LIFE CYCLE AND PRODUCTION OF CHIRONOMIDAE(DIPTERA) IN BIANDANTANG, A TYPICAL MACROPHYTIC LAKE (HUBEI, CHINA)

The life cycle and annual production of four dominant species of Chironomids ( Chironomus plumosus, Chironomus sp., Clinotanypus sp., Tokunagayusurika akamusi) were studied with samples taken monthly in Biandantang Lake at eight stations from April, 1996 to March, 1997. Instar frequency data showed C. plumosus was univoltine, while the other three were bivoltine. Production in wet weight (g/(m 2·a)) calculated by the size frequency method for each species were: C. plumosus, 2.663 ; Chironomus sp.,1.161 ;Clinotanypus sp., 0.270; T. akamusi , 1.476. Based on the mean standing stock, their P/B ratios were 3.2, 4.0, 6.2 and 4.4, respectively.

Life cycle assessment of oxygen-18 production using cryogenic oxygen distillation

In this study, life cycle assessment of oxygen-18 by using cryogenic distillation of oxygen is performed using SimaPro 8.3 software. Life cycle assessment is performed to understand the environmental profile and hotspots of this process in order to be used in design and development. Simulation of oxygen-18 process is executed by Hysys software, and the required inputs and outputs for inventory of life cycle were acquired. By doing life cycle assessment and considering achieved results after characterization and normalization of inventory data it has been investigated that in the majority of environmental impacts electricity consumption has a huge contribution relative to other parts of the system like liquefied oxygen production from air separation unit,required facilities for air separation and oxygen-18 units, and needed transportation. Also, among 17 impact categories investigated in ReCiPe impact assessment method, fossil depletion, climate change(human health),particulate matter formation, climate change(ecosystem), human toxicity, and metal depletion have the most contribution in entire environmental loads respectively. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis showed that changing life cycle impact assessment method from ReCiPe to IMPACT 2002+ has no significant effect on acquired results and results are confident. In addition, assumption of market for depleted oxygen from heavy isotopes which is withdrawn from top of distillation columns showed some positive effects compared to first case and environmental impacts resulted from liquefied oxygen production(feed) reduced but because of huge contribution of electricity consumption compared to other sections, this positive effect has no remarkable influence on entire environmental loads of product system.

Analysis of Sustainability Based on Life Cycle Assessment： An Empirical Study of Wine Production

The environmental planning and the current policy initiatives in European Union are aimed at continuous improvement of the productive fabric, heading toward a system in which the ＂quality＂ of products will no longer regardless of their environmental impacts. In this context, the methodology of LCA （life cycle assessment） is certainly one of the most innovative methods in the field of environmental protection as it allows evaluating the environmental burdens associated with a product, process or activity by identifying and quantifying material and energy consumption and environmental emissions. The objectives focus on finding the main impacts of the wine life cycle, as well as identifying crucial activities/stages in the wine production which establish the largest impacts. This paper＇s objective is to expose the advantages resulting from the use of the LCA method in the wine production sector, with a specific application to wine production in the Tuscany region.

Identifying and Tracing Single Products During Their Entire Life Cycle Through Networked Manufacturing System

This study covers the problem that most products become less competitive especially in the decline stages of their life cycle as most companies do not put adequate emphasis on using networked manufacturing systems in the entire life cycle of a single product. The study employed a non-experimental approach to collect data. The research paper relied on secondary data for further analysis. The secondary sources used in this paper have been referenced progressively in the entire paper. The paper found that most companies are often faced with the challenge of coping with quality management in a product life cycle. Also, it found that networked manufacturing systems have provided a new paradigm for real-time monitoring and control at various life stages. The paper is divided as following parts： section 1 is about the background and problem statement. Section 2 comes through literature review including theoretical ＆ empirical review. Section 3 explains the procedures and methods that were used in carrying out the study. It explains how data collection was carried out and how data analysis was performed. Section 4 is about the results the paper found. Section 5 is a discussion of the results presented.

