Similarities and Differences of Anaphoric Pronoun in Chinese and English

In both English and Chinese, pronouns are used with great frequency. And there are numerous usages of pronoun anaphors. The similarities and differences are summarized with the comparison of pronoun anaphors in English and Chinese.

Early Practice of Chinese Europeanized Grammar-Take the Plural of the First-Person Pronoun in The Pilgrim’s Progress in Mandarin as an Example

The Pilgrim’s Progress in Mandarin translated by the British missionary William Chalmers Burns in the 1860s is regarded as one of the typical representatives of the early Europeanized vernacular texts.Compared with the ancient vernacular,the frequency of the inclusive usage of“wǒmen”has increased significantly,which is directly influenced by the plural usage of first-person pronoun in English.Tracking back the origin of Chinese Europeanized grammar is an important part of the study of modern Chinese grammar,which not only is helpful to have a clear understanding of the characteristic of Europeanized grammar in the pre-development stage of modern Chinese,but also can lay a certain foundation for the comparative study of Europeanized grammar in different periods.In addition,this study can also provide linguistic basis for investigating the influence of western missionaries’Chinese translation on the formation of new literature.

Relative pronoun in the acquisition of English relative clauses by Chinese EFL learners

The paper focuses on the properties of relative pronouns in the acