Prognostic value of programmed death.1, programmed death-ligand 1, programmed death-ligand 2 expression, and CD8(+) T cell density in primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes from patients with stage T1.4N+M0 gastric adenocarcinoma

Background: Anti-programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1(PD-1/PD-L1) immunotherapy has been proved to be effective on gastric cancer in ongoing clinical trials. However, the value of PD-L1 in predicting responses of patients with gastric cancer to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy is controversial. Some studies suggested that intra-and inter-tumoral heterogeneity of PD-L1 expression might explain the controversy.This study aimed to analyze the expression of PD-L1, PD-L2, and PD-1 as well as CD8(+) T-cell density in primary tumors and lymph nodes from patients with stage T1-4 N+M0 gastric adenocarcinoma to explore the heterogeneity of PD-1 signaling pathway molecules.Methods: In primary tumors and metastatic as well as non-metastatic lymph nodes from patients with stage T1-4 N+M0 gastric adenocarcinoma, we detected PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression with immunohistochemistry. CD8(+)T-cell density in primary tumors and PD-1 expression on CD8(+)T cells were detected with immunofluorescence. Univariate analysis was used to determine the prognostic values of them. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to identify independent risk factors that affect patients' overall survival and disease-free survival.Results: Among 119 eligible patients who had undergone surgical resection, the positive rate of PD-L1 was higher in metastatic lymph nodes than in primary tumors(45.4% vs. 38.7%, P = 0.005); the positive rate of PD-1 on CD8(+)T cells was significantly higher in primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes than in tumor-free lymph nodes(both P < 0.001). The intensity of PD-1 expression on CD8(+) T cells in primary tumors and in metastatic lymph nodes were stronger than that in tumor-free lymph nodes from the same patient. Beside, the positive rate of PD-L2 did not show any differences between primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes. In multivariate analysis, PD-L1 expression,PD-L2 expression, a low density of CD8(+) T cells in primary tumors, and PD-1 expression on CD8(+) T cells in primary tumors were associated with poor prognosis.Conclusion: The expression of PD-L1 is heterogeneous in primary tumors and in metastatic lymph nodes from patients with stageT1-4 N+M0 gastric adenocarcinoma, which might explain the inconsistent results in assessing the prognostic value of PD-L1 expression in previous studies.

Expression and clinical value of programmed cell death-ligand 1(PD-L1)in diffuse large B cell lymphoma:a retrospective study

Background: The programmed cell death-1(PD-1)/programmed cell death-ligand 1(PD-L1) pathway inhibits the activation of T cells and plays a crucial role in the negative regulation of cellular and humoral immune responses.Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL) is the most common lymphoid malignancy in adults. In the present study, we aimed to detect the expression of PD-L1 in DLBCL and to analyze its relationship with prognosis.Methods: We reviewed medical records of 204 newly diagnosed DLBCL patients in Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center between October 2005 and August 2012. The expression of PD-L1 in tumor tissues from these 204 patients was detected using immunohistochemical(IHC) assay. The expression of anaplastic lymphoma kinase(ALK), CD5,CD30, and C-Myc in tumor specimens from 109 patients was detected using IHC, and Epstein-Barr virus(EBV)-encoded RNAs(EBERs) were detected using fluorescence in situ hybridization. The Spearman method was used for correlation analysis. The Kaplan-Meier method with log-rank test was used for univariate analysis. Cox proportional hazards model was used for multivariate analysis.Results: Of the 204 patients, 100(49.0%) were PD-L1-positive in tumor cells and 44(21.6%) were PD-L1-positive in tumor microenvironment. PD-L1 expression in tumor cells and tumor microenvironment were more common in the non-germinal center B-cell-like(GCB) subtype than in the GCB subtype(P = 0.02 and P= 0.04). Patients with PD-L1 expression in tumor microenvironment were more likely to be resistant to first-line chemotherapy when compared with the patients without PD-L1 expression in tumor microenvironment(P = 0.03). PD-L1 expression in tumor microenvironment was negatively correlated with C-Myc expression(r =-0.20, P = 0.04). No correlations were detected between PD-L1 expression and the expression of ALK, CD5, and CD30 as well as EBERs. The 5-year overall survival(OS)rates were 50.0% and 67.3% in patients with and without PD-L1 expression in tumor cells(P = 0.02). PD-L1 expression in tumor cells was an independent risk predictor for OS(P < 0.01).Conclusions: PD-L1 expression is more common in the non-GCB subtype than in the GCB subtype. PD-L1 expression in tumor microenvironment has a negative correlation with C-Myc. PD-L1 positivity predicts short survival in DLBCL patients. For patients with PD-L1 expression, more strategy such as anti-PD-L1 antibody treatment should be recommended.

