Urban Expansion in Major Grain Producing Area from 1978 to 2017:A Case Study of Zhengzhou Metropolitan Area,China

The spatial form of urbanization in China has developed from single-core city expansion to a multi-center metropolitan area.However,little attention has been paid to the growth process of the emerging metropolitan area situated in major grain producing locations in the central China.Taking the Zhengzhou metropolitan area(ZZMA)as a case study,we developed an inverse S-shape model to characterize the spatial distribution of urban land density,and constructed an urban expansion core index,urban expansion intensity index,and urban compactness index to quantify the spatial structure change that has taken place from 1978 to 2017 during the process of urban expansion.Moreover,cropland contribution rate(CR)was constructed to evaluate the impacts of urban expansion on croplands.We uncovered four key findings.First,over the past 40 yr,the ZZMA has experienced dramatic expansion,and the central city of Zhengzhou expanded faster than other cities.The gravity centers of urban expansion of surrounding cities were moving toward to Zhengzhou City.Second,the urban land density decreased with the distance from the city center to the outskirts.As the only large city,Zhengzhou has experienced the fastest and most compact centralized urban expansion,especially after 2000,while other medium-and small-sized cities have experienced low-intensity decentralized expansion.Third,the urban core has been gradually expanding outward.From 1978 to 2017,the hot-zone of urban growth has moved progressively with the acceleration of urbanization.All cities except Jiaozuo had a single peak in different periods.Forth,the cities in national core grain-producing areas has higher cropland contribution rates and lower urban expansion areas,which was closely related to cropland protection.Further analysis showed that large city was relatively better positioned than smaller cities in the efficiency of their urban infrastructure and the effectiveness of wealth creation efficiency in the urbanized area could be tested in all cities,and the policy factor seemed to play an important role in the urban expansion process.

Classification and Integration of Storage and Transportation Engineering Technologies in Potato Producing Areas of China

Considering the development of potato （Solanum tuberosum） industry in China, the existing technologies of potato storage and transportation in the produc- ing area were analyzed through investigation on four main potato production areas. Unear classification was used to conduct the technology classification. According to the technical attributes and characteristics, the potato technologies of storage and transportation in producing area were classified with large classes, middle classes, small classes and subclasses, into the agricultural production area processing and storage engineering technology system, to reveal the structure and functions. Mean- while, the widely used technologies were integrated and summarized into 5 principal technology integration programs, which could be used for the technology integration of the new management subjects such as planting professional cooperatives, family farms, enterprises and so on.

Agricultural Production Structure Optimization: A Case Study of Major Grain Producing Areas, China

A large number of mathematical models were developed for supporting agricultural production structure optimization decisions; however, few of them can address various uncertainties existing in many factors （e.g., eco-social benefit maximization, food security, employment stability and ecosystem balance）. In this study, an interval-probabilistic agricultural production structure optimization model （IPAPSOM） is formulated for tackling uncertainty presented as discrete intervals and/or probability distribution. The developed model improves upon the existing probabilistic programming and inexact optimization approaches. The IPAPSOM considers not only food security policy constraints, but also involves rural households’income increase and eco-environmental conversation, which can effectively reflect various interrelations among different aspects in an agricultural production structure optimization system. Moreover, it can also help examine the reliability of satisfying （or risk of violating） system constraints under uncertainty. The model is applied to a real case of long-term agricultural production structure optimization in Dancheng County, which is located in Henan Province of Central China as one of the major grain producing areas. Interval solutions associated with different risk levels of constraint violation are obtained. The results are useful for generating a range of decision alternatives under various system benefit conditions, and thus helping decision makers to identify the desired agricultural production structure optimization strategy under uncertainty.

