A general-relativistic model is formulated for hypothetical ultra-compact astrophysical objects composed of fluid infused with charges carrying a generalized massless Maxwell-Proca field. The chosen interior metric ha...A general-relativistic model is formulated for hypothetical ultra-compact astrophysical objects composed of fluid infused with charges carrying a generalized massless Maxwell-Proca field. The chosen interior metric has the algebraic property that;the fluid consequently possesses a negative pressure which halts gravitational collapse and establishes hydrostatic equilibrium. For an object containing a global distribution of non-interacting Maxwell-Proca charges, it is shown that physical considerations define the relationship between the charge density and the metric function uniquely, corroborating an earlier finding (for an electrostatic distribution of charge) that the interior field must increase with radial distance and the exterior field necessarily follows an inverse-square law. For the case of a charged fluid envelope surrounding a core of uncharged fluid, numerous solutions are possible. Assuming the interior field to vary as rn and requiring its strength to increase with radial distance while the charge density decreases, the range of values for n is found to be 0 n ≤ 1 (where n is not necessarily an integer) with n = 1 denoting the special case of a continuous distribution of charge. For both continuous and stratified charge distributions, the exterior field is found to decrease as 1/r2?regardless of the interior field’s dependence on r.展开更多
A strong background field drastically changes the vacuum structure and proper basis of a system in both classical and quantum mechanics,e.g.,the Landau levels in a background magnetic field.This is true even for a rot...A strong background field drastically changes the vacuum structure and proper basis of a system in both classical and quantum mechanics,e.g.,the Landau levels in a background magnetic field.This is true even for a rotating system.In such a system,the usual set of plane-wave states would no longer be suitable as a starting point of perturbation.Alternatively and straightforwardly,in a rapidly and globally rotating system,it is better to reformulate the perturbation computation in principle.In this study,we completed the first step for the spin-1 field,which includes solving the Proca equation in the presence of a background rotation and completing its canonical quantization.We show that because of the symmetry,the eigen states are actually the same as those of Maxwell equations in cylindrical coordinates.The propagator as well as the near-central approximation were obtained by assuming that the vorticity areas are very small in the relativistic QGP.展开更多
Studying the source of particle properties is the most important goal for scientists, so it was necessary to use the means available to us, which is physical logic to study these properties. In this paper, you will ex...Studying the source of particle properties is the most important goal for scientists, so it was necessary to use the means available to us, which is physical logic to study these properties. In this paper, you will examine how the type of coordinates in which electromagnetic fields are distributed can have a role in detecting particle properties, specifically using the Riemann-Silberstein vector. Because electromagnetism it deals with electric and magnetic fields together for any electromagnetic sentence, and when we study it according to multiple coordinates and study its derivation by changing coordinates, we discover how the electromagnetic sentences are transformed from one particle to another.展开更多
Maxwell’s equations in electromagnetism can be categorized into three dis-tinct groups based on the electromagnetic source when employing quaterni-ons. Each group represents a self-contained system in which Maxwell’...Maxwell’s equations in electromagnetism can be categorized into three dis-tinct groups based on the electromagnetic source when employing quaterni-ons. Each group represents a self-contained system in which Maxwell’s equations are applied and validated concurrently, in contrast to the previous approach that did not account for this. It has been noted that the formulation of these Maxwell equations ultimately results in the formulation of Max-well’s equations utilizing the scalar function.展开更多