Relationship Between Programmed Death-ligand 1 and Clinicopathological Characteristics in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients

Objective To evaluate the correlation between programmed death-ligand 1 （PD-L1） expression in primary lung cancer cells, tumor associated macrophages （TAM） and patients＇ clinicopathological characteristics. Methods From 2008 to 2010, 208 non-small cell lung cancer patients who underwent surgery or CT-guided biopsy were recruited from Huadong Hospital, Fudan University. Immunohistochemistry staining was performed to evaluate the PD-L1 expression in both primary lung cancer cells and CD68 positive TAM.

Over-expression of programmed death-ligand 1 and programmed death-1 on antigen-presenting cells as a predictor of organ dysfunction and mortality during early sepsis: a prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND:This study aimed to explore the changes of programmed death-ligand 1(PDL1)and programmed death-1(PD-1)expression on antigen-presenting cells(APCs)and evaluate their association with organ failure and mortality during early sepsis.METHODS:In total,40 healthy controls and 198 patients with sepsis were included in this study.Peripheral blood was collected within the first 24 h after the diagnosis of sepsis.The expression of PDL1 and PD-1 was determined on APCs,such as B cells,monocytes,and dendritic cells(DCs),by flow cytometry.Cytokines in plasma,such as interferon-γ(IFN-γ),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-4(IL-4),IL-6,IL-10,and IL-17A were determined by Luminex assay.RESULTS:PD-1 expression decreased significantly on B cells,monocytes,myeloid DCs(mDCs),and plasmacytoid DCs(pDCs)as the severity of sepsis increased.PD-1 expression was also markedly decreased in non-survivors compared with survivors.In contrast,PD-L1 expression was markedly higher on mDCs,pDCs,and monocytes in patients with sepsis than in healthy controls and in non-survivors than in survivors.The PD-L1 expression on APCs(monocytes and DCs)was weakly related to organ dysfunction and infl ammation.The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC)of the PD-1 percentage of monocytes(monocyte PD-1%)+APACHE II model(0.823)and monocyte PD-1%+SOFA model(0.816)had higher prognostic value than other parameters alone.Monocyte PD-1%was an independent risk factor for 28-day mortality.CONCLUSION:The severity of sepsis was correlated with PD-L1 or PD-1 over-expression on APCs.PD-L1 in monocytes and DCs was weakly correlated with infl ammation and organ dysfunction during early sepsis.The combination of SOFA or APACHE II scores with monocyte PD-1%could improve the prediction ability for mortality.

Clinical significance of programmed cell death-ligand expression in small bowel adenocarcinoma is determined by the tumor microenvironment

