Relationships between the surface quality of a single crystal copper ingot and the process parameters of a heated mould continuous casting method

The relationships between the surface quality of a single crystal copper ingot and the process parameters of heated mould continuous casting method were studied experimentally using our own design of horizontal heated mould continuous casting apparatus, and the mechanism by which process parameters affect the surface quality of a single crystal copper ingot is analyzed in the present paper. The results show that the process parameters affect the surface quality of a pure copper ingot by affecting the position of the liquid-solid interface in the mould. The position of the liquid-solid interface in the mould must be controlled carefully within an appropriate range, which is determined through a series of experiments, in order to gain a single crystal copper ingot with good surface quality.

Graded index profiles and loss-induced single-mode characteristics in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with petal-shape holey structure

The 850-nm oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with petal-shape holey structures are presented. An area-weighted average refractive index model is given to analyse their effective index profiles, and the graded index distribution in the holey region is demonstrated. The index step between the optical aperture and the holey region is obtained which is related merely to the etching depth. Four types of holey vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with different parameters are fabricated as well as the conventional oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser. Compared with the conventional oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser without etched holes, the holey vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser possesses an improved beam quality due to its graded index distribution, but has a lower output power, higher threshold current and lower slope efficiency. With the hole number increased, the holey vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser can realize the single-mode operation throughout the entire current range, and reduces the beam divergence further. The loss mechanism is used to explain the single-mode characteristic, and the reduced beam divergence is attributed to the shallow etching. High coupling efficiency of 86% to a multi-mode fibre is achieved for the single-mode device in the experiment.

Automated Burris gravity meter for single and continuous observation

The Burris Gravity MeterTM manufactured by ZLS Corporation, Austin/Texas, USA, is based on the in- vention of L^R （L. LaCoste and A. Romberg）： The ZLS （zero-length spring）. A digital feedback system （range of about 50 mGal） is used to null the beam. Now, more than 120 gravity meters of this make exist worldwide and are used successfully in exploration, volcanology, geodetic work and surveying. The sensor is made of the well-known （L＆R） metal-alloy zero-length spring providing a low drift characteristic. The drifts observed are comparable to L＆R gravimeters and are less than 0.3 mGal per month, which is much lower than the drifts known for the fused quartz sensors. The dial is calibrated every 50 regal over the entire 7000 mGal meter range. Since the gravity value is determined at these points, there are no periodic errors. By a fourth heater circuit temperature effects are totally avoided. The gravity meter is controlled via Bluetoothce either to a handheld computer （tablet） or a notebook computer. The feedback responds with high stability and accuracy. The hulling of the beam is controlled by the UltraGravTM control system which incorporates an inherently linear PWM （pulse-width modulated） electrostatic feedback system. In order to improve the handling of the gravimeter we have developed two Windows based programs： AGESfield for single measurements and AGEScont for continuous readings.

CONTINUOUS CASTING TECHNOLOGY OF SINGLE CRYSTAL COPPER ROD

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Crystallization Growth of Single Crystal Cu by Continuous Casting

Crystallization growth of single-crystal Cu by continuous casting has been investigated using self-designed horizontal continuous casting equipment and XRD. Experimental results showed that the crystallization plane of (311), (220) and (ill) were eliminated sequentially in evolutionary process. The final growth plane of crystal was (200), the direction of crystallization was [100], the growth direction of both sides of the rod inclined to axis, and the degree of deviation of direction [100] from the crystal axis was less than 10°. In order to produce high quality single crystal, the solid-liquid interface morphology must be smooth, even be planar.

Nonsingle-valley Continuous Solutions of p-order Feigenbaum's Functional Equation

The author considers the Feigenbaum's functional equation fp(λx) = λf(x) for each p > 2. The existence of nonsingle-valley continuous solutions to this equation is discussed and a feasible method to construct such solutions is given.

Process Parameters of Manufacturing Single Crystal Copper by Heated Mold Continuous Casting

The effect of process parameters on the surface quality of single crystal copper ingot was studied through experiment with a self-designed horizontal heated mould continuous casting apparatus,and the mechanism was analyzed.The results show that the process parameters affect the surface quality of pure copper ingot by affecting the position of the liquid-solid interface in the mould.The position of the liquid-solid interface in the mould must be controlled carefully in an appropriate range determined through experiments in order to gain a single crystal copper ingot with a high surface quality.