A Study of the Bullwhip Effect for Short Life Cycle Products in Supply Chain Management

Shorter product life cycles present new dressed in supply chain literature. This research challenges to managing production and logistics not adequately adaddresses issues pertaining to the management of supply chains in a short life cycle environment. In this paper, we study the short life cycle environment; then we develop the ventory policy of the indirect manufacturer by explicitly using his demand us an output of the retailer＇s optimal inoptimal ordering policy. Finally, we also provide causes of the bullwhip effect in the context of short life cycle products.

SPACE CARGO TRANSPORT BAGS THROUGH MEMBRANE WATER TREATMENT ELEMENTS TO SPACE ARCHITECTURE BUILDING ELEMENT:A TOTAL PRODUCT SUSTAINABILITY AND LIFE CYCLE DESIGN OPTIMIZATION EXPERIMENT

The CTB Water Wall project is a maximal product life cycle utilization concept study by members of the space architecture design community.Its function is to demonstrate a human space activity Cargo Transport Bag(CTB)that becomes a primary water recycling membrane element after delivery of cargo,and then a permanent architectural building block for sustainable space habitation after its use in water treatment is complete.As such,it is intended as an experiment in radical life cycle product optimization in an extremely mass-constrained application environment(human space operations).It also introduces some fundamentally interesting concepts in architectural use of waste materials in extreme environments.Finally,it is in some ways a simple,tactile and visual demonstration of how far sustainable product design can be taken,if the motivation and technical justification are present.

Life cycle assessment of mobile phone housing

The life cycle assessment of the mobile phone housing in Motorola(China) Electronics Ltd. was carried out, in which materials flows and environmental emissions based on a basic production scheme were analyzed and assessed. In the manufacturing stage, such primary processes as polycarbonate molding and surface painting are included, whereas different surface finishing technologies like normal painting, electroplate, IMD and VDM etc. were assessed. The results showed that housing decoration plays a significant role within the housing life cycle. The most significant environmental impact from housing production is the photochemical ozone formation potential. Environmental impacts of different decoration techniques varied widely, for example, the electroplating technique is more environmentally friendly than VDM. VDM consumes much more energy and raw material. In addition, the results of two alternative scenarios of dematerialization showed that material flow analysis and assessment is very important and valuable in selecting an environmentally friendly process.

The study of the life cycle of technology assessment model

The life cycle of technology is one of the most important indexes to weigh up the risk of the investment to neo tech.There are so many uncertainties because it is conditioned by a lot of factors,we can not make a rational forecasting by traditional assessment method.So this paper gives a comprehensive consideration to the factors that influence production and makes some modification to production function, and establishes the life cycle of technology assessmet model by the method of fuzzy mathematics. So it quantifies the risk of investment.We can take it as one foundational index for the decision making of the investment.

Evaluation of the Life Cycle and Comparison of the Waste Management Treatment with Tyre by Life Cycle Assessment

Assessment of the life cycle （LCA--life cycle assessment） of a product, service or technology is one of the most important tools of environmental policy. This method is assumed to be a perspective voluntary instrument for implementation of sustainable development and allows us to assess both the demand for energy and raw materials, as well as the impacts on human life and on the life of ecosystems in the representative phases of product existence. The main objective of the article is presentation of the LCA method application on the standard car tyre which focuses on the impacts of the whole life cycle of tyre, individual phases in life cycle and especially comparison of different methods of treatment with used waste car tyres （cement works, pyrolysis, recycling） with different transport distance. The results were evaluated by elementary flows and impact assessment. Dominative phase in the life cycle of car tyre is extraction of raw materials. The technologies for waste car tyre treatment are comparable in environemntal impacts. The software GaBi 4 Professional and methodology CML 2001 for impact assessment were used.

Concept of Integrated Waste Management as Recoverable Resources in Product Cycle

This paper presents a conceptual framework of integrated waste management which focuses on all stages of product life cycle. A mechanism of resource recovery motivating from waste in economic system （designers, producers, consumers, stakeholders in the field of disposal of the product） is suggested. The classification of institutional and economic instruments in the field of waste management as recoverable resources is developed. The author has proposed a scientific and methodical approach to the formation of an integrated waste management as recoverable resources, which is based on a set of methods of economic incentives at all stages of product life cycle and ensures the maximum possible and the environmentally safe management of wastes containing valuable resource components.

RESIDENTIAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT MODELING: COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY OF INSULATING CONCRETE FORMS AND TRADITIONAL BUILDING MATERIALS

Innovative,sustainable construction products are emerging in response to market demands.One potential product,insulating concrete forms(ICFs),offers possible advantages in energy and environmental performance when compared with traditional construction materials.Even though ICFs are in part derived from a petroleum-based product,the benefits in the use phase outweigh the impacts of the raw material extraction and manufacturing phase.This paper quantitatively measures ICFs’performance through a comparative life cycle assessment of wall sections comprised of ICF and traditional wood-frame.The life cycle stages included raw materials extraction and manufacturing,construction,use and end of life for a 2,450 square foot house in Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania.Results showed that even though building products such as ICFs are energy intensive to produce and thus have higher environmental impacts in the raw materials extraction and manufacturing phase,the use phase dominated in the life cycle.For the use phase,the home constructed of ICFs consumed 20 percent less energy when compared to a traditional wood-frame structure.The results of the impact assessment show that ICFs have higher impacts over wood homes in most impact categories.The high impacts arise from the raw materials extraction and manufacturing phase of ICFs.But there are a number of embedded unit processes such as disposal of solid waste and transport of natural gas that contribute to this high impact and identifying the top unit process and substance contributors to the impact category is not intuitive.Selecting different unit processes or impact assessment methods will yield dissimilar results and the tradeoffs associated with every building product should be considered after studying the entire life cycle in detail.

FRAMEWORK FOR INTEGRATING INDOOR AIR QUALITY IMPACTS INTO LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENTS OF BUILDINGS AND BUILDING REL ATED PRODUCTS

Products used during construction and operation of a building can contribute to Indoor Air Quality(IAQ)problems that affect occupants’well-being.However,IAQ is conventionally not addressed in the life cycle assessments(LCAs)of buildings and building related products even though IAQ leads to one of the areas of protection under LCA-human health impacts.In this study,we proposed an overall framework for integrating IAQ into LCA using the standard steps of LCA.The framework focused on IAQ and LCA modeling from two categories of building related products:i)passive products that realize their function through initial installation and have long-term decayed emissions,and ii)active equipment that realize their function and cause emissions through daily operation.Dynamic and static life cycle inventory modeling approaches were proposed for passive products and active equipment,respectively.An indoor intake fraction equation and USEtox model effect factors were incorporated into the life cycle impact assessment.Three hypothetical examples were presented to illustrate the calculation procedure of the framework.We concluded that it was feasible to integrate IAQ into building related LCA studies.Development of IAQ related impact assessment methodologies can improve upon the limitations of this study.Further studies need to be carried out to compare the health impacts from IAQ related sources to other life cycle stages of building related products.

The study of metal cycles in China

A model of Fe-flow in the life cycle of steel product was put forward and analyzed. Three important resource and environmental indicators for Fe-flow analysis,that is,steel scrap index,iron ore index and iron loss index were derived from this model. Illustrative examples,demonstrating the influence of the variation of steel output on steel scrap index and iron ore index were given. Case studies for estimating the values of steel scrap index of Japan,China and USA in the period of 1988-1997 were carried out. It was clarified that the main reason of severe deficiency in steel scraps for China's steel industry was its continued rapid growth. The study of iron,copper,zinc and lead cycle in China was carried out successfully according to this model.

A new production component method for natural gas development planning

Based on an analysis of the limitations of conventional production component methods for natural gas development planning,this study proposes a new one that uses life cycle models for the trend fitting and prediction of production.In this new method,the annual production of old and new wells is predicted by year first and then is summed up to yield the production for the planning period.It shows that the changes in the production of old wells in old blocks can be fitted and predicted using the vapor pressure model(VPM),with precision of 80%e95%,which is 6.6%e13.2%higher than that of other life cycle models.Furthermore,a new production prediction process and method for new wells have been established based on this life cycle model to predict the production of medium-to-shallow gas reservoirs in western Sichuan Basin,with predication error of production rate in 2021 and 2022 being 6%and 3%respectively.The new method can be used to guide the medium-and long-term planning or annual scheme preparation for gas development.It is also applicable to planning for large single gas blocks that require continuous infill drilling and adjustment to improve gas recovery.