Investigation and Green Prevention and Control Strategies of Pseudostellaria heterophylla Diseases in Genuine Producing Area in Zherong County

Zherong County of Fujian Province is a genuine producing area of Pseudostellaria heterophylla,and disease has become a main factor restricting the healthy development of P.heterophylla industry in the county.In order to scientifically understand the occurrence status of agricultural diseases and serve the GAP of P.heterophylla,P.heterophylla diseases in Zherong County were investigated,and the information and regularity of diseases were summarized.P.heterophylla diseases in Zherong County were infectious,and caused by fungi and viruses.The diseases occurred frequently in spring and summer,and symptoms were manifested in pathological changes of leaf and tuber.Eventually,green prevention and control strategies of diseases were put forward:cultivating new disease-resistant varieties,scientifically administrating drugs according to symptoms,administrating drugs in optimum period,strengthening biological control,strictly requiring drug safety period and paying attention to green prevention and control during the planting process.The occurrence of P.heterophylla diseases in Zherong County was investigated and summarized,and the corresponding strategies were put forward,so as to scientifically serve the agricultural industry in P.heterophylla genuine producing area,and to provide a basis for the sustainable development of modern pollution-free planting industry of P.heterophylla.

Investigation and Evaluation on Soil Heavy Metal Contents in Fruit Producing Area in Baise City,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate heavy metal conditions in fruit producing area in Baise City, Guangxi Province. [Method] Heavy metal contents in 106 soil samples collected from fruit producing area in Youjiang District, Baise City, Guangxi Province were analyzed, and soil heavy metal pollution condition in this area was estimated applying single factor index method and Hakanson＇ potential ecological risk index method with reference to the second grade of National Soil Environmental Quality Standard and soil background values of this area. [Result] According to the second grade of National Soil Environmental Quality Standard, soil heavy metals in this fruit producing area is at the level of no pollution; and the total potential ecological risk pollution risk （RI） of soil heavy metals was 97.7, indicating no risk. [Conclusion] The fruit producing area in Baise City, Guangxi Province is free of heavy metal pollution.

GC-MS Analysis on Form and Content of Phytosterol in the Beans from Different Producing Areas

This paper established the GC-MS method to analyze phytosterol in beans and study the content and distribution of phytosterol in green beans,red beans,black beans and soybeans in 5 main producing areas of China(Inner Mongolia,Heilongjiang,Jilin,Hebei,Shandong).This paper used GC-MS method to analyze the content and distribution of campesterol,stigmasterol,sitostanol,brassicasterol,ergosterol,cycloartanol,cycloartenol,2,4-methylenecycloartanol,spinasterol,cholesterol and cholestanol in the beans from different producing areas.Results showed that the content of sterol in green beans was higher than in three other kinds of beans,and the content of sterol in red beans was the lowest.Different producing areas had a significant impact on the content of sterol in beans,and the dominant producing areas included Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang.The study provided a basis for quality assessment and nutritional evaluation of beans and provided a reference for traceability and variety distinction study of other edible beans.

GC-MS Analysis of Volatile Oils in Mango Leaves from Different Producing Areas

[Objectives]To analyze the composition of volatile oils from mango leaves from different producing areas.[Methods]The volatile oils in mango leaves from different areas was extracted by steam distillation,and the GC-MS method combined with retention index and peak area normalization method was used for qualitative and quantitative analysis.[Results]The volatile oils of mango leaves in southern provinces contained high content of terpenes,such asα-gurjunene(18.39%-34.13%),(+)-viridiflorene(8.95%-16.30%)and(E)-β-ocimene(3.49%-7.63%).The volatile oils components of mango leaves were significantly different in different provinces,for example,mango leaves produced in Hainan Province contained a large amount ofβ-selinene(23.00%),but not in other provinces.[Conclusions]The origin had a great influence on the composition and contents of volatile oils in mango leaves.

Safety Limit Test of Heavy Metals and Pesticide Residues in the Zhuang Ethnic Medcine Herba Polygoni Chinensis from 13 Producing Areas

