Impact of three different processing methods on the digestibility and allergenicity of Chinese mitten crab(Eriocheir sinensis)tropomyosin

The tropomyosin(TM)fractions of crab protems may cause allergic reactions in mdividuals susceptible to allergies;however,efficient and safe methods by which to reduce such allergenicity are not currently available.Therefore,in this study,the effects of three different processing methods,i.e.,microwave,ultrasound,and high temperature-pressure(HTP)treatments,on the digestion stability of TM from Chinese mitten crab muscle and the allergenicity of TM digestion products were explored.sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis showed that microwaving had little effect on the digestion stability of TM.In contrast,ultrasound and HTP treatments facilitated the degradation of TM.Similarly,Western blotting and inhibition ELISA indicated that the IgE-binding activity of TM was significantly reduced after treatment with ultrasound or HTP.Among the three different proces sing methods,HTP was the most effective method for improving digestibility of TM and reducing immunoreactivity.This finding provides new insights into treatments for crab allergies.

Impact of Selected Processing Methods of High-Level Cyanide in Cassava on Optic Neuropathy in Wistar Albino Rats—An Experimental Study

Background: Cassava tuber crop is a staple food rich in carbohydrates and utilized in various forms by millions of Nigerians. The storage root of the cassava contains linamarin, a cyanogenic glycoside that is easily hydrolyzed to release cyanide salt compounds which is toxic to the nervous system especially the optic nerve, sometimes leading to optic neuropathy and visual impairment. Aim: The aim of this study is to find out the impact of selected processing methods of high-level cyanide in cassava on optic neuropathy in Wistar albino rats. Methodology: Twenty-four Wistar albino rats were fed with different concentration and duration of predetermined high-cyanide content cassava root cultivar which was processed using different processing methods adopted by various communities in Rivers State, Nigeria (for human consumption). A control group of 3 Wistar albino rats was fed with normal “Growth Mesh” meals. The pre and post weights of the animals and the fundoscopic optic nerve status of the rats were evaluated after 30 and 60 days. SPSS Version 25 was employed for descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The Cassava species available in Rivers State have high cyanide content (2336.79 mg CN-/kg dry weight of cassava). There was statistically significant reduction in the cyanide content (p = 0.000) depending on the various common processing methods (into garri for human consumption): 24 hours, 48 hours, fermentation;with and without red palm oil additive. The individual weights as well as the mean weight of the 24 rats in the experimental group increased gradually from the first week to the 9th week with a slight weight reduction on the third and fourth weeks which was not statistically significant (p = 0.092). However, there was a steady increase in the weights of the animals in the control group throughout the 9 weeks. Varying degrees of optic neuropathy occurred, worse with the rats that had 24-hour fermented cassava twice daily for 60 days. The intra and inter group differences in the optic disc changes was statistically significant (p = 0.000). Conclusion: Longer duration of processing cassava roots into garri for human consumption reduces its cyanide content and minimizes the adverse impact on the optic nerve.

Effects of different processing methods on the lipid composition of hazelnut oil:a lipidomics analysis

Although hazelnut oil is rich in nutrients,its quality is greatly affected by how it is processed.However,no studies to date have comprehensively analyzed the lipid composition of hazelnut oil using different processing methods.Here,we conducted a lipidomics analysis using UPLC-QTOF-MS to characterize the lipid composition of cold-pressed hazelnut oil(CPO),ultrasonic-assisted hexane hazelnut oil(UHO)and enzyme-assisted aqueous hazelnut oil(EAO).A total of 10 subclasses of 98 lipids were identified,including35 glycerolipids(GLs),56 glycerophospholipids(GPs)and 7 sphingolipids(SPs).The total lipid and GL content were the highest in CPO,GP content was the highest in UHO and the ceramide content in SPs was most abundant in EAO.Multivariate statistical analysis showed that the lipid profiles of hazelnut oil prepared with different processing methods varied.Twelve significantly different lipids(TAG 54:3,TAG 52:2,TAG54:4,TAG 54:2,TAG 52:3,TAG 54:5,DAG 36:2,DAG 36:4,DAG 36:3,PC 36:2,PA 36:2 and PE 36:3)were identified,and these lipids could potentially be used as biomarkers to distinguish between hazelnut oil subjected to different processing methods.Our results provide useful information for hazelnut oil applications and new insight into the effects of edible oil processing.