Efficient and high-power laser-diode single-end-pumped Nd：YVO4 continuous wave laser at 1342nm

A compact, efficient and high-power laser diode （LD） single-end-pumped Nd：YVO4 laser with continuous-wave emission at 1342 nm is reported. With a single crystal single-end-pumped by fibre-coupled LD array, an output power of 7.36W is obtained from the laser cavity of concave-convex shape, corresponding to an optical-to-optical efficiency of 32.8%. The laser is operated in TEM00 mode with small rms amplitude noise of 0.3%. The influences of the Nd concentration, transmissivity of the output mirror and the cavity length on the output power have been studied experimentally.

基于Profile信息的连续性分析算法及其优化

在Open64编译框架基础上,提出一种基于Profile信息的循环内数据访问连续性分析算法及其向量化优化方法。采用反馈式编译优化技术,获取程序运行时的连续性Profile信息,通过结构体剥离和数据重组方法实现程序向量化。实验结果表明,该算法针对不规则程序代码,可提供更精确的向量化信息,提高程序的向量化程度。

DESIGN OF NONCIRCULAR GEARS WITH DISCONTINUOUS PITCH CURVE

When the noncircular gear pair is applied to the continuously variable transmission （CVT） with gear, the transmission ratio function is discontinuous. In accordance with this unique characteristic, a new approach to design and analyze noncircular gears with discontinuous pitch curve is proposed. The design courses of various noncircular gear pairs with discontinuous pitch curve are unified based on the numerical algorithm of spline fitting and ＂fairing boundary condition＂. According to the particularity of discontinuous pitch curve, the rules and procedures for teeth distribution are recommended. It is explained in detail why the undercut is formed and how to manage the undercut based on meshing principle.In addition, the calculation formulas for each tooth profile segment are also derived. If the tooth profile data are calculated, the measurement and the incision process for noncircular gear can be conducted and the CAD simulation can be achieved easily. To ensure the continuity of the transmission, the transmission interference of the tooth which is located at the pitch curve joint point is managed by utilizing Bezier curve with CAD software. And the contact ratio of gear pair is obtained. The case study shows that this approach is successful and opens up a new way for the design of noncircular gear.

Single vs dual(en bloc) kidney transplants from donors ≤ 5 years of age: A single center experience

AIM: To compare outcomes between single and dual en bloc(EB) kidney transplants(KT) from small pediatric donors. METHODS: Monocentric nonprospective review of KTs from pediatric donors ≤ 5 years of age. Dual EB KT was defined as keeping both donor kidneys attached tothe inferior vena cava and aorta, which were then used as venous and arterial conduits for the subsequent transplant into a single recipient. Donor age was less useful than either donor weight or kidney size in decision-making for kidney utilization as kidneys from donors < 8 kg or kidneys < 6 cm in length were not transplanted. Post-transplant management strategies were standardized in all patients.RESULTS: From 2002-2015, 59 KTs were performed including 34 dual EB and 25 single KTs. Mean age of donors(17 mo vs 38 mo, P < 0.001), mean weight(11.0 kg vs 17.4 kg, P = 0.046) and male donors(50% vs 84%, P = 0.01) were lower in the dual EB compared to the single KT group, respectively. Mean cold ischemia time(21 h), kidney donor profile index(KDPI; 73% vs 62%) and levels of serum creatinine(SCr, 0.37 mg/d L vs 0.49 mg/d L, all P = NS) were comparable in the dual EB and single KT groups, respectively. Actuarial graft and patient survival rates at 5-years follow-up were comparable. There was one case of thrombosis resulting in graft loss in each group. Delayed graft function incidence(12% dual EB vs 20% single KT, P = NS) was slightly lower in dual EB KT recipients. Initial duration of hospital stay(mean 5.4 d vs 5.6 d) and the one-year incidences of acute rejection(6% vs 16%), operative complications(3% vs 4%), and major infection were comparable in the dual EB and single KT groups, respectively(all P = NS). Mean 12 mo SCr and abbreviated MDRD levels were 1.17 mg/d L vs 1.35 mg/d L and 72.5 m L/min per 1.73 m^2 vs 60.5 m L/min per 1.73 m^2(both P = NS) in the dual EB and single KT groups, respectively. CONCLUSION: By transplanting kidneys from young pediatric donors into adult recipients, one can effectively expand the limited donor pool and achieve excellent medium-term outcomes.

Investigation of Surface Micro Waviness in Single Point Diamond Fly Cutting

Single point diamond fly cutting is widely used in the manufacture of large-aperture ultra-precision optical elements. However,some micro waviness( amplitude about 30 nm,wavelength about 15 mm) along the cutting direction which will decrease the quality of the optical elements can always be found in the processed surface,and the axial vibration of the spindle caused by the cut-in process is speculated as the immediate cause of this waviness. In this paper,the analytical method of dynamic mesh is applied for simulating the dynamic behavior of the vertical spindle. The consequence is then exerted to the fly cutter and the processed surface profile is simulated. The wavelength of the simulation result coincides well with the experimental result which proves the importance of the cut-in process during the single point diamond fly cutting.

Simulation of Confined and Interface Phonons Scattering in Terahertz Quantum Cascade Laser

We have performed the calculation of resonant-phonon transition in a terahertz quantum cascade laser. The electron wavefunctions and energy levels are obtained by solving the Schroedinger and Poisson equations selfconsistently. The scattering rates of the confined, interface, and bulk phonons are calculated by using the Fermi golden rule. It has been shown that the confined phonon scattering is comparable to the interface phonon scattering and should be taken into consideration in the calculation.

Implementation of a single quad MS detector in routine QC analysis of peptide drugs

A newly developed single quad mass spectrometry （MS） detector was coupled to a ultra-high perfor- mance liquid chromatography （UPLC） system and implemented in the routine quality control （QC） and impurity analysis of four therapeutic peptides, namely bleomycin sulfate, tyrothricin, vancomycin HCl and bacitracin, which were selected given their multi-component drug nature and their closely struc- turally related impurity profiles. The QC and impurity profiling results obtained using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet/mass spectrometry （UPLC-UV/MS） detection system were analyzed against the results obtained using traditional high performance liquid chromatography- ultraviolet detection （HPLC-UV） methods derived from pharmacopoeial methods. In general, the used stationary phases of sub-2 μm particle （UPLC） technology resulted in lower limits of detection and higher resolution separations, which resulted in more detected impurities and shorter overall run times con- trasting the traditional HPLC columns. Moreover, online coupling with a single quad MS detector allowed direct peak identification of the main compounds as well as small impurities, hereby increasing the information content without the need of reference standards.

Stable continuous-wave single-frequency intracavity frequency-doubled laser with intensity noise suppressed in audio frequency region

We demonstrated a continuous wave(cw) single-frequency intracavity frequency-doubled Nd:YVO_4/LBO laser with 532 nm output of 7.5 W and 1.06 μm output of 3.1 W, and low intensity noise in audio frequency region.To suppress the intensity noise of the high power 532 nm laser, a laser frequency locking system and a feedback loop based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer were designed and used.The influences of the frequency stabilization and the crucial parameters of the MZI, such as the power splitting ratio of the beam splitters and the locking state of the MZI, on the intensity noise of the 532 nm laser were investigated in detail.After the experimental optimizations, the laser intensity noise in the frequency region from 0.4 kHz to 10 kHz was significantly suppressed.

Design of Linear Functional Noncircular Gear with High Contact Ratio Used in Continuously Variable Transmission

Continuously variable transmission(CVT)of noncircular gear has the technical advantages of large bearing capacity and high transmission efficiency.The key technology of CVT with noncircular gear has been broken through some countries,and is in the stage of deep application research.Although the characteristics and design methods of noncircular gear pairs have been continuously studied in China,the noncircular gear CVT is still in the preliminary exploration and research stage.The linear functional noncircular gear pair,whose transmission ratio is a linear function in the working section,to realize continuously variable transmission was the research object in this paper.According to the required transmission ratio in the working section,the transmission ratio function in the non-working section was constructed by using a polynomial.And then the influence of pitch curve parameters in the working section on which in the non-working section was also analyzed to obtain the pitch curve suitable for transmission of this gear pair.In addition,for improving the stability and bearing capacity of gear transmission,the noncircular gear pair transmission with high contact ratio was designed.Furthermore,the accurate value of the contact tooth length was calculated based on the gear principle and the characteristics of the involute tooth profile,from this the contact tooth length error was calculated by comparing the accurate value with its actual value obtained by the rolling experiment.Finally,an indirect method to verify the contact ratio by detecting the contact length error of the tooth profile was proposed.