BACKGROUND Comprehensive genomic analysis has shown that small bowel adenocarcinoma(SBA)has different genomic profiles from gastric and colorectal cancers.Hence,it is essential to establish chemotherapeutic regimens based on SBA characteristics.The expression of programmed cell death-ligand 1(PD-L1)and programmed cell death-ligand 2(PD-L2)in SBA is not fully understood.Anti-PD-L1/PD-1 therapy uses tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes(TILs);therefore,the status of TILs in the tumor microenvironment(TME)may influence their efficacy.The ratio of FoxP3+to CD8+T cells has been reported to be useful in predicting the prognosis of digestive system cancers.AIM To investigate the clinicopathological significance of PD-L1/2 expression according to the status of TILs in SBA tissues.METHODS We performed immunohistochemical analysis for PD-L1,PD-L2,CD8,FoxP3,and DNA mismatch repair(MMR)proteins using formalin-fixed,paraffin-embedded tissues from 50 patients diagnosed with primary SBA.The immunoreactivities of PD-L1 and PD-L2 were determined separately in tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating immune cells throughout the tumor center and invasive margins,and finally evaluated using the combined positive score(CPS).We assessed CD8+and FoxP3+T cells in the intratumoral and tumor-surrounding stroma.Subsequently,we calculated and summed the ratio of FoxP3 to CD8+T cell counts.Immune-related cell densities were graded as low or high.Immunohistochemical results were compared with clinicopathological factors and patient prognosis.The distribution of cancer-specific survival(CSS)was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method,and the log-rank test was used to test for significant differences in CSS.A Cox proportional hazard model was also used to assess the effect of tumor variables on CSS.RESULTS PD-L1 expression was positive in 34%in tumor cells(T-PD-L1)and 54%in tumor-infiltrating immune cells(I-PDL1)of the cases examined.T-PD-L2 was positive in 34%and I-PD-L2 was positive in 42%of the cases.PD-L1 CPS≥10 and PD-L2 CPS≥10 were observed in 50%and 56%of the cases,respectively.Deficient MMR(dMMR)was 14%of the cases.T-PD-L1,I-PD-L1 and PD-L1 CPS≥10 were all significantly associated with dMMR(P=0.037,P=0.009,and P=0.005,respectively).T-PD-L1,I-PD-L1,and PD-L1 CPS≥10 were all associated with deeper depth of invasion(P=0.001,P=0.024,and P=0.002,respectively).I-PD-L2 expression and PD-L2 CPS≥10 were significantly higher in the differentiated histological type(P=0.015 and P=0.030,respectively).The I-PD-L1 and IPD-L2 levels were significantly associated with better CSS(P=0.037 and P=0.015,respectively).CD8-high was significantly associated with less lymph node metastasis(P=0.047),less distant metastasis(P=0.024),less peritoneal dissemination(P=0.034),and earlier TNM stage(P=0.047).The CD8-high group had better prognosis than the CD8-low group(P=0.018).FoxP3 expression was not associated with any clinicopathological factors or prognosis.We found that patients with PD-L2 CPS≥10 tended to have worse prognosis in the FoxP3/CD8-low group(P=0.088).CONCLUSION The clinicopathological significance of PD-L1/2 expression may differ depending on the TME status.Immune checkpoint inhibitors may improve the prognosis of SBA patients with low FoxP3/CD8 ratio and PD-L2 expression.

Anti program death-1/anti program death-ligand 1 in digestive cancers

Human tumors tend to activate the immune system regulatory checkpoints as a means of escaping immunosurveillance. For instance, interaction between program death-1(PD-1) and program death-ligand 1(PD-L1) will lead the activated T cell to a state of anergy. PD-L1 is upregulated on a wide range of cancer cells. Anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies(m Abs), called immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs), have consequently been designed to restore T cell activity. Accumulating data are in favor of an association between PD-L1 expression in tumors and response to treatment. A PD-L1 expression is present in 30% to 50% of digestive cancers. Multiple anti-PD-1(nivolumab, pembrolizumab) and anti-PD-L1 m Abs(MPDL3280A, Medi4736) are under evaluation in digestive cancers. Preliminary results in metastatic gastric cancer with pembrolizumab are highly promising and phase Ⅱ will start soon. In metastatic colorectal cancer(CRC), a phase Ⅲ trial of MPDL3280 A as maintenance therapy will shortly be initiated. Trials are also ongoing in metastatic CRC with high immune T cell infiltration(i.e., microsatellite instability). Major challenges are ahead in order to determine how, when and for which patients we should use these ICIs. New radiologic criteria to evaluate tumor response to ICIs are awaiting prospective validation. The optimal therapeutic sequence and association with cytotoxic chemotherapy needs to be established. Finally, biomarker identification will be crucial to selection ofpatients likely to benefit from ICIs.

