Purification of Produced Water from a Sour Oilfield in South Kuwait. 1. Oil-Water Separation and Industrial Salt Production

Produced water from an oil extraction site in South Kuwait was sampled after primary oil – water separation had been carried out. The produced water was filtered through a mixture of activated charcoal and esterified cellulosic material gained from spent coffee grounds as a tertiary adsorption treatment. The earth-alkaline metal ions and heavy metals were separated from the de-oiled produced water by addition of either sodium or potassium hydroxide in the presence of carbon dioxide or by direct addition of solid sodium carbonate. The resulting filtrate gave salt of industrial purity upon selective crystallization on evaporation.

Purification of Produced Water from a Sour Oilfield in South Kuwait. 2. Oil-Water Separation and Crystallization of Calcium Carbonate

Oil-water separation for produced water (PW) originating from an oil extraction site in South Kuwait was carried out using bleached, esterified cellulosic material from used coffee grounds. Thereafter, earth-alkaline metal ions, specifically calcium ions, of the de-oiled PW were removed by precipitation with sodium carbonate to give access to pure sodium chloride as industrial salt from the remaining PW. While the purity of the precipitated calcium carbonate (CaCO3) depends on the precipitation conditions, CaCO3 of up to 95.48% purity can be obtained, which makes it a salable product. The precipitation of CaCO3 decreases the amount of calcium ions in PW from 11,300 ppm to 84 ppm.

Variability in Quantity and Salinity of Produced Water from an Oil Production in South Kuwait

Produced water (PW) is the largest waste stream in the oil and gas industry. Water remains trapped for millions of years in the reservoir with oil and gas. When a hydrocarbon reservoir is infiltrated by a production well, the produced fluids commonly contain water. The understanding of this water’s constituents and volumes is vital for the sustainable continuity of production operations, as PW has a number of negative impacts on the infrastructure integrity of the operation. On the other hand, PW can be an alternative source of irrigation water as well as of industrial salt. Interestingly, both the quantity as well as the quality of PW do not remain constant but can vary, both progressively and erratically, even over short periods of time. This paper discusses such a situation of variable PW in an oil and gas operation in the State of Kuwait.

Corrosion Behavior of Pipeline Steel in Oilfield Produced Water under Dynamic Corrosion System

In order to predict the corrosion trendency of X100 pipeline steel in flowing oilfield produced water,the effect of flow rate on the corrosion behavior of X100 pipeline steel was studied under general dynamic condition and simulated real working condition at the flow rate of 0.2,0.4,and 0.6 m·s^(-1).Potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to study the corrosion behavior of X100 steel.Energy dispersive spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze corrosion product composition and micromorphology.The experimental results show that the corrosion is more serious under simulated real working conditions than that under the general dynamic conditions.In any case the corrosion current density increases with the increase of the flow rate,and the total impedance value decreases.The corrosion products include Fe_(3)O_(4),Fe_(2)O_(3),and FeOOH.The mass transfer and electrochemistry were simulated by flow coupled in COMSOL software.The multiphysical field coupling simulation results are closer to the engineering practice than the single flow field simulation,and similar results from the experiments were obtained.Both experimental and simulation results reveal that the higher flow rate is,the more serious corrosion appear and the more corrosion products accumulate.By combining experimental and COMSOL simulation data,the corrosion process model of X100 steel was proposed.

Problems of Training Konni Producers in the Context of Reforming the Management of Hydroagricultural Developments: Challenges, Issues and Perspectives

Following the reform of the governance of irrigation schemes in Niger, producer cooperatives are encountering real difficulties in ensuring effective and efficient management of irrigation water, infrastructure maintenance and renewal of hydromechanical equipment. The objective of this research is to analyze the issues and challenges of capacity building for Konni producers in the context of AHA management reform in Niger. The methodological approach adopted is based on documentary research and field surveys with all the actors directly concerned with the management of the Konni irrigated perimeter. A total of 448 people were interviewed in all the localities selected. Direct observation and interview are the two field data collection techniques adopted. The data collected was processed and on the basis of the established diagnosis, the training needs were identified. The results show that there are several experiences in terms of training and capacity building of actors in charge of the management of irrigation systems at the Konni AHA level. However, the sustainability of the perimeter is threatened by various crises. The main themes that founded the first training were related to the mobilization, transport and distribution of irrigation water, operation and maintenance, and setting and collection of the fee. In view of the expectations of operators, future issues and challenges, the training modules are increasingly oriented towards social management, the integration of gender in management and environmental impacts. Even if technical progress is possible, the real lever is organizational and requires the professionalization of irrigators. This process requires a new pedagogical approach aimed at irrigators.

