China runs several biggest forestry programs in the world. Improved use of these forests and the newly planted forests should provide multiple benefits for Chinese people. The success of ambitious forestry policy depe...China runs several biggest forestry programs in the world. Improved use of these forests and the newly planted forests should provide multiple benefits for Chinese people. The success of ambitious forestry policy depends not only on the huge resources invested in it and on a strong political will but also on the expertise required in order to fulfil the task in the correct manner. Transfer scientific expertise into forest policy making is becoming one of the success factors of China’s forestry development. Examples from other parts of the world show that the relation between forest science and forestry policy is very sensitive. In this paper, forest science and forestry policy monitoring and evaluation systems in China are described; problems and challenges of these systems are identified; the model of transfer scientific expertise into real policy is analyzed; three main factors which positively influence the practitioner’s acceptance and utilization of expertise are discussed; some conclusions and suggestions are conducted finally.展开更多
Bangladesh (Indo-Bangladesh to independent Bangladesh) has more than 250 years of history in forest inventory. The Boundary demarcation of the Sundarbans forest in 1764 was the first record of forest inventory. A tota...Bangladesh (Indo-Bangladesh to independent Bangladesh) has more than 250 years of history in forest inventory. The Boundary demarcation of the Sundarbans forest in 1764 was the first record of forest inventory. A total of 30 inventories have been recorded that were started to form the boundary demarcation to complex biodiversity, biomass, and carbon stock assessment. These inventories used simple cartographic to complex satellite image processing techniques, software base data/information collection methods, and sophisticated statistical procedures in data analysis. Eventually, the history of the forest inventory of Bangladesh is about 100 years older than the history of forest management. This study aimed to classify the inventories into distinct time frames based on outputs and align them with the motive of rulers, existing forest policy, and contemporary global and national issues. The historical records forest inventory has been divided into four distinct periods, e.g., Mid eighteenth to the late nineteenth century: 1764-1876;Early twenty century: 1905-1924;Mid-twenty to late twenty century: 1958-2000;and Early twenty-first century: 2001-present). The objectives/outputs of each inventory were highly linked with the motive of rulers, policy statements, available technologies, and recent issues from national and global perspectives.展开更多
In this study, the interdependency is presented between the characteristics of the buildings and the relative economic value, in order to plan economic policies and preconditions for improving the quality of the Europ...In this study, the interdependency is presented between the characteristics of the buildings and the relative economic value, in order to plan economic policies and preconditions for improving the quality of the European buildings heritage through access, by an holistic approach, to the necessary f＇mancial resources. The economic value of a real estate asset is closely connected to the construction features and their performance over time （lifecycle）. Safer, more comfortable and productive buildings for inhabitants are at the same time more operationally efficient and economically convenient for the owners. Solidity characteristics and static resistance to earthquakes, eco-efficiency and other constructive qualities of the building will provide benefits in the long term, and they are directly related the LCC （life cycle cost） including specific construction and/or maintenance costs. Moreover, these characteristics have an impact on the ＂market value＂ and on the ＂mortgage lending value＂ of properties, as well as on the possibility of financing the purchase through access to more affordable mortgages, and to make really feasible conversions even in the absence of public financial resources. This study introduces a new approach for conversions involving whole buildings or city areas. This research identifies the economic sustainability of a project by combining principles and suitable methodologies, together with performance and other characteristics. These aspects constitute the essential prerequisite for obtaining mortgages from banks and/or financial resources from international investors.展开更多
Sino-German financial cooperation projects began in the 1980s, containing both technique and finance areas. Sino-German cooperation projects not only produced the significant eco-efficiency and economic benefits by ra...Sino-German financial cooperation projects began in the 1980s, containing both technique and finance areas. Sino-German cooperation projects not only produced the significant eco-efficiency and economic benefits by raising forest coverage, but also made Chinese forestry workers acquire new idea and technology of forestry. However, forestry infrastructure and technological information sevice are still imperfect, forestry policy is not suitable and follow-up funds are insufficient. The outcome and experience of Sino-German cooperation projects after 20 years were summarized through analysis the activities and social ecological benefits. Advanced forest management technology and improvement of forest management were introduced and capacity building was remarkably improved by implementing Sino-German financial cooperation projects. At last, the gaps appearing in the Sino-German cooperation were pointed out, and factors which constrained smooth implementation were analyzed in this paper.展开更多
文摘China runs several biggest forestry programs in the world. Improved use of these forests and the newly planted forests should provide multiple benefits for Chinese people. The success of ambitious forestry policy depends not only on the huge resources invested in it and on a strong political will but also on the expertise required in order to fulfil the task in the correct manner. Transfer scientific expertise into forest policy making is becoming one of the success factors of China’s forestry development. Examples from other parts of the world show that the relation between forest science and forestry policy is very sensitive. In this paper, forest science and forestry policy monitoring and evaluation systems in China are described; problems and challenges of these systems are identified; the model of transfer scientific expertise into real policy is analyzed; three main factors which positively influence the practitioner’s acceptance and utilization of expertise are discussed; some conclusions and suggestions are conducted finally.