IMpower210:A phase Ⅲ study of second-line atezolizumab vs. docetaxel in East Asian patients with non-small cell lung cancer

Objective: IMpower210(NCT02813785) explored the efficacy and safety of single-agent atezolizumab vs.docetaxel as second-line treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) in East Asian patients.Methods: Key eligibility criteria for this phase Ⅲ, open-label, randomized study included age ≥18 years;histologically documented advanced NSCLC per the Union for International Cancer Control/American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system(7th edition);Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1;and disease progression following platinum-based chemotherapy for advanced or metastatic NSCLC. Patients were randomized 2:1 to receive either atezolizumab(1,200 mg) or docetaxel(75 mg/m^(2)). The primary study endpoint was overall survival(OS) in the intention-to-treat(ITT) population with wild-type epidermal growth factor receptor expression(ITT EGFR-WT) and in the overall ITT population.Results: Median OS in the ITT EGFR-WT population(n=467) was 12.3 [95% confidence interval(95% CI),10.3-13.8] months in the atezolizumab arm(n=312) and 9.9(95% CI, 7.8-13.9) months in the docetaxel arm[n=155;stratified hazard ratio(HR), 0.82;95% CI, 0.66-1.03]. Median OS in the overall ITT population was 12.5(95% CI, 10.8-13.8) months with atezolizumab treatment and 11.1(95% CI, 8.4-14.2) months(n=377) with docetaxel treatment(n=188;stratified HR, 0.87;95% CI, 0.71-1.08). Grade 3/4 treatment-related adverse events(TRAEs) occurred in 18.4% of patients in the atezolizumab arm and 50.0% of patients in the docetaxel arm.Conclusions: IMpower210 did not meet its primary efficacy endpoint of OS in the ITT EGFR-WT or overall ITT populations. Atezolizumab was comparatively more tolerable than docetaxel, with a lower incidence of grade3/4 TRAEs.

Research progression of PD-1/PD-L1 in non-small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Despite great progress in the development of target agents, most people who do not harbor a mutation do not benefit from these agents. Immunotherapy, which stimulates the body's immune system to improve the anti-tumor immunity effect, is a new therapeutic method for non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC). Programmed cell death 1(PD-1) and its ligand(PD-L1) belong to the CD28/B7 immunoglobulin super-family and are co-stimulatory molecules that show negative regulation effects. Combined with its ligand, PD-1 can modulate the tumor microenvironment, enabling tumor cells to escape host immune surveillance and elimination and play a key role in the clinical significance of NSCLC. An increasing number of clinical trials have suggested that immune checkpoint inhibitors, including anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies, are beneficial and safe for NSCLC. Here, we review the brief history of PD-L1 as a biomarker, mechanism of action, and critical role of PD-1/PD-L1 in the treatment of NSCLC as well as the current research status and future directions.