Research on the Formation Mechanism for the Co-agglomeration of Producer Services and Manufacturing in the Guangdong- Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area

The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is witnessing a surge in economic development,showcasing robust resilience in the co-agglomeration of producer services and manufacturing industries,along with the increasingly evident impact generated by such co-agglomeration.Based on the panel data collected from ten cities in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area(excluding Zhaoqing)spanning from 2010 to 2020,we examined the formation mechanism for industrial co-agglomeration in the area from three dimensions:industrial correlation,spatial correlation,and policy guidance.Our analysis was based on a vertical correlation model and was validated using the seemingly unrelated regressions(SUR)method.The findings are as follows:(a)There currently exists no spatial correlation between the producer services and manufacturing sectors in the area,and the correlation between the two remains limited to the former providing specialized services to the latter.(b)Policy guidance has a positive impact on the location selection of industries within the area.By implementing a comprehensive range of favorable policies,local governments can provide effective and scientifically guided recommendations regarding the location of producer services and manufacturing sectors.Therefore,it is crucial to foster the collaboration between producer services and manufacturing sectors and further enhance the co-agglomeration between the two sectors.In addition,the government authorities should also strive to enhance its economic governance capacity,thereby facilitating the formation of such co-agglomeration.

Effects of the Produced Water from a Sour Oilfield in South Kuwait on the Production Tubing

Kuwaiti oil production faces a growing challenge in the increasing quantities of produced water generated in the production of oil. The high water cut of the produced fluid from the wells and the high salinity of the produced water lead to significant degradation of subsurface equipment, specifically the production tubing. Debris generated through the degradation of the inner part of the tubing becomes a constituent of the scaling that deposits in the tubing and blocks the flow of the production fluid, inducing higher maintenance costs. This paper looks at the characteristics of the scaling in regard to the produced water and outlines the economic impact of the produced water induced degradation of the tubing structure.

Kidding after Transfer of in Vitro Produced Saanen Goat Embryos into Local Ukrainian Breed Recipients in Different Seasons

In recent years, the demand for goat products has been growing due to the fact that goat milk has a number of advantages over cow milk, for example, it is low in lactose, and is considered less allergenic and easier to digest. To increase production during both breeding and non-breeding seasons and reduce the price of dairy products, it is necessary to effectively use reproductive management and assisted reproductive technologies. In vitro embryo production makes it possible to obtain a large number of eggs from goats, which for some reason are unable to conceive, but have genetic value. Afterward in vitro produced embryos can be transferred into recipient goats of other less genetically valuable breeds, such as the Ukrainian local breed. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of transfers of in vitro produced embryos of Saanen goats into surrogate sires of the Ukrainian local breed in different seasons. All manipulations with animals were carried out following ethical standards (Strasbourg, 1986). Six Saanen goats were selected as the oocyte donors. After the hormonal stimulation oocytes were retrieved by laparoscopic ovum pick-up. In vitro produced embryos were transferred laparotomically into 24 recipients of Ukrainian local breed. Fifty days after embryo transfers, pregnancies were determined by ultrasound diagnostics. Although the embryo development rate in the breeding season was 20% higher than in the non-breeding season, there was no difference in pregnancy and kidding rates between seasons. In conclusion, the transfer of in vitro produced Saanen goat embryos to recipients of the Ukrainian local breed gives the opportunity to achieve pregnancy and kidding regardless of the breeding season, which will enable a faster and more efficient increase in the livestock of highly productive goats in Ukraine in the post-war period.

黄芩中国主产区栽培技术差异性调查分析

黄芩是常用的大宗药材,市场需求量大,为了解当前各产区黄芩栽培技术、管理水平、品质和产量的差异,对山西、陕西、甘肃、山东、河北、河南、内蒙古等我国黄芩主产区的生产现状进行调查,发现各主产区的生态环境、栽培方式、施肥技术、病虫害防治、采收加工等方面均存在一定差异。因此,建议当前应进行黄芩生态适宜性区分析及各产区适宜栽培技术研究,以便形成黄芩高产、优质、高效的栽培技术体系,进一步为黄芩栽培提质增效奠定基础。

农业社会化服务与小农户的组织化:不同服务模式的比较

本研究通过对比政府主导型、市场主导型和村集体经济组织主导型社会化服务模式,讨论了小农户如何被组织起来以及组织成本由谁承担的问题。在由政府主导的社会化服务模式中,小农户因受到政府补贴的吸引而达成了临时的合作,但这种组织化具有暂时性。在市场主导型社会化服务模式中,小农户或被整合到规模经营主体的种植模式中,或被服务组织重塑。在这两种服务模式中,小农户都是被动的参与者,其组织化程度并未提高。村集体经济组织可能通过重建与小农户的双向权责均衡关系,通过收取服务费用的方式来解决组织成本问题。这种双向的权责均衡关系使村集体经济组织与小农户之间建立起有机的利益联结,从而使该组织对小农户的组织和动员成为可能。

