抑制Stat3信号通路缓解CCl4诱导的小鼠肝纤维化。

Therapeutic interventions target the NLRP3 inflammasome in ulcerative colitis:Comprehensive study

One of the significant health issues in the world is the prevalence of ulcerative colitis(UC).UC is a chronic disorder that mainly affects the colon,beginning with the rectum,and can progress from asymptomatic mild inflammation to extensive inflammation of the entire colon.Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of UC pathogenesis emphasizes the need for innovative therapeutic approaches based on identifying molecular targets.Interestingly,in response to cellular injury,the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3(NLRP3)inflammasome is a crucial part of the inflammation and immunological reaction by promoting caspase-1 activation and the release of interleukin-1β.This review discusses the mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation by various signals and its regulation and impact on UC.

益生菌联合消退素D1对牙周炎大鼠牙龈组织中炎症因子、正五聚体蛋白3和氧化应激的影响

目的:研究益生菌联合消退素D1对牙周炎大鼠牙龈组织中炎症因子、正五聚体蛋白3(Pentraxin 3,PTX3)和氧化应激的影响。方法:将大鼠分成对照组、模型组(牙周炎大鼠)、益生菌组(牙周炎大鼠,益生菌治疗)、消退素D1组(牙周炎大鼠,消退素D1治疗)、联合组(牙周炎大鼠,益生菌联合消退素D1治疗),检测牙龈出血指数、菌斑指数及探诊深度,ELISA法检测牙龈组织中白细胞介素-1β(Interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子α(Tumor necrosis factor,TNF-α)水平,Western blot检测牙龈组织中PTX3、核因子-κB(Nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)p65、p-p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPK)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(Matrix metalloprotease 9,MMP-9)和基质金属蛋白酶-2(Matrix metalloprotease 2,MMP-2)蛋白表达,比色法检测牙龈组织中超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide orgotein dismutase,SOD)、丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)含量。结果:与对照组比较,模型组大鼠牙龈出血指数、菌斑指数、探诊深度均升高,炎症因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α含量升高,PTX3、NF-κBp65、p-p38MAPK、MMP-9、MMP-2蛋白表达量升高,SOD、GSH-Px含量降低,MDA含量升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,益生菌组、消退素D1组、联合组大鼠牙龈出血指数、菌斑指数、探诊深度均降低,炎症因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α含量降低,PTX3、NF-κBp65、p-p38MAPK、MMP-9、MMP-2蛋白表达量降低,SOD、GSH-Px含量升高,MDA含量降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与益生菌组、消退素D1组比较,联合组大鼠牙龈出血指数、菌斑指数、探诊深度均降低,炎症因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α含量降低,PTX3、NF-κBp65、p-p38MAPK、MMP-9、MMP-2蛋白表达量降低,SOD、GSH-Px含量升高,MDA含量降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:益生菌联合消退素D1可抑制牙周炎大鼠牙龈组织中炎症因子表达,抑制氧化应激,机制可能与抑制p38MAPK、NF-κB信号转导有关。

蓝莓联合益生菌通过IL-22调控的JAK1/STAT3/BAX通路改善非酒精性脂肪性肝病的作用机制

目的研究蓝莓联合益生菌通过对IL-22调控的JAK1/STAT3/BAX信号通路的影响,进一步探明其改善非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)的作用机制。方法清洁级SD大鼠40只分为正常对照组(CG)、IL-22siRNA阴性对照组(IL-22SI-NC)、IL-22siRNA组(IL-22SI)、IL-22siRNA阴性对照+蓝莓益生菌组(IL-22SI-NC+BPG)、IL-22siRNA+蓝莓益生菌组(IL-22SI+BPG)。正常对照组予100%普通饮食,其余大鼠均采用复合高脂饲料制备脂肪肝模型,同时予IL-22siRNA阴性对照慢病毒及IL-22siRNA慢病毒腹部肝区注射(盲穿),隔日1次,共12周,取肝脏确认造模及siRNA封闭效果后予蓝莓益生菌原液灌胃,同时按上述分组后给予正常饮食,予蓝莓益生菌原液灌胃,共观察8周。多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步比较方差齐时采用SNK法(q检验),方差不齐时用Tamhane法(q'检验)。结果 IL-22SI组与IL-22SI-NC组比较,ALT、AST、TC、TG、LDL均显著升高(P值均<0.01),HDL显著降低(P<0.01),IL-22、JAK1、STAT3的mRNA及蛋白表达均明显减弱(P值均<0.01)、BAX的表达明显升高(P<0.01);与IL-22SI-NC相比,IL-22SI-NC+BPG的ALT、AST、TC、TG、LDL均明显降低(P值均<0.01),HDL明显升高(P<0.01),IL-22、JAK1、STAT3的mRNA及蛋白表达均显著升高(P值均<0.01),BAX的表达显著下降(P<0.01);IL-22SI+BPG较IL-22SI组ALT、AST、TC、TG、LDL均略有降低(P值均<0.05),HDL略有升高(P<0.05),IL-22、JAK1、STAT3的mRNA及蛋白表达均有所增加(P值均<0.05),BAX的表达略有减少(P<0.05)。结论蓝莓联合益生菌能一定程度拮抗IL-22siRNA所加剧的肝细胞脂肪变性,并可以增强IL-22的表达,提示IL-22可能为蓝莓联合益生菌影响NAFLD的关键作用因子。推测蓝莓联合益生菌能增强IL-22表达,激活JAK1/STAT3信号通路,抑制其下游凋亡因子BAX的表达,减少肝细胞凋亡,增强胆固醇代谢,减少脂质沉积,达到改善NAFLD的目的,是NAFLD的一个辅助治疗方案。

Construction of a sustainable 3-hydroxybutyrate-producing probiotic Escherichia coli for treatment of colitis

Colitis is a common disease of the colon that is very difficult to treat.Probiotic bacteria could be an effective treatment.The probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917(EcN)was engineered to synthesize the ketone body(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate(3HB)for sustainable production in the gut lumen of mice suffering from colitis.Components of heterologous 3HB synthesis routes were constructed,expressed,optimized,and inserted into the EcN genome,combined with deletions in competitive branch pathways.The genome-engineered EcN produced the highest 3HB level of 0.6 g/L under microaerobic conditions.The live therapeutic was found to colonize the mouse gastrointestinal tract over 14 days,elevating gut 3HB and short-chain-length fatty acid(SCFA)levels 8.7-and 3.1-fold compared to those of wild-type EcN,respectively.The sustainable presence of 3HB in mouse guts promoted the growth of probiotic bacteria,especially Akkermansia spp.,to over 31%from the initial 2%of all the microbiome.As a result,the engineered EcN termed EcNL4 ameliorated colitis induced via dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)in mice.Compared to wild-type EcN or oral administration of 3HB,oral EcNL4 uptake demonstrated better effects on mouse weights,colon lengths,occult blood levels,gut tissue myeloperoxidase activity and proinflammatory cytokine concentrations.Thus,a promising live bacterium was developed to improve colonic microenvironments and further treat colitis.This proof-of-concept design can be employed to treat other diseases of the colon.