嵌合IL-21的重组溶瘤流感病毒构建及其在肝癌中的溶瘤机制

目的拯救嵌合白细胞介素-21(interleukin-21,IL-21)的重组溶瘤流感病毒,评价其对肝细胞癌的抑制效果及安全性,并探索其联合程序性死亡受体1(programmed cell death-protein 1,PD-1)抗体增强抗肿瘤作用的机制。方法将IL-21基因片段插入流感病毒PR8的非结构蛋白(nonstructural protein,NS)序列,利用反向遗传学(reverse genetics,RG)技术,拯救重组溶瘤流感病毒rOV-IL-21-NS;采用半数组织培养感染剂量(50%tissue culture infectious dose,TCID50)和血凝实验测定病毒滴度和毒力;采用反转录定量聚合酶链反应(reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction,RT-qPCR)、凝胶电泳和测序分析验证外源基因是否成功插入NS序列;通过透射电镜观察病毒形态特征及大小,采用CCK-8检测其对肝癌细胞活力的影响;建立C57BL/6小鼠肝细胞癌皮下荷瘤模型,将45只8周龄雌性C57BL/6小鼠(体质量16~20 g)按简单随机分组法分为5组(每组9只):PBS组、PR8组、PD-1抗体组、rOV-IL-21-NS组和rOV-IL-21-NS联合PD-1抗体治疗组,以评价单药和联合疗法抗肿瘤效果;通过流式细胞术评价单药和联合疗法对肿瘤免疫微环境的调控作用。结果利用RG技术成功拯救重组溶瘤流感病毒rOV-IL-21-NS,经测序验证了IL-21成功插入目的序列,其可稳定传代,第6代病毒血凝效价达211,病毒滴度达106 TCID50/mL。rOV-IL-21-NS选择性降低肝癌细胞活力而对正常肝细胞无明显影响。相对于PBS组,rOV-IL-21-NS联合PD-1抗体显著抑制小鼠肿瘤的生长(P<0.001),增加脾脏组织中CD4+CD69+T及CD8+CD69+T细胞的比例(P<0.05)。结论嵌合IL-21的重组溶瘤流感病毒rOV-IL-21-NS可有效、安全地靶向杀伤肝癌细胞,协同PD-1抗体进一步增强T细胞活化,改善免疫微环境。

程序性死亡受体1单抗联合CHOP方案治疗恶性淋巴瘤的临床疗效

目的探讨程序性死亡受体1(PD-1)单抗联合环磷酰胺+表柔比星+长春新碱+泼尼松(CHOP)方案治疗恶性淋巴瘤(ML)的临床疗效。方法根据治疗方法的不同将82例ML患者分为CHOP组(n=39,单纯CHOP方案治疗)和PD-1联合治疗组(n=43,PD-1单抗联合CHOP方案治疗)。比较两组患者的临床疗效、免疫功能指标[CD4^(+)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)和免疫球蛋白A(IgA)]、炎症因子[白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)]、肿瘤相关指标[血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)]及不良反应发生情况。结果PD-1联合治疗组患者的总有效率高于CHOP组,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。治疗后,两组患者CD4^(+)水平均高于本组治疗前,IgG、IgA水平均低于本组治疗前,PD-1联合治疗组患者CD4^(+)水平高于CHOP组,IgG和IgA水平均低于CHOP组,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。治疗后,两组患者IL-6、TNF-α、VEGF、iNOS、LDH水平均低于本组治疗前,PD-1联合治疗组患者IL-6、TNF-α、VEGF、iNOS、LDH水平均低于CHOP组,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。PD-1联合治疗组患者的不良反应总发生率低于CHOP组,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。结论PD-1单抗联合CHOP方案治疗ML患者可提高临床疗效,改善免疫功能,减轻炎症反应,且可降低不良反应发生率。

Programmed Cell Death-I/Programmed Death-ligand 1 Pathway： A New Target for Sepsis

Objective： Sepsis remains a leading cause of death in many Intensive Care Units worldwide, lmmunosuppression has been a primary locus of sepsis research as a key pathophysiological mechanism. Given the important role of the negative costimulatory molecules programmed cell death-1 （PD-1） and programmed death-ligand 1 （PD-LI） in the occurrence of immunosuppression during sepsis, we reviewed literatures related to the PD-1/PD-L 1 pathway to examine its potential as a new target for sepsis treatment. Data Sources： Studies of the association between PD-I/PD-LI and sepsis published tip to January 31, 2017, were obtained by searching tile PubMed database. Study Selection： English language studies, including those based on animal models, clinical research, and reviews, with data related to PD- 1/PD-L I and sepsis, were evaluated. Results： lmmunomodulatory therapeutics could reverse the deactivation of immune cells caused by sepsis and restore immune cell activation and function. Blockade of＇the PD-1/PD-LI pathway could reduce the exhaustion ofT-cells and enhance the proliferation and activation ofT-cells. Conclusions： The anti-PD- I/PD-L 1 pathway shows promise as a new target for sepsis treatment. This review provides a basis for clinical trials and Iiiture studies aimed at revaluating the efficacy and safety of this targeted approach.

