Shock Propagation in Dual-Circulation Production Networks:Characteristics and Simulation

This article constructs a dual-circulation production network framework on the basis of integrating inter-country and China's multi-regional input-output tables,identifies the propagation and attenuation of sectoral shocks in dual-circulation production networks,and measures the effects of US-China trade frictions on the networks.The research finds that:(1)The asymmetry between domestic-and internationalcirculation production networks has increased,and with a few sectors becoming key sectors to dual-circulation production networks,sectoral shocks grow increasingly critical for aggregate volatility.(2)Based on the above analytical framework,the global extraction method(GEM)is adopted to simulate the GDP losses in scenarios of China-US industry-wide chain interruptions,certain sectoral frictions,and supplyside and demand-side chain interruptions.The simulation finds that increasing the domestic substitution rate will reduce the value losses caused by China-US chain interruptions,which is applied for both countries.However,even if full substitution can be achieved,the value losses cannot be avoided completely in the China-US decoupling.Whether it is the demand-side chain interruptions plus insufficient market substitution in China,or the supply-side chain interruptions plus insufficient supply substitution in the US,will cause great losses to their economy.

A Study of Optimum Switching Problem for Production Systems Considering Efficiency, Delivery Time and Green Evaluation

This paper aims to derive the optimal switching strategy for production system considering efficiency, delivery time and green evaluation. Nowadays more and more manufacturing and logistics systems not only pursue better work efficiency, but also focus on green energy evaluation issues. Cost reduction and shortening of delivery time are always important management issues in pursuit of efficiency and optimization of the entire production system because of global production competition. In a market situation where customer needs change in various ways, in particular, due to inadequate quality, changes in the local environment, natural disasters and so on. Therefore, prompt planning of management measures such as switching work processes and changing production methods has become an important issue. On the other hand, since the Paris Agreement came into effect, the construction of an environment-friendly production system has been required as an approach to environmental problems such as global warming. In this paper, we propose an optimum switching model of production systems considering efficiency, delivery time and green evaluation using a green evaluation index (GEC: Green Energy Coefficient). We also discuss the optimal switching strategy by numerical observation.

BOTTLENECKS IN PRODUCTION NETWORKS: AN OVERVIEW

Bottlenecks, the key ingredients for improving the performances of the production networks, have been profoundly studied during the last decade. Yet, because of the complexity of the research results, there is still a significant gap between theory and practice. In this paper, we review various bottleneck definitions, detection methods and the asymptotic results and provide a practical guidance for recognizing and utilizing the bottlenecks in production networks. Queueing theory works as the mathematical foundation in our study. Various definitions of the bottlenecks are classified as either Performance in Processing （PIP） based or sensitivity based definitions, which reflect the preferences of the managers. Detection methods are surveyed closely based on the definitions. These methods are used to recognize the bottlenecks and to provide diagnosis results to managers. Comparisons show that different detection methods may lead to vastly different conclusions. The recognition of the bottlenecks has another advantage： the ultimate phenomena of the bottlenecks can greatly reduce the computation complexity in calculating the system performances. Bottlenecks based approximation and asymptotic results are studied to exhibit the contribution of bottlenecks in performance estimation and theoretical analysis.

Image Rain Removal Using Conditional Generative Networks Incorporating

The research of removing rain from pictures or videos has always been an important topic in the field of computer vision and image processing. Most noise reduction methods more or less remove texture details in rain-free areas, resulting in an over-smoothing effect in the restored background. The research on image noise removal is very meaningful. We exploit the powerful generative power of a modified generative adversarial network (CGAN) by enforcing an additional condition that makes the derained image indistinguishable from its corresponding ground-truth clean image. An efficient and lightweight attention machine mechanism NAM is introduced in the generator, and an IDN-CGAN model is proposed to capture image salient features through attention operations. Taking advantage of the mutual information in different dimensions of the features to further suppress insignificant channels or pixels to ensure better visual quality, we also introduce a new fine-grained loss function in the generator-discriminator pair, predicting and real data degree of disparity to achieve improved results.

