Probabilistic prediction of expected ground condition and construction time and costs in road tunnels

Ground condition and construction （excavation and support） time and costs are the key factors in decision-making during planning and design phases of a tunnel project. An innovative methodology for probabilistic estimation of ground condition and construction time and costs is proposed, which is an integration of the ground prediction approach based on Markov process, and the time and cost variance analysis based on Monte-Carlo （MC） simulation. The former provides the probabilistic description of ground classification along tunnel alignment according to the geological information revealed from geological profile and boreholes. The latter provides the probabilistic description of the expected construction time and costs for each operation according to the survey feedbacks from experts. Then an engineering application to Hamro tunnel is presented to demonstrate how the ground condition and the construction time and costs are estimated in a probabilistic way. In most items, in order to estimate the data needed for this methodology, a number of questionnaires are distributed among the tunneling experts and finally the mean values of the respondents are applied. These facilitate both the owners and the contractors to be aware of the risk that they should carry before construction, and are useful for both tendering and bidding.

Cost Control with Modeling in Motor Housing Process

With regards to the assembly line of cost control of Dechang company,the motor housing′s cost control of process will be necessarily appreciated.Though the supply quantity is large in a machine and the price of motor housing is cheaper,the cost control of automatic production line is significant in this respection.It is found that insufficiency power is main cause for production line failure.The cost control of equipment includes to structure wheel,conveyor and motor for benefit which also needs to be controlled in detail.Only in this way can we fundamentally resolve the main problem of high cost process.When the capital price L increases,Avc also increases too with nonlinear meantime,and Tc&Vc increase in proportion to K.Among them,the Tc increases the highest and then Vc increases lightly.Generally when labour quantity L and capital quantity K increase cost increases in proportion.

Dynamics Models of Crank in Motor Housing Process

With regards to the assembly line of cost control of Dechang(HK)company,the motor housing’s cost control of process will be necessarily respected.Because the supply quantity is big in a machine the price of motor housing is small,so that the cost control of automatic production line is significant with modeling.It is found that the control of equipment includes in shaft and crank linkage for benefit which also needs to be controlled in detail.For the sake of benefits can we fundamentally resolve the main problem of high cost process.

Single-shot incoherent optical processing of microwave signals： opening the path to low cost high performance analog photonics

Incoherent optical processing of microwave signals,where low-coherence broadband light sources are employed instead of costly mode locked lasers,has attracted great interest thanks to its wide applications in microwave photonics filtering[1–3],arbitrary generation[4–6]and analog to digital conversion[7]。