Review of Processing Methods of Jujube

Historical evolution of jujube processing,recording situation of modern processing specifications of jujube,research status of processing methods of jujube at home in recent years,content analysis of main chemical composition in jujube processed products,and impact of processing on chemical composition of jujube are reviewed,which could provide basic data for fully studying,developing and utilizing jujube by scholars and technical staff.

Key chemical composition of walnut(Juglans regia.L)Oils generated with different processing methods and their cholesterol-lowering effects in HepG2 cells

We systematically evaluated fatty acids and triacylglycerol composition,as well as tocopherol,phytosterol,and phenolics,in walnut oil and compared the cholesterol-lowering effects of oil processed with different methods(cold pressing,roast-pressing,hexane extraction,subcritical butane extraction,and supercritical CO_(2) extraction).The different methods did not affect the lipid composition of walnut oil.The tocopherol(41.11 mg/100 g)and total phenolic content(TPC,4.26 mg/100 g)of roast-pressed walnut oil and the phytosterol contents of subcritical butane-extracted walnut oil(106.51 mg/100 g)were higher than those of other tested oils.Walnut oil significantly decreased cholesterol synthesis by downregulating the expression of HMGCR,SREBP-2,and CYP51 genes,and increased cholesterol efflux by upregulating the expression of ABCG1,thus significantly reducing total cholesterol and triacylglycerol.Phytosterols and TPC in walnut oil were responsible for lowering cholesterol;the optimal concentration of phytosterols was 10μg/mL,and that of TPC was 12.5×10^(-3)μg/mL.Through process optimization,a new processing method for walnut oil based on biological evaluation was preliminarily established.

Effects of processing technology on essential oil and pharmacological action of frankincense

Background:According to the traditional Chinese medicine theory,the common processing methods for Ruxiang(frankincense)include stir-frying processing and vinegar processing.Methods:With network pharmacology and thermal analysis methods,we selected and identified the main and irritating ingredients,established the pyrolysis characteristic parameters for identifying frankincense quality,quantified the starting and optimum temperature limits for processing frankincense,and analyzed the influences of processing adjuvants(vinegar)on combustion pyrolysis characteristics of frankincense.By applying Fourier transformation infrared spectrometry,high performance liquid chromatography,gas chromatography and UV-visible spectrometry,we evaluated the processing technology developed in our study of frankincense and its processed products.Results:Based on network pharmacology,we can find that the classical compounds of essential oil are the main pharmacodynamics components of frankincense possessing the anti-inflammatory,analgesia,anti-tumor,anti-ulcer and ant-inflammatory bowel disease effects.The pyrolysis combustion rate peaks of frankincense at 285.27±7.05℃and 476.99±13.46℃were the characteristic peaks used to identify frankincense quality.The specific temperature of slow-fire processing,including the vinegar processing and stir-frying processing,was 148.72±5.09℃.Heating for 5.67±0.98 min after reaching processing temperature was needed for processing frankincense with vinegar.The kinetics analysis showed that both frankincense and its vinegar mixture exhibited good linear relationships.The feasibility and practicability for our processing technology were verified through the determination of medicinal compounds by Fourier transformation infrared spectrometry,high performance liquid chromatography,gas chromatography and UV.Conclusion:Frankincense essential oils were the main active components of frankincense,which also can be taken as the internal chemical control indexes to judge the quality control and to optimize the processing technology of frankincense.The pyrolysis combustion rate peaks of frankincense at 285.27±7.05℃and 476.99±13.46℃were the characteristic peaks that can be used to identify frankincense quality.The optimum processing conditions of vinegar-processed frankincense with were as follows:with vinegar,20%;heating temperature,148.72±5.09℃;and heating time,5.67±0.98 min.Under these conditions,frankincense essential oil could cause a moderate effect on combustion pyrolysis characteristics to exert its corresponding pharmacological effects.