It is largely believed (or strongly assumed) that photons are massless particles and the most compelling evidence there—it is said—is found in the manifestations of photons being long ranged and long lived particles...It is largely believed (or strongly assumed) that photons are massless particles and the most compelling evidence there—it is said—is found in the manifestations of photons being long ranged and long lived particles. As we have done before, albeit, with a much better and clear insight in the present than before;we argue herein that massive photons can still enjoy the special and rare privilege of travelling at the speed of light c while being long ranged, long lived and most of all, obeying the much desired gauge symmetry. This we achieve by breaking the traditional Lorenz gauge and in its place, we introduce a new Special Gauge Condition (SGC) that does the work of assuring the photon its longevity, long range-ness and that it [photon] propagates at the speed c. However, the most melancholic outcome of our investigation is that if the present scheme is what subtle Nature has chosen to endow the photon a non-zero mass so that it [photon] still obeys gauge invariance, is long ranged, long lived and travels at the sacred speed c;then, this non-zero photon mass may be very difficult, if not impossible to measure. We use the equations developed to investigate Lorentz violation in ?-ray bursts.展开更多
Prevailing and conventional wisdom holds that intermediate gauge Bosons for long range interactions such as the gravitational and electromagnetic interactions must be massless as is assumed to be the case for the phot...Prevailing and conventional wisdom holds that intermediate gauge Bosons for long range interactions such as the gravitational and electromagnetic interactions must be massless as is assumed to be the case for the photon which mediates the electromagnetic interaction. We have argued in a different reading that it should in-principle be possible to have massive photons. The problem of whether or not these photons will lead to short or long range interactions has not been answered. Naturally, because these photons are massive, one would without much pondering and excogitation on the matter assume that these photons can only take part in short range interactions. Contrary to this and to conventional wisdom;via a subtlety—namely, the foregoing of the Lorenz gauge and in line with ideas set out in out proposed Unified Field Theory, the introduction of a vector potential whose components are 4 ×?4 Hermitian matrices;we show within the confines of Proca Electrodynamics under the said modifications that massive photons should be long lived (i.e., stable) and be able to take part in long range interactions without any problem.展开更多
Since the early work of O.M.Bilanuik and B.C.Sudarshan in 1962 and G.Feinberg in 1967, the research work on the faster-than-light (superluminal) has been performed in the world, such as in USA, Europe and China. In th...Since the early work of O.M.Bilanuik and B.C.Sudarshan in 1962 and G.Feinberg in 1967, the research work on the faster-than-light (superluminal) has been performed in the world, such as in USA, Europe and China. In this paper, the development stages of the study are presented, which include beginning stage, transitional stage and experimental stage. Based on the Einstein’s paper in 1905, the velocities greater than that of light had no possibility of existence. However, in the Einstein’s papers of 1907 it was founded that the superluminal signal speed could not be refuted absolutely. In this paper, the studies on velocities are classified. The definition of General Information Speed is suggested, which will ease the discussion. After reviewing the researches of 1962-2004, it can be concluded that the faster-than-light is a realizable scientific statement.展开更多
文摘A general-relativistic model is formulated for hypothetical ultra-compact astrophysical objects composed of fluid infused with charges carrying a generalized massless Maxwell-Proca field. The chosen interior metric has the algebraic property that;the fluid consequently possesses a negative pressure which halts gravitational collapse and establishes hydrostatic equilibrium. For an object containing a global distribution of non-interacting Maxwell-Proca charges, it is shown that physical considerations define the relationship between the charge density and the metric function uniquely, corroborating an earlier finding (for an electrostatic distribution of charge) that the interior field must increase with radial distance and the exterior field necessarily follows an inverse-square law. For the case of a charged fluid envelope surrounding a core of uncharged fluid, numerous solutions are possible. Assuming the interior field to vary as rn and requiring its strength to increase with radial distance while the charge density decreases, the range of values for n is found to be 0 n ≤ 1 (where n is not necessarily an integer) with n = 1 denoting the special case of a continuous distribution of charge. For both continuous and stratified charge distributions, the exterior field is found to decrease as 1/r2?regardless of the interior field’s dependence on r.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11875002(YJ))the Zhuobai Program of Beihang University.
