Prolonged manganese exposure induces severe deficits in lifespan,development and reproduction possibly by altering oxidative stress response in Caenorhabditis elegans

We examined the possible multiple defects induced by acute and prolonged exposure to high levels of manganese（Mn） solution by monitoring the endpoints of lifespan,development,reproduction,and stress response.Our data suggest that acute exposure（6 h） to Mn did not cause severe defects of life span,development,and reproduction,similarly,no significant defect could be found in animals exposed to a low concentration of Mn（2.5 μmol/L） for 48 h.In contrast,prolonged exposure（48 h） to high Mn concentrations（75 and 200 μmol/L） resulted in significant defects of life span,development,and reproduction,as well as the increase of the percentage of population with hsp-16.2：：gfp expression indicating the obvious induction of stress responses in exposed animals.Moreover,prolonged exposure（48 h） to high concentrations（75 and 200 μmol/L） of Mn decreased the expression levels of antioxidant genes of sod-1,sod-2,sod-3,and sod-4 compared to control.Therefore,prolonged exposure to high concentrations of Mn will induce the severe defects of life span,development,and reproduction in nematodes possibly by affecting the stress response and expression of antioxidant genes in Caenorhabditis elegans.

The Post-exposure Effects of Spinosad and Plant Allelochemicals on Biological Characteristics of Helicoverpa armigera(Lepidoptera： Noctuvidae)

In order to define the combined effects of spinosad and plant allelochemicals on Helicoverpa armigera(Lepidoptera:Noctuvidae), the research fed them on artificial diets with different doses of spinosad, gossypol, quercetin and tannicacid, and the changes of pupal and imaginal biological characteristics were observed and recorded. The results showed that spinosad at sublethal concentrations decreased pupation ratio and pupal weight, prolonged prepupal and pupal periods, and decreased emergence ratio, fecundity and longevity of adults. Combined with plant allelochemicals, spinosad significantly prolonged pupal period and shorten adult longevity. Other life-cycle parameters such as pupation ratio, pupal weights, emergence ratio, eggs laid per female and hatch ratio did not change significantly. The results clearly indicated that plant allelochemicals did not change spinosad efficiency on H. armigera, but the combination of spinosad and plant allelochemicals might affect pest population dynamics significantly by changing its development.

Evaluating Effective Pediatric Psychological Trauma Treatments Post-Traumatic Natural Disasters

What are the best treatment approaches for children experiencing trauma after natural disasters? Historically, the U.S. emergency response system has not provided psychological support to communities impacted by disasters. Instead, the traditional emergency response community focused on ensuring the physical survival of the individuals and communities that it protects. The goal of all disaster interventions, whether physical or psychological in nature, is to restore the individual to his/her level of pre-disaster functioning. Emphasizing psychological intervention and treatment after disasters is essential in restoring health in individuals post-trauma because mental health is necessary for proper physical health, forming of coping mechanisms, and the ability of individuals to move past the trauma and lead normal lives. At young ages, the body is still developing mentally and physically, meaning the impact of a traumatic event may be completely different from that of most adults. For example, children have greater thought suppression, which leads to an associated increase in PTSD and internalizing behaviors. Thus, children require a different treatment approach to ensure that trauma is not long-lasting and prevalent in future adult life, such as through trouble expressing and regulating emotions, as well as vulnerability to future exposure to stress, which may negatively impact individuals’ identity and interpersonal abilities. The purpose of this review paper is to evaluate various memory-related disorders to then explain the pros and cons of various treatment approaches based on their efficiency in treating PTSD-related symptoms post-natural disasters in children. This review identifies the best pediatric trauma treatment approaches used after natural disasters, highlighting a lack of efficient, effective, and specific psychological treatments. By comparing various existing psychological treatments, this paper provides future directions for research by identifying existing gaps in the field and explains contrasting approaches for various memory-related and natural disaster related psychological trauma disorders.