Research on Optimal Design of Campus Space Based on POE Concept: A Case Study of Anhui Xinhua College

Through the analysis of the overall landscape,revetments and roads and plant landscape,10 evaluation factors were determined.The comprehensive evaluation model for the campus space of Anhui Xinhua University was constructed by analytic hierarchy process(AHP).The results showed that revetment safety,road convenience,plant disease resistance and campus activity space were important factors affecting the spatial form planning of campus.Through the comparative analysis of the collected data,optimization suggestions were put forward to provide a basis for the establishment of“people-oriented”campus open space system.

Research on Visual Operation and Guide System of Railway Four⁃electric Engineering Construction

The visualization operation of railway four-electric engineering construction is an important part in railway′s construction,which plays a critical role in improving operation efficiency and it is smoothly finished on railway four-electric majors′professional construction.According to the typical high-speed railway project construction′s technology,these four-electric professional construction′s technology scheme are made into construction method′s video,according to the technology plan′s characteristics of professional,visualization and information,under the premise of improving the efficiency about professional project management and construction of the railway four-electric project,the critical technology problems of railway four-electric project are solved.At the same time,it also improves efficiency of BIM model′s construction,the cooperation management′s efficiency of construction process,and the ability of integrating model information.

Improvements of Traditional Laser Fraunhofer Diffraction Experiment Using Digital Image Processing Method

We present an improved digital image processing(DIP)method to calculate the widths of single slits.Different from the traditional laser Fraunhofer diffraction experiment in college physical experiments,by performing fast Fourier transform,inverse fast Fourier transform and the nonlinear leastsquare fitting on the diffraction pattern taken by a camera,the DIP method can quickly return an analytic expression,whose period is used to calculate widths of single slits.By comparing the measured results by the DIP method and the successional difference(SD)method,we find that for a single slit whose width is 60372μm,the DIP method is more accurate.Experimental results show that for single slits with widths between 40μm and 160μm,the relative error of the DIP method is less than 2.78%.Also,the DIP method can be used to measure the diameter of filament and fibres online in real time.

Data processing and initial results of Chang'e-3 lunar penetrating radar

To improve our understanding of the formation and evolution of the Moon, one of the payloads onboard the Chang＇e-3 （CE-3） rover is Lunar Penetrating Radar （LPR）. This investigation is the first attempt to explore the lunar subsurface structure by using ground penetrating radar with high resolution. We have probed the subsur- face to a depth of several hundred meters using LPR. In-orbit testing, data processing and the preliminary results are presented. These observations have revealed the con- figuration of regolith where the thickness of regolith varies from about 4 m to 6 m. In addition, one layer of lunar rock, which is about 330 m deep and might have been accumulated during the depositional hiatus of mare basalts, was detected.

Data processing and initial results from the CE-3 Extreme Ultraviolet Camera

The Extreme Ultraviolet Camera （EUVC） onboard the Chang＇e-3 （CE-3） lander is used to observe the structure and dynamics of Earth＇s plasmasphere from the Moon. By detecting the resonance line emission of helium ions （He＋） at 30.4 nm, the EUVC images the entire plasmasphere with a time resolution of 10 min and a spatial resolution of about 0.1 Earth radius （RE） in a single frame. We first present details about the data processing from EUVC and the data acquisition in the commissioning phase, and then report some initial results, which reflect the basic features of the plas- masphere well. The photon count and emission intensity of EUVC are consistent with previous observations and models, which indicate that the EUVC works normally and can provide high quality data for future studies.

Effectuate Application of Optimum Methods in Grinding Process

Random error of grinding process is central factor th at give an effect on grinding quality all through. Optimum methods are usually a pplied on grinding process for higher productivity and preferable grinding quali ty. But the grinding quality can’t be reliably controlled now and then while opt imal solution of grinding processing parameters have been applied in production, because of two involved aspects which are availability of established empirical formulas and reliability of setting up optimum mathematical model. That is to s ay, there is particular application of optimum methods in grinding process. This paper discussed that how to confirm conditions of grinding test which be po int to grinding peculiarity when test design and regression analysis are used to setting up some empirical formulas. In order to reduce effect of random errors on precision of the empirical formulas and enable them to be applied widely, a m ethod that a lot of random error can be sufficiently contained in grinding test was suggested. And then, A means to ameliorate restriction formulas of grinding quality is expounded based on marked level of the empirical formulas and improve d reliability of optimum mathematical model is given, which offer an effectual w ay for solving grinding quality out of control as a result of random error and w orkable optimal solution of grinding processing parameters can be applied in the production really. Finally, an example is presented.