Modelling the impact of climate change on rangeland forage production using a generalized regression neural network:a case study in Isfahan Province,Central Iran

Monitoring of rangeland forage production at specified spatial and temporal scales is necessary for grazing management and also for implementation of rehabilitation projects in rangelands. This study focused on the capability of a generalized regression neural network（GRNN） model combined with GIS techniques to explore the impact of climate change on rangeland forage production. Specifically, a dataset of 115 monitored records of forage production were collected from 16 rangeland sites during the period 1998–2007 in Isfahan Province, Central Iran. Neural network models were designed using the monitored forage production values and available environmental data（including climate and topography data）, and the performance of each network model was assessed using the mean estimation error（MEE）, model efficiency factor（MEF）, and correlation coefficient（r）. The best neural network model was then selected and further applied to predict the forage production of rangelands in the future（in 2030 and 2080） under A1 B climate change scenario using Hadley Centre coupled model. The present and future forage production maps were also produced. Rangeland forage production exhibited strong correlations with environmental factors, such as slope, elevation, aspect and annual temperature. The present forage production in the study area varied from 25.6 to 574.1 kg/hm^2. Under climate change scenario, the annual temperature was predicted to increase and the annual precipitation was predicted to decrease. The prediction maps of forage production in the future indicated that the area with low level of forage production（0–100 kg/hm^2） will increase while the areas with moderate, moderately high and high levels of forage production（≥100 kg/hm^2） will decrease both in 2030 and in 2080, which may be attributable to the increasing annual temperature and decreasing annual precipitation. It was predicted that forage production of rangelands will decrease in the next couple of decades, especially in the western and southern parts of Isfahan Province. These changes are more pronounced in elevations between 2200 and 2900 m. Therefore, rangeland managers have to cope with these changes by holistic management approaches through mitigation and human adaptations.

Robust digital receiver for EPC sensor network

A robust digital receiver based on a matched filter （MF） is proposed for the radio frequency identification （RFID） reader system to enhance the reliability of signal processing in the electronic product code （EPC） sensor network （ESN）. The performance of the proposed receiver is investigated by examining the anti-collision algorithm in the EPC global Class1 Generation2 protocol. The validity and usefulness are demonstrated by both computer simulations and experiments. Based on the verification results, comparing with the conventional zero crossing detector （ZCD） based receiver, the proposed receiver is very robust against strong amplitude distortions and considerable frequency deviations happening on the backscattered signal from a passive tag.

ZTE's Optical Transmission Products Used in National Backbone Network of Indonesia

1 Technical Features of ZTE’sDWDM SystemThe toll backbone wave division equipmentof ZXWM M900 backbone transmissionplatform is well designed forlarge-capacity optical transmission. It canfully satisfy the networking and managementrequirements of diversified users and be fit forvarious toll backbone networks. The systemsupports up to 40 working wavelengths and up to400 Gb/s transmission capacity, and thewavelength selection and interval are in strictcompliance with ITU-T Recommendations. It

ZTE Achieves Strong Growth of Bearer Network Products

ZTE Corporation continues to register remarkable growthrate for its bearer network products according to theannouncement the

ZTE Unveils Next Generation iCTN Transport Network Solution and Flagship Product ZXONE 5800 at MWC Barcelona 2009

ZTE Corporation (ZTE),a leading global provider of telecommunications equipment and network solutions,shined at the Mobile World Congress (MWC) 2009 by rolling out its next generation intelligent Converged Transport

The FAM(Fuzzy Asociative Memory)neural network model and its application in earthquake prediction

FAM(Fuzzy Associative Memory) Network Model, FAM Adaptive Learning Algorithm and Principal of FAM Inference Machine are introduced, and successfully application to ″New Generation Expert System for Earthquake Prediction″ (NGESEP). This system has good function for knowledge learning without disadvantages of neural network, which the learned knowledge implied in network is difficult to be understood or interpreted by expert system.