Production forecasting methods for different types of gas reservoirs

Hydrocarbon production in oil and gas fields generally progresses through stages of production ramp-up,plateau(peak),and decline during field development,with the whole process primarily modeled and forecasted using lifecycle models.SINOPEC's conventional gas reservoirs are dominated by carbonates,low-permeability tight sandstone,condensate,volcanic rocks,and medium-to-high-permeability sandstone.This study identifies the optimal production forecasting models by comparing the fitting coefficients of different models and calculating the relative errors in technically recoverable reserves.To improve forecast precision,it suggests substituting exponential smoothing method-derived predictions for anomalous data caused by subjective influences like market dynamics and maintenance activities.The preferred models for carbonate gas reservoir production forecasts are the generalized Weng's,Beta,Class-I generalized mathematical,and Hu-Chen models.The Vapor pressure and Beta models are optimal for forecasting the annual productivity of wells(APW)from gas-bearing low-permeability tight sandstone reservoirs.The Wang-Li,Beta,and Yu QT tb models are apt for moderate-to-small-reserves,single low-permeability tight sandstone gas reservoirs.The Rayleigh,Hu-Chen,and generalized Weng's models are suitable for condensate gas reservoirs.For medium-to-high-permeability sandstone gas reservoirs,the lognormal,generalized gamma,and Beta models are recommended.

考虑PLC和市场结构的实物期权投资决策

应用实物期权方法探讨投资决策问题,提出了一种同时考虑产品生命周期和市场结构的分析模型。研究表明,不确定程度越大、产品生命周期越长、企业垄断力越强、折现率越低则实物期权价值和投资临界值越高,导致最佳投资点延迟。

PLC理论与市场营销策略

ＰＬＣ是市场学中一个重要的理论。本文着重阐述ＰＬＣ理论的内涵、主要内容和作用，分析了发展中国家ＰＬＣ与发达国家所具有的差异性，并根据中国国情，提出ＰＬＣ可划分为５个阶段，同时指出了ＰＬＣ在这５个阶段中的市场营销策略。

PLC Analyzer在多工位快速液压机中的应用

介绍快速液压机工作原理以及PLC Analyzer软件的使用,通过PLC Analyzer软件在多工位快速压机中的使用,实现了对各种信号的数据采集与存储功能,便于分析、解决调试过程中出现的不定期的异常故障,优化了压机调试参数。借助该软件可快速、准确地发现设备故障点,弥补传统PLC无法对瞬时故障信号记录以及判断的缺陷。

基于PLC的产品供应链动态绩效及其评价指标体系

科学的产品供应链绩效评价,能够明晰供应链管理策略的实施效果,使产品供应链管理者做出有效决策,最终实现供应链资源利用率的最大化。产品供应链绩效维度受到产品供应链环境变化的重大影响,引致绩效评价体系呈现动态性。本文基于产品生产周期(PLC)阶段化供应链环境分析不同PLC阶段产品供应链绩效维度,建立动态的产品供应链绩效评价指标体系。

Integrated Assessment of Environmental and Economic Performance of Chemical Products Using Analytic Hierarchy Process Approach

With the increasing public consciousness on environmental issues, chemical products and process designs require simultaneous satisfaction and compromise of environmental and economical requirements. To fulfill the two conflicting while complementary objectives, a systematic approach for life cycle design of a chemical product is proposed in this article. Multiattribute decision-making is adopted in a trade-off consideration of both technical economical evaluation and environmental impacts assessment using the analytic hierarchy process （AHP） approach. On the basis of an evaluation of the relative importance of the criteria multicriteria decision making is performed. In this study, an AHP model is used to derive single a criteria score by analyzing the environmental impact and life cycle cost of a product, respectively. And a fluctuant weight analysis is put forth to calculate the integrated index of the product to enable products to be ranked or selected intuitionally and conveniently. The proposed AHP model has been applied to a case study, a comparative study on chamber cleaning with NF3 and C2F6. The resuits show that the protposed AHP model is Capable of providing a rational and relevant evaluation.