健全我国粮食主产区利益补偿机制的新思路

粮食安全关乎国运民生,政府在战略上高度重视主产区利益补偿问题。当前,我国粮食产业面临产销区粮食供需矛盾加剧、经济发展差距加大、种粮收益不稳、主产区资源和环境压力激增等诸多压力与挑战,健全粮食主产区利益补偿机制、创新补偿思路是我国保障粮食安全亟待解决的现实难题。因此,在进一步拓展了粮食主产区利益补偿的理论基础上,提出利益补偿的新思路,要以公平、协调和可持续发展实现各区域的共同富裕为导向,形成多维度补偿机制。在纵向上,完善以政府为主导的利益补偿机制,提高补偿资金使用效能,在横向上,制定各区域责任分担机制,积极探索新型产销区协作关系,建立产销区横向利益补偿机制。此外,还要综合考虑主产区发展的显性和隐性损失,通过做好用地文章、提高产业核心竞争力、建立粮食生态补偿机制等途径弥补主产区经济发展的机会成本和粮食生产的资源消耗。

数字经济影响制造业结构优化的机理与实证研究

在剖析数字经济影响制造业结构优化的理论分析的基础上,从生产性服务业集聚视角切入,构建“数字经济-生产性服务业集聚-制造业结构优化”的分析框架,并使用2011~2020年制造业细分行业和各省以及城市制造业相关数据进行实证检验,以考察数字经济对制造业结构优化的影响。研究表明:数字经济能够有效推动制造业结构优化,在进行工具变量法等稳健性检验后结论仍然成立;生产性服务业集聚是数字经济影响制造业结构优化的重要机制,并且这种机制作用更多地通过高技术生产性服务业发挥的集聚效应实现;数字经济对制造业结构优化的影响存在明显的行业和区域异质性。

数字经济对生产性服务业和制造业融合发展的影响研究

数字经济对促进生产性服务业与制造业的融合具有重要意义,基于2011-2020年中国31个省份的面板数据,通过运用固定效应模型、中介效应模型和面板门槛模型等进行实证检验,探索数字经济对生产性服务业与制造业融合的影响机制。研究发现:①数字经济能够显著促进生产性服务业与制造业融合,经过稳健性检验之后结论仍成立;②数字经济随着生产性服务业和制造业的发展水平的提高对“两业”融合程度的促进更为显著;③数字经济通过技术引进和自主研发正向促进“两业”融合;④数字经济发展对“两业”融合度的促进作用呈现出“边际效应”递增的非线性特征;⑤不同区域间数字经济发展对“两业”融合程度的影响存在差异,东部地区在数字经济促进“两业”融合度上领先于中部和西部地区。

解决农产品配送“断链”的光伏冷链小车设计

在现有普通农用电动货运三轮车的基础上,通过增加1.3m^(3)保温车厢、600Wp太阳能电池板、4块12V100Ah蓄电池、110W直流压缩机等设备,先计算车厢从35℃降至-10℃所需要的冷量,再综合验证组件与蓄电池满足小车一天的制冷与行驶需求。通过精确的系统匹配及智能温度控制,改造成太阳能智能冷链物流小车,很好的解决了现在冷链物流配送中“最后一公里”空缺的问题,经过测试达到设计要求。本车可直接开到田间地头,有方便快捷、耐用、不付电费、造价低等优势,是现代农业物流冷链运输必不可少的中转设备,实现了农村鲜活农产品采摘−物流中心−用户的无缝对接。

地方性何以再生产:湖北监利“玻铝大军”的自我组织实践及其启示

“玻铝大军”是生活在广袤中国的一个地方群体,是通过参与现代市场实践自下而上完成地方性再生产的缩影。“玻铝大军”的自我组织实践表明,家庭经济传统、地方社会关系网络、民间学徒制等传统社会关系网络及社会价值取向,在时空变迁中展示出极强的创造性和建构性。在“玻铝大军”以“家”“群”“乡”等形式整体嵌入现代市场及现代化进程后,地方性与现代性实现新的融合,地方性由此得以重构和再生产。中国传统的地方性具有与现代性相融合的社会文化基因和能力。

华南陆缘火成岩区差异性地壳热结构及地热意义

高产热花岗岩是重要的壳内热源之一,我国华南陆缘花岗岩体分布广泛,为该区浅表热量的生成及聚集提供了可能。本文在简述区内花岗岩资源分布的基础上,系统分析了区内主要花岗岩体的放射性生热特征,并结合区内近些年施工的地热勘探深钻,对重点地热勘查区的深部地温场分布、地热通量、地壳热结构等进行了对比分析,提出了华南陆缘浅表地热资源的聚热模式。分析认为,华南陆缘地区具有“幔源供热-壳内生热-断裂传热-盖层保热”的四元聚热模式,其中,花岗岩体的放射性生热率是影响区内浅部地温场的主要因素之一,粤北—赣南岩体的生热率明显高于漳州地区的花岗岩体,其近似“热壳冷幔”型或“温壳温幔”型岩石圈热结构与漳州“热幔冷壳”型岩石圈热结构有一定的差异;断裂构造及盖层条件对于地下热量聚集及散失具有明显的控制作用。研究成果对于深入理解华南陆缘地热资源的成因、控热因素,以及今后该地区地热资源勘探开发实践具有一定的理论与指导意义。