Data processing and error analysis for the CE-1 Lunar microwave radiometer

The microwave radiometer （MRM） onboard the Chang＇ E-1 （CE-I） lu- nar orbiter is a 4-frequency microwave radiometer, and it is mainly used to obtain the brightness temperature （TB） of the lunar surface, from which the thickness, temperature, dielectric constant and other related properties of the lunar regolith can be derived. The working mode of the CE-1 MRM, the ground calibration （including the official calibration coefficients）, as well as the acquisition and processing of the raw data are introduced. Our data analysis shows that TB increases with increasing frequency, decreases towards the lunar poles and is significantly affected by solar illumination. Our analysis also reveals that the main uncertainty in TB comes from ground calibration.

ERROR PROCESSING METHOD OF CYCLOIDAL GEAR MEASUREMENT USING 3D COORDINATES MEASURING MACHINE

An error processing method is presented based on optimization theory and microcomputer technique which can be successfully used in the cycloidal gear measurement on three dimensional coordinates measuring machine (CMM). In the procedure, the minimum quadratic sum of the normal deviation is used as the object function and the equidistant curve is dealed with instead of the teeth profile. CMM is a high accurate measuring machine which can provide a way to evaluate the accuracy of the cycloidal gear completely.

Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation Model for Smart Washing Machine

Generally fuzzy control system (FCS) is worked in washing machine. For the fuzzy set theory, membership functions are the building blocks. In a fuzzy set, fuzziness is determined by its membership functions. The shapes of membership functions are important, because it has an effect on fuzzy inference system. The shapes of membership functions can be triangular, trapezoidal and gaussian. The most widely used triangular membership function is used in this paper, because it can capture the short time period. In washing machine, open loop control system is found. This paper applies a fuzzy synthetic evaluation method (FSEM) for washing cloth in washing machine as FSEM can handle the multiple criteria with the help of evaluation matrix generated from membership function and weight matrix generated by Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The purpose of this research is to minimize the wash time. By applying FSEM, we get a wash time which is less than that wash time got from applying the Mamdani approach in FCS. An example is given for illustration. For more reduction of wash time, statistical averaging method is also used. To reduce the wash time, statistical averaging method can be used in Mamdani approach also.

信息型常见毒物质谱用户库的建立及其在毒物快速筛选上的应用研究

The spectrum user’s librarys containing 1533 familiar toxicants have been built; A method with high separability and sensitivity has been found,The RT and the detection limit of 210 familiar abuse drugs has been confirmed; the processing methods to analyse spectrum data automatically have been found; It is simple,quick,sensitive and reliable,and can take place of manual operation,It is very useful to screen the familiar toxicants in unkown sample.

Dietary energy sources and levels shift the multi-kingdom microbiota and functions in the rumen of lactating dairy cows