文摘Bangladesh (Indo-Bangladesh to independent Bangladesh) has more than 250 years of history in forest inventory. The Boundary demarcation of the Sundarbans forest in 1764 was the first record of forest inventory. A total of 30 inventories have been recorded that were started to form the boundary demarcation to complex biodiversity, biomass, and carbon stock assessment. These inventories used simple cartographic to complex satellite image processing techniques, software base data/information collection methods, and sophisticated statistical procedures in data analysis. Eventually, the history of the forest inventory of Bangladesh is about 100 years older than the history of forest management. This study aimed to classify the inventories into distinct time frames based on outputs and align them with the motive of rulers, existing forest policy, and contemporary global and national issues. The historical records forest inventory has been divided into four distinct periods, e.g., Mid eighteenth to the late nineteenth century: 1764-1876;Early twenty century: 1905-1924;Mid-twenty to late twenty century: 1958-2000;and Early twenty-first century: 2001-present). The objectives/outputs of each inventory were highly linked with the motive of rulers, policy statements, available technologies, and recent issues from national and global perspectives.
文摘In this study, the interdependency is presented between the characteristics of the buildings and the relative economic value, in order to plan economic policies and preconditions for improving the quality of the European buildings heritage through access, by an holistic approach, to the necessary f＇mancial resources. The economic value of a real estate asset is closely connected to the construction features and their performance over time （lifecycle）. Safer, more comfortable and productive buildings for inhabitants are at the same time more operationally efficient and economically convenient for the owners. Solidity characteristics and static resistance to earthquakes, eco-efficiency and other constructive qualities of the building will provide benefits in the long term, and they are directly related the LCC （life cycle cost） including specific construction and/or maintenance costs. Moreover, these characteristics have an impact on the ＂market value＂ and on the ＂mortgage lending value＂ of properties, as well as on the possibility of financing the purchase through access to more affordable mortgages, and to make really feasible conversions even in the absence of public financial resources. This study introduces a new approach for conversions involving whole buildings or city areas. This research identifies the economic sustainability of a project by combining principles and suitable methodologies, together with performance and other characteristics. These aspects constitute the essential prerequisite for obtaining mortgages from banks and/or financial resources from international investors.
文摘Sino-German financial cooperation projects began in the 1980s, containing both technique and finance areas. Sino-German cooperation projects not only produced the significant eco-efficiency and economic benefits by raising forest coverage, but also made Chinese forestry workers acquire new idea and technology of forestry. However, forestry infrastructure and technological information sevice are still imperfect, forestry policy is not suitable and follow-up funds are insufficient. The outcome and experience of Sino-German cooperation projects after 20 years were summarized through analysis the activities and social ecological benefits. Advanced forest management technology and improvement of forest management were introduced and capacity building was remarkably improved by implementing Sino-German financial cooperation projects. At last, the gaps appearing in the Sino-German cooperation were pointed out, and factors which constrained smooth implementation were analyzed in this paper.