不同产地甘草中核苷和碱基类成分分析与评价

为揭示不同产地甘草物质基础不同,本研究采用UPLC-TQ/MS测定153批不同产地甘草样品中12种核苷、碱基类成分含量,并利用主成分分析(PCA)和偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)进行不同产地质量特征分析。研究结果显示,不同产地总核苷、碱基类成分含量宁夏>甘肃>内蒙古>新疆,产地之间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。甘草核苷类成分以胞苷和鸟苷含量较高,二者占总核苷和碱基含量的26.2%~47.8%;碱基类成分以腺嘌呤和鸟嘌呤较高,二者占总核苷和碱基含量的19.3%~38.7%。基于测定的12种核苷、碱基类成分,PLS-DA判别分析可以将不同产地的甘草分为两组,一组为宁夏和内蒙古产甘草,另外一组为甘肃和新疆产甘草,主要差异成分为鸟嘌呤、腺嘌呤、尿苷、胞苷和鸟苷。进一步采用PLS-DA分别分析两个组内不同产地的甘草质量特征显示,甘肃和新疆产甘草可以明确区分,宁夏和内蒙古产甘草不能准确区分。以上研究结果表明,不同产地甘草中核苷、碱基类成分存在差异,进而影响其质量特征。基于核苷、碱基类成分分析,宁夏和内蒙古产甘草质量一致度较高。本研究为揭示不同产地甘草质量存在差异提供了理论支持,为其合理开发利用奠定了基础。

“数据二十条”下探析数据资源持有权的内涵及框架构建

《关于构建数据基础制度更好发挥数据要素作用的意见》(简称“数据二十条”)提出了以“数据流通激励”为主旨的数据产权结构性分置制度。对数据资源持有权的合理配置影响到数据利益的第一次分配,是实现数据“共同使用、共享收益”的战略性目标的基础。基于传统排他性产权思维下的数据资源持有权分配模式,皆存在加剧数据共同生产者之间利益冲突的可能性。本文提出在数据生产者之间以“1+N”模式配置数据持有权,即“特定数据生产者的在先持有权+N个其他数据生产者的访问权”模式,通过技术治理和透明度治理等工具的支持,探索符合数据经济发展规律的、公平的高效的新型数据产权制度。

“双碳”背景下新能源汽车蓄电池回收利用的法治优化路径

为实现“双碳”目标,我国大力发展新能源汽车产业,但与之相关的动力蓄电池回收利用管理仍处于探索阶段。生产者责任延伸制度尚未落实、现行法律对公众参与缺乏引导以及政府监管体系尚不完善等问题凸显。从动力蓄电池的特殊性入手,可探究其回收利用管理的理论基础。基于此,完善我国新能源汽车动力蓄电池的回收利用法律体系具有现实的必要和实践的可行。结合美国、日本的经验启示,提出法治优化路径:明确生产者、销售者、消费者及第三方企业等市场主体的法律责任与义务,以落实生产者责任延伸制度;引入税收、补贴、环境押金等经济激励机制,维持市场调节的良好运行;通过明确监管责任、加强准入管理和强化公众参与制度的方式完善政府监管体系,以弥补市场失灵,为实现循环经济发展的中国式现代化提供新的思路。

土地租金销蚀了粮食补贴的“稳粮”效果吗?

尽管近年来政府不断加大粮食补贴力度,但种粮成本不断攀升,尤其土地流转租金明显跟涨,影响农民种粮积极性。农业补贴存在资本化为地租的倾向可能是推动土地成本上升的原因之一。鉴于此,基于2010-2020年玉米生产省级面板数据,采用事件研究法分析玉米生产者补贴的动态效应,以明晰粮食补贴的资本化效应对补贴“稳粮”效果的影响。研究结果表明:玉米生产者补贴导致下年土地流转租金增加了5.7元/亩,并进一步证实了补贴资本化为地租一定程度上削弱了生产者补贴应有的政策效果。若切断粮食补贴与土地流转租金之间的联动关系,生产者补贴稳定种粮面积的正向效果将进一步增强,其削减生产投入的负向影响将进一步减弱。由此提出未来粮食支持政策应进一步优化增量补贴方式,规避其与地租的联动关系,从生产技术模式结合、新型经营体系对接的角度,提高补贴精度和支持效率。