Background: Dietary energy source and level in lactation diets can profoundly affect milk yield and composition.Such dietary effects on lactation performance are underpinned by alteration of the rumen microbiota, of which bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protozoa may vary differently. However, few studies have examined all the four groups of rumen microbes. This study investigated the effect of both the level and source of dietary energy on rumen bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protozoa in the rumen of lactating dairy cows. A 2 × 2 factorial design resulted in four dietary treatments: low and high dietary energy levels(LE: 1.52–1.53;and HE: 1.71–1.72 Mcal/kg dry matter) and two dietary energy sources(GC: finely ground corn;and SFC: steam-flaked corn). We used a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design using eight primiparous Chinese Holstein cows with each period lasting for 21 d. The rumen microbiota was analyzed using metataxonomics based on kingdom-specific phylogenetic markers [16 S r RNA gene for bacteria and archaea, 18 S r RNA gene for protozoa, and internally transcribed spacer 1(ITS1) for fungi] followed with subsequent functional prediction using PICRUSt2.Results: The GC resulted in a higher prokaryotic(bacterial and archaeal) species richness and Faith's phylogenetic diversity than SFC. For the eukaryotic(fungi and protozoa) microbiota, the LE diets led to significantly higher values of the above measurements than the HE diets. Among the major classified taxa, 23 genera across all the kingdoms differed in relative abundance between the two dietary energy levels, while only six genera(none being protozoal)were differentially abundant between the two energy sources. Based on prokaryotic amplicon sequence variants(ASVs) from all the samples, overall functional profiles predicted using PICRUSt2 differed significantly between LE and HE but not between the two energy sources. Fish Taco analysis identified Ruminococcus and Coprococcus as the taxa potentially contributing to the enriched KEGG pathways for biosynthesis of amino acids and to the metabolisms of pyruvate, glycerophospholipid, and nicotinate and nicotinamide in the rumen of HE-fed cows. The co-occurrence networks were also affected by the dietary treatments, especially the LE and GC diets, resulting in distinct co-occurrence networks. Several microbial genera appeared to be strongly correlated with one or more lactation traits.Conclusions: Dietary energy level affected the overall rumen multi-kingdom microbiota while little difference was noted between ground corn and steam-flaked corn. Some genera were also affected differently by the four dietary treatments, including genera that had been shown to be correlated with lactation performance or feed efficiency.The co-occurrence patterns among the genera exclusively found for each dietary treatment may suggest possible metabolic interactions specifically affected by the dietary treatment. Some of the major taxa were positively correlated to milk properties and may potentially serve as biomarkers of one or more lactation traits.

Influence of vibration mode on the screening process

The screening of particles with different vibration modes was simulated by means of a 3D discrete element method (3D-DEM). The motion and penetration of the particles on the screen deck were analyzed for linear, circular and elliptical vibration of the screen. The results show that the travel velocity of the particles is the fastest, but the screening efficiency is the lowest, for the linear vibration mode. The circular motion resulted in the highest screening efficiency, but the lowest particle travel velocity. In the steady state the screening efficiency for each mode is seen to increase gradually along the longitudinal direction of the deck. The screening efficiency increment of the circular mode is the largest while the linear mode shows the smallest increment. The volume fraction of near-mesh size particles at the underside is larger than that of small size particles all along the screen deck. Linear screening mode has more near-mesh and small size particles on the first three deck sections, and fewer on the last two sections, compared to the circular or elliptical modes.

An iterative wavefront sensing algorithm for high-contrast imaging systems

Wavefront sensing from multiple focal plane images is a promising technique for high-contrast imaging systems.However,the wavefront error of an optics system can be properly reconstructed only when it is very small.This paper presents an iterative optimization algorithm for the direct measurement of large static wavefront errors from only one focal plane image.We first measure the intensity of the pupil image to get the pupil function of the system and acquire the aberrated image on the focal plane with a phase error that will be measured.Then we induce a dynamic phase on the tested pupil function and calculate the associated intensity of the reconstructed image on the focal plane.The algorithm will then try to minimize the intensity difference between the reconstructed image and the aberrated test image in the focal plane,where the induced phase is a variable of the optimization algorithm.The simulation shows that the wavefront of an optical system can theoretically be reconstructed with high precision,which indicates that such an iterative algorithm may be an effective way to perform wavefront sensing for high-contrast imaging systems.

Wavelet Analysis of Space Solar Telescope Images

The scientific satellite SST (Space Solar Telescope) is an important research project strongly supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Every day, SST acquires 50 GB of data (after processing) but only 10GB can be transmitted to the ground because of limited time of satellite passage and limited channel volume. Therefore, the data must be compressed before transmission. Wavelets analysis is a new technique developed over the last 10 years, with great potential of application. We start with a brief introduction to the essential principles of wavelet analysis, and then describe the main idea of embedded zerotree wavelet coding, used for compressing the SST images. The results show that this coding is adequate for the job.