文摘A strong background field drastically changes the vacuum structure and proper basis of a system in both classical and quantum mechanics,e.g.,the Landau levels in a background magnetic field.This is true even for a rotating system.In such a system,the usual set of plane-wave states would no longer be suitable as a starting point of perturbation.Alternatively and straightforwardly,in a rapidly and globally rotating system,it is better to reformulate the perturbation computation in principle.In this study,we completed the first step for the spin-1 field,which includes solving the Proca equation in the presence of a background rotation and completing its canonical quantization.We show that because of the symmetry,the eigen states are actually the same as those of Maxwell equations in cylindrical coordinates.The propagator as well as the near-central approximation were obtained by assuming that the vorticity areas are very small in the relativistic QGP.
文摘Studying the source of particle properties is the most important goal for scientists, so it was necessary to use the means available to us, which is physical logic to study these properties. In this paper, you will examine how the type of coordinates in which electromagnetic fields are distributed can have a role in detecting particle properties, specifically using the Riemann-Silberstein vector. Because electromagnetism it deals with electric and magnetic fields together for any electromagnetic sentence, and when we study it according to multiple coordinates and study its derivation by changing coordinates, we discover how the electromagnetic sentences are transformed from one particle to another.
文摘Maxwell’s equations in electromagnetism can be categorized into three dis-tinct groups based on the electromagnetic source when employing quaterni-ons. Each group represents a self-contained system in which Maxwell’s equations are applied and validated concurrently, in contrast to the previous approach that did not account for this. It has been noted that the formulation of these Maxwell equations ultimately results in the formulation of Max-well’s equations utilizing the scalar function.
文摘It is largely believed (or strongly assumed) that photons are massless particles and the most compelling evidence there—it is said—is found in the manifestations of photons being long ranged and long lived particles. As we have done before, albeit, with a much better and clear insight in the present than before;we argue herein that massive photons can still enjoy the special and rare privilege of travelling at the speed of light c while being long ranged, long lived and most of all, obeying the much desired gauge symmetry. This we achieve by breaking the traditional Lorenz gauge and in its place, we introduce a new Special Gauge Condition (SGC) that does the work of assuring the photon its longevity, long range-ness and that it [photon] propagates at the speed c. However, the most melancholic outcome of our investigation is that if the present scheme is what subtle Nature has chosen to endow the photon a non-zero mass so that it [photon] still obeys gauge invariance, is long ranged, long lived and travels at the sacred speed c;then, this non-zero photon mass may be very difficult, if not impossible to measure. We use the equations developed to investigate Lorentz violation in ?-ray bursts.
文摘Prevailing and conventional wisdom holds that intermediate gauge Bosons for long range interactions such as the gravitational and electromagnetic interactions must be massless as is assumed to be the case for the photon which mediates the electromagnetic interaction. We have argued in a different reading that it should in-principle be possible to have massive photons. The problem of whether or not these photons will lead to short or long range interactions has not been answered. Naturally, because these photons are massive, one would without much pondering and excogitation on the matter assume that these photons can only take part in short range interactions. Contrary to this and to conventional wisdom;via a subtlety—namely, the foregoing of the Lorenz gauge and in line with ideas set out in out proposed Unified Field Theory, the introduction of a vector potential whose components are 4 ×?4 Hermitian matrices;we show within the confines of Proca Electrodynamics under the said modifications that massive photons should be long lived (i.e., stable) and be able to take part in long range interactions without any problem.
文摘Since the early work of O.M.Bilanuik and B.C.Sudarshan in 1962 and G.Feinberg in 1967, the research work on the faster-than-light (superluminal) has been performed in the world, such as in USA, Europe and China. In this paper, the development stages of the study are presented, which include beginning stage, transitional stage and experimental stage. Based on the Einstein’s paper in 1905, the velocities greater than that of light had no possibility of existence. However, in the Einstein’s papers of 1907 it was founded that the superluminal signal speed could not be refuted absolutely. In this paper, the studies on velocities are classified. The definition of General Information Speed is suggested, which will ease the discussion. After reviewing the researches of 1962-2004, it can be concluded that the faster-than-light is a realizable scientific statement.