Current and future drug combination strategies based on programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer

In recent years,immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)have made breakthroughs in the field of lung cancer and have become a focal point for research.Programmed death-1(PD-1)or programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1)inhibitor monotherapy was the first to break the treatment pattern for non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).However,owing to the limited benefit of ICI monotherapy at the population level and its hyper-progressive phenomenon,it may not meet clinical needs.To expand the beneficial range of immunotherapy and improve its efficacy,several research strategies have adopted the use of combination immunotherapy.At present,multiple strategies,such as PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors combined with chemotherapy,anti-angiogenic therapy,cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 inhibitors,and radiotherapy,as well as combined treatment with new target drugs,have been evaluated for clinical practice.To further understand the current status and future development direction of immunotherapy,herein,we review the recent progress of ICI combination therapies for NSCLC.

Transarterial chemoembolization in combination with programmed death-1/programmed cell death-ligand 1 immunotherapy for hepatocellular

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is one of the most common malignancies worldwide.With the development of systemic therapies,several studies are currently underway,especially those related to the use of programmed death-1/programmed cell death-ligand 1(PD-1/PD-L1)immunotherapy.Moreover,studies on transarterial che-moembolization(TACE)and PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy have demonstrated some interesting outcomes.This article reviewed the current clinical evidence on the combination of TACE and PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy.Overall,our review summarized that a favorable survival time could be achieved using this combination in most patients.However,complications such as hyperprogression should be taken seriously,and the underlying mechanisms need to be explored.

PD-1/PD-L1信号通路及其在淋巴瘤中的抗肿瘤作用

在肿瘤患者中,程序性细胞死亡受体-1(Programmed cell death-1,PD-1)可通过与其配体(ligand,L)的结合抑制T细胞活化与增殖,从而促进肿瘤免疫逃逸。大量实验显示,PD-L1在淋巴瘤中高表达,而PD-1在肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞表达上调,提示其在淋巴瘤发生中的作用,可能为淋巴瘤重要治疗靶点。PD-1及PD-L1的单克隆抗体可阻断PD-1/PD-Ls信号通路,恢复T细胞功能,对肿瘤起抑制作用。目前多项应用PD-1抗体的早期临床试验已经在复发淋巴瘤的各种亚型中显示出显著的疗效及较少毒副作用,为目前有前途的靶向治疗药物。本文就PD-1/PD-L1信号通路作用机制、PD-1/PD-L1在淋巴瘤中的表达以及其抗体在淋巴瘤中的抗肿瘤作用作一综述。

CD14^(+)CD16^(-)HLA^(-)DR^(+)与PD-1单抗治疗非小细胞肺癌的疗效及预后的关系研究

目的分析CD14^(+)CD16^(-)HLA^(-)DR^(+)与程序性死亡受体-1(PD-1)单抗治疗非小细胞肺癌的临床疗效和患者预后的关系,为临床应用提供依据。方法选择该院2018年6月至2019年4月收治的60例非小细胞肺癌患者作为研究对象;采用PD-1单抗进行干预治疗;采用RECIST Version1.1对患者的临床疗效进行评估;对患者进行长期随访追踪,记录患者生存率。结果CD14^(+)CD16^(-)HLA^(-)DR^(+)组患者采用PD-1单抗治疗后的疗效明显优于CD14^(+)CD16^(-)HLA^(-)DR^(-/low)组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);CD14^(+)CD16^(-)HLA^(-)DR^(+)组患者生存率明显优于CD14^(+)CD16^(-)HLA^(-)DR^(-/low)组患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);CD14^(+)CD16^(-)HLA^(-)DR^(+)是非小细胞肺癌采用PD-1单抗治疗后的临床疗效及预后的独立影响因素(P<0.05)。结论非小细胞肺癌患者采用PD-1单抗治疗后具有较好的临床疗效,CD14^(+)CD16^(-)HLA^(-)DR^(+)患者的临床疗效以及预后生存期明显升高。