RESEARCH ON COMBINATION AND PLANNING OF PROCESSING UNITS UNDER CIMS CONDITION

A method of the rational combinging and planning of the given processing machines into units under the condition of computer integrated manufacturing systems is presented. Here the modelling method is a kind of queuing network model with the change of productivity, which has been checked in the reality and effectivencss by a manufacturing case in China

China’s Changing Economic Structure and Implications for Regional Patterns of Trade,Production and Integration

Without intending to do so, China has in recent years played a major role in East Asia＇s economic integration. It has done so mainly through the production and supply chain networks it has spun across the region. This paper argues that given the developmental trends in the Chinese economy, the Chinese government should pursue a more active strategy towards a broader and more balanced economic integration with the region. The emergence of a multi-track production structure, increased importance of domestic consumption and the services sector, together with faster integration of the domestic economy, will fundamentally change China＇s trade and investment relationships with the rest of East Asia and necessitate a review of China＇s economic integration strategy. The paper also argues that ASEAN can play a useful role in facilitating the region-wide integration process.

Production network flexibility:case study of Norwegian diary production network

By increasing advances in the production net- works planning, understanding of relations and dynamics of production networks is gaining more attention in order to use all network capabilities. To achieve this under- standing, it is not only important to have a good under- standing of individual firm＇s manufacturing flexibility next to supply chain flexibility, but also to consider the internal （among production network＇s facilities） and external （other tiers of supply chain） relationships in a production network. Studying the production network＇s flexibility dimensions facilitates the effective use of the synergy of cooperation in the network. On other words, the potential in the network structure cannot be exploited unless the planning and control of network consider the available flexibility of network and operationalize the opportunities which arise. This paper identifies different dimensions of flexibility in a production network and describes how they can support firms in responding to customers＇ needs. This research employs exploratory and descriptive approaches and uses a single case study of Norwegian diary to capture the dynamics of production networks. Three product categories with different network characteristics are selected, and the identified network flexibility dimensions are investigated for these products. The status of case company under each flexibility dimension is presented and discussed.

Which sectors should be covered by the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism?

The European Union(EU)is developing the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism(CBAM)to address carbon leakage in international trade.However,the EU has paid inadequate attention to input-output linkages,specifically those in the steel,aluminum,and fertiliser industries.This study aims to identify priority sectors eligible for initial regulation within the emissions-intensive trade-exposed(EITE)industries based on input-output linkages and compare its impacts with the current CBAM sector coverage.This study constructs a Global Production Network(GPN)and Carbon Flow Network(CFN)to present the input trade and embodied carbon flows for the EITE industries.This study highlights the role of the EITE industries as influential nodes in the production network and how the EITE industries in the EU contribute to carbon emissions.To improve the economy and political acceptability,CABM should cover four priority sectors with low economic impacts but a crucial role in reducing emissions,such as plastics,phosphorus fertiliser,aluminum,and copper industry.

Study on Causes of Differences in Tax Burden of Value-Added Tax from the Perspective of Industrial Linkage

It is of great practical significance to analyze the differences of actual tax burden value-added tax(VAT)from the perspective of industrial linkage for accelerating the construction of a modern industrial system and promoting the formation of a new development pattern.This paper explains the differences and causes of the actual VAT tax burden in the manufacturing industry from the perspective of industrial linkage.According to the research results,the closer the intermediate input connection between an industry and other industries,the lower the actual VAT tax burden it bears.The characteristics of production network have a moderating effect on the relationship between the linkage of the manufacturing industries and the actual VAT tax burden.For the industries in the center of the production network,a stable backward linkage weakens the influence of industrial linkage on their actual tax burden.It is difficult for industries located in the spillover block to reduce their tax burden by adjusting the linkage of intermediate goods.In addition,highly linked manufacturing enterprises can also reduce their actual VAT tax burden by tax avoidance,tax shifting,adjusting the types of intermediate inputs and so on.Smoothing the domestic production network of the manufacturing industry and optimizing the VAT burden bearing mechanism of each manufacturing sub-industry will help promote the stable growth of the manufacturing industry and healthy development of the macro economy in China.

Trade Balance: Numbers Can be Deceiving

Trade disputes have become more prevalent and acute in recent years. Almost all center on bilateral trade balance and/or market access of certain merchandise or services. However, since at least the mid 1980s, affiliate sales have become a more direct and more powerful form of market access than the traditional cross-border commercial transactions for developed countries, whereas developing countries still rely predominantly on traditional trade. The importance of the international production supply chain is increasing with a bias against downstream producers. The current data collection and compilation system of trade balance can not reflect these changes in the world economic environment. It overstates exports of developing countries and understates their imports. None of the countries in the world can illustrate the weakness of the conventional system better than China.