Gene Expression Profiling of the Mouse Pancreas during the Secondary Transition in the Organogenesis of the Pancreatic Gland*

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that impacts the homeostasis of blood sugar levels caused by loss or defect of insulin-producing β-cells in the Islets of Langerhans. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by auto-immune mediated destruction of β-cells, whereas in T2D, insulin is produced but used inefficiently. T2D accounts for 90% of people with diabetes worldwide (WHO 1999) and is the fastest increasing disease worldwide (https://diabetesatlas.org/en/). For an improved understanding of the pathomechanism of diabetes, profound knowledge of pancreas organogenesis and the associated gene regulatory networks is required. Therefore, we dissected and profiled the pancreatic endodermal and non-endodermal compartment between the embryonic stages (E) 12.5 and E 15.5 when progenitor cells commit to their different pancreatic lineages. Our associated study mined the global mRNA expression profile to increase the understanding of the secondary transition, endodermal-non-endodermal tissue interaction, and diabetic-related gene regulation. Furthermore, we validated 635 regulated pancreatic genes using the publicly available GenePaint.org, respective gp3.mpg.de to evaluate genes associated with genetic variants in Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) related to T2D.

Japanese candlestick charts for diabetes

Continuous glucose monitoring(CGM)is a popular technology among the diabetic population,especially in patients with type 1 diabetes and those with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin.The American Diabetes Association recommends standardization of CGM reports with visual cues,such as the ambulatory glucose profile.Nevertheless,interpreting this report requires training and time for CGM to be cost-efficient.In this work it has been proposed to incorporate Japanese candlestick charts in glucose monitoring.These graphs are used in price analysis in financial markets and are easier to view.Each candle provides extra information to make prudent decisions since it reports the opening,maximum,minimum and closing glucose levels of the chosen time frame,usually the daily one.The Japanese candlestick chart is an interesting tool to be considered in glucose control.This graphic representation allows identification of glucose trends easily through the colors of the candles and maximum and minimum glucose values.

RESEARCH ON A REAL-TIME CONTROL SYSTEM OF LOW POWER DISSIPATION FOR CONTINUOUS CYCLIC PERITONEAL DIALYSIS(CCPD) CYCLER

A low power dissipation control system for continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) cycler and its characteristics are reported. Combined withhemodialysis and renal transplantation, peritoneal dialysis is used mainly for thetreatment of renal failure. CCPD has been developed during 1980＇s. It provided automatic dialysis procedures during the night to avoid interruptions in patients＇dailyroutine. Furthermore,there is a remarkable decrease in peritonitis occurance usingCCPD. The control system is a critical part for CCPD cycler. The system is approvedto be reliable and flexible in practical experiments. When AC power failure,the system can still ensure the completion of dialysis.

Ultra-thin temperature controllable microwell array chip for continuous real-time high-resolution imaging of living single cells

Single-cell imaging,a powerful analytical method to study single-cell behavior,such as gene expression and protein profiling,provides an essential basis for modern medical diagnosis.The coding and localization function of microfluidic chips has been developed and applied in living single-cell imaging in recent years.Simultaneously,chip-based living single-cell imaging is also limited by complicated trapping steps,low cell utilization,and difficult high-resolution imaging.To solve these problems,an ultra-thin temperature-controllable microwell array chip(UTCMA chip)was designed to develop a living single-cell workstation in this study for continuous on-chip culture and real-time high-resolution imaging of living single cells.The chip-based on ultra-thin ITO glass is highly matched with an inverted microscope(or confocal microscope)with a high magnification objective(100×oil lens),and the temperature of the chip can be controlled by combining it with a home-made temperature control device.High-throughput single-cell patterning is realized in one step when the microwell array on the chip uses hydrophilic glass as the substrate and hydrophobic SU-8 photoresist as the wall.The cell utilization rate,single-cell capture rate,and microwell occupancy rate are all close to 100%in the microwell array.This method will be useful in rare single-cell research,extending its application in the biological and medical-related fields,such as early diagnosis of disease,personalized therapy,and research-based on single-cell analysis.