整合PD-L1单链抗体的融合蛋白制备及其抗肿瘤活性的验证

目的:利用酵母表面递呈技术,分泌表达抗PD-L1单链抗体(sc Fv),纯化后得到能特异性结合PD-L1抗原的小分子抗体片段(sc Fv)。根据单链抗体基因序列,合成sc Fv抗体基因序列。选用sc Fv-mFc融合蛋白的方式,并采用p Fuse真核表达载体来表达此sc Fv-mFc融合蛋白,研究其对肺腺癌细胞(A549)的亲和力和体内外抑制作用。方法:采用基因工程的方法构建重组质粒p Fuse-scFv,通过真核转染至293F(人胚肾细胞),使用无血清Pro 293a-CDM培养72 h,收集培养液中分泌的融合蛋白,运用免疫组化检测sc Fv-mFc融合蛋白与肿瘤细胞的结合;流式细胞术分析融合蛋白和肿瘤细胞的亲和力; ADCC(抗体介导的细胞毒实验)测定融合蛋白对肿瘤细胞体外杀伤作用;利用接种肺腺癌细胞的荷瘤小鼠对融合蛋白的体内抗肿瘤效应进行研究。结果:通过重组质粒转染至293F细胞的方法,sc Fv-mFc融合蛋白被分泌到无血清的培养液中;免疫组化和流式结果显示,融合蛋白与表面高表达PD-L1蛋白的肿瘤细胞有较强的结合能力; ADCC实验结果示融合蛋白在体外对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用;荷瘤小鼠实验结果示融合蛋白对肿瘤的生长起到抑制作用,在5 mg/kg的药物剂量下,荷瘤小鼠瘤体体积平均增长率从14. 90%降低至3. 72%,两独立样本t检验P<0. 05,差异具有统计学意义。结论:成功制备了含单链抗体的融合蛋白,其对A549细胞具有良好的结合能力,在体内外均对肿瘤细胞的增殖产生抑制作用,为研制靶向抗肿瘤药物提供实验室基础依据。

PD-1抗体对PM2.5诱导的大鼠心血管及血管内皮细胞损伤的影响

目的探讨程序性死亡蛋白(PD)-1抗体对PM2.5染毒大鼠心血管损伤的作用及对PM2.5引起人血管内皮细胞损伤的影响。方法40只雄性SD大鼠随机分成对照组、PM2.5组、低剂量(PM2.5+低剂量PD-1抗体)组、高剂量(PM2.5+高剂量PD-1抗体)组,每组10只。气管滴注PM2.5悬液进行染毒,每隔2 d滴注1次,持续3 w,并以低、高剂量PD-1抗体(10 mg/kg、20 mg/kg)注射腹腔。实验前后测定大鼠体质量;末次染毒24 h后,腹主动脉取血,检测血清中氧化应激和炎症反应相关因子的水平;苏木素-伊红(HE)染色检测肺部和心脏组织形态学变化;TUNEL染色检测心肌细胞凋亡情况。人血管内皮细胞EA.hy926随机分为对照组、PM2.5组、低剂量组、高剂量组,PM2.5组用含100μg/ml PM2.5培养液培养,低、高剂量组用含1 mg/ml PM2.5培养液和PD-1抗体(0.5、1.0 mg/ml)培养,24 h后收集细胞,噻唑蓝(MTT)法和流式细胞术检测细胞活性和凋亡;Western印迹法检测活化型半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶(Cleaved caspase)-3、Cleaved caspase-9蛋白表达。结果与对照组比较,实验后PM2.5组大鼠体质量减轻,血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量下降,丙二醛(MDA)、白细胞介素(IL)-6、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、内皮素(ET)-1和C反应蛋白(CRP)含量均升高,肺组织和心肌组织出现明显的病理改变,心肌细胞凋亡增加,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。与PM2.5组比较,经高、低剂量PD-1抗体处理的大鼠,体质量有所增加,血清中SOD活性及GSH含量升高,MDA、IL-6、TNF-α及CRP含量均下降,高剂量PD-1抗体处理下ET-1也下降,肺组织和心肌组织病理学形态得到改善,心肌细胞凋亡减少,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。与对照组比较,PM2.5组EA.hy926细胞存活率降低,细胞凋亡率增加,Cleaved caspase-3和Cleaved caspase-9表达增加,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.01);与PM2.5组比较,低剂量组、高剂量组的细胞存活率均升高,细胞凋亡率下降,同时,细胞中Cleaved caspase-3和Cleaved caspase-9表达减少,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论PD-1抗体可减轻PM2.5染毒引起的大鼠心血管损伤,其保护机制可能与抑制炎症反应、抗氧化损伤相关,此外,PD-1抗体还能够减少PM2.5诱导的人血管内皮细胞凋亡。