[Objectives]This study was conducted to determine the contents of such five heavy metals as lead(Pb),cadmium(Cd),arsenic(As),mercury(Hg)and copper(Cu)and the contents of nine kinds of organochlorine pesticide residues including total BHC(α-BHC,β-BHC,γ-BHC,δ-BHC)and total DDT(pp-DDE,pp-DDD,op-DDT,pp-DDT)and pentachloronitrobenzene in the Zhuang medicine Herba Polygoni Chinensis from 13 producing areas.[Methods]The five heavy metals were determined in accordance with the second method of general rule 2341,the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method,in part 4 of the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia;and the nine organochlorines were determined in accordance with the first method of general rule 2341,organochlorine pesticide residue determination method(chromatography),in part 4 of the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.[Results]In the Herba Polygoni Chinensis from 13 origins,the lead contents were in the range of 0.50-3.28 mg/kg;the cadmium contents were in the range of 0.06-4.21 mg/kg;the arsenic contents were in the range of 0.16-6.9 mg/kg;the copper contents were in the range of 10.5-45.1 mg/kg;the mercury contents were in the range of 0.00-0.003 mg/kg;and the nine organochlorines including the total benzene hexachloride(α-BHC,β-BHC,γ-BHC,δ-BHC),total DDT(pp-DDE,pp-DDD,op-DDT,pp-DDT)and pentachloronitrobenzene were all not detected.Referring to part 4 of the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia,the Cu and As of the Herba Polygoni Chinensis produced in Hezhou exceeded the standards,the Cu of the Herba Polygoni Chinensis produced in Wuzhou exceeded the standard,and the As of the Herba Polygoni Chinensis produced in Yulin City and Guilin City exceeded the standard.[Conclusions]This study provides safety limit test data for the development and utilization of Herba Polygoni Chinensis of the Zhuang medicine.

Characterization of mineral element fingerprints under soilcrop systems in eastern and western rice-producing areas of Jilin Province,China

To assess the indicative function of the fingerprint characteristics of mineral elements for small agricultural producing areas,20 sets of soil surface samples and corresponding rice samples were collected from Songyuan and Hunchun of Jilin Province,China.Forty-six mineral elements of brown rice,soil,and rice husk were examined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.Ten characteristic elements(Li,Ag,Y,Bi,U,Eu,Er,Rb,Mo and As)were identified via multivariate statistics(Variance importance value analysis and rank sum test in SPSS and SIMCA software packages).The correlation of mineral elements in brown rice,soil,and rice husks of the two sample areas was analyzed and regression analysis models of characteristic mineral elements in brown rice were developed.The results indicate that a correlation exists among brown rice,soil,and rice husks in the same area,and the correlation tests using selected elements showed that all correlation coefficients were 0.65 or above.Differences in brown rice were found between different regions.Consequently,brown rice producing areas can be distinguished by the fingerprint characteristics of mineral elements.

1.3 Billion Tons of Crude Oil Produced in Daqing Oil Area

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Performance evaluation of ecological compensation policy for cultivated land in China

The paper evaluates the changes in the ecological environment of cultivated land in the major crop-producing areas major crop-producing areas in the past 20 years by constructing an ecological pollution index;and quantitatively analyzes the effects of the existing policies and their main influencing factors by applying the PSM-DID method based on the frequency of policy enactment.The results are as follows:first,the existing ecological compensation policies for cultivated land are effective but not significant in improving the ecological environment in the major crop-producing areas.The economic development level and grain cultivation area of the major crop-producing areas are significantly and positively correlated with the improvement of the arable land ecological environment,while the level of agricultural infrastructure construction is significantly and negatively correlated with the improvement of the arable land ecological environment.Second,the reason for the ineffectiveness of the current arable ecological land compensation policy in protecting the arable land ecological environment in the main grain-producing regions is that the existing arable ecological land compensation policy in China has its own institutional defects and needs to be further improved.At the same time,the level of environmental pollution of cultivated land in the main grain-producing regions is positively correlated with the level of income from cultivated land and cultivated area.

Advances in Research of Resources and Cultivation Techniques of Chinese Medicinal Material Radix Bupleuri

At present,with the vigorous development of traditional Chinese medicines,wild Bupleurum chinense resources become increasingly depleted,and its cultivars have become the mainstream of the market.However,due to factors such as a large number of original plants,irregular planting techniques,and poor growth environment,the quality of cultivated B.chinense is uneven and it is difficult to achieve the expected efficacy.In order to protect the wild resources of B.chinense and expand the source of medicinal materials,this paper summarized the research advances of the main resource producing areas and cultivation techniques of B.chinense in combination with relevant documents published at home and abroad,and discussed the future development of B.chinense,to provide a reference for research and sustainable development of B.chinense resources.