晚期头颈恶性肿瘤程序性细胞死亡蛋白1免疫治疗的临床研究述评

程序性细胞死亡蛋白1(PD-1)单抗是近年来恶性肿瘤治疗领域具有里程碑意义的药物,PD-1单抗的出现使免疫治疗迅速成为各种恶性肿瘤治疗的新选择。国外大量临床研究已充分证实其在晚期头颈癌的治疗中具有较传统治疗方案更加显著的疗效,同时具有低于细胞毒性药物的不良反应发生率。近期PD-1单抗类药物进入我国临床应用,改变了传统头颈部恶性肿瘤的治疗模式,免疫治疗已经成为复发/转移晚期头颈癌的一线治疗选择。目前,PD-1单抗类药物通过临床试验对其适应证进行不断拓展,同时也在对其生物标志物进行探索和验证。随着研究不断深入,PD-1单抗类药物的应用将趋于个体化、精准化,与传统疗法的联合应用有待临床进一步大样本多中心随机研究的印证。

程序性细胞死亡配体1胞外区原核重组表达、纯化及其多克隆抗体制备

为制备程序性细胞死亡配体1胞外区多肽及其鼠源性多克隆抗体,根据UniProtKB数据库中公布的其胞外区基因序列(标识符:Q9NZQ7-1)和原核表达载体pET-28a(+)Nde I上游和Xho I位点下游的序列,设计合成带有同源臂的特异性引物.以合成的PD-L1胞外区基因为模板,PCR扩增程序性细胞死亡配体1胞外区基因并将其克隆至pET-28a(+)中,构建重组质粒pET-28a(+)-PD-L1-E,转化至大肠杆菌DH5α中,扩增并提取其质粒,然后将质粒转化至大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中进行诱导表达.亲和层析镍柱纯化重组蛋白后,经十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱鉴定,确认表达蛋白正确.浓缩换液后用重组蛋白免疫Balb/c品系小鼠制备多克隆抗体,经ELISA检测,成功获得抗程序性细胞死亡配体1胞外区血清.该研究对于研发某些肿瘤伴随诊断检测试剂有重要意义.

抗肿瘤PD-1和PD-L1治疗现状与免疫相关不良反应的机制探索

程序性细胞死亡蛋白-1(PD-1)和程序性细胞死亡配体1(PD-L1)抑制剂是一组免疫检查点抑制剂,自2006年5月起,已经有10种靶向PD-1和PD-L1的免疫检查点抑制剂用于肿瘤治疗。尽管PD-1和PD-L1抑制剂对某些肿瘤显示出良好的治疗效果,但是严重的免疫相关不良反应限制了其临床应用。因此,研发同等疗效但不良反应较PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂少的新型药物迫在眉睫。此外,探索免疫相关不良反应的发生机制可以为制定个性化的干预策略提供依据,在PD-1和PD-L1抑制剂研究中的地位同样重要。本综述讨论了几种抗PD-1/PD-L1单克隆抗体的作用机制及免疫相关不良反应,旨在提醒临床医生在进行抗肿瘤治疗的同时需要监控相关不良反应的发生。此外,本综述还指出了未来PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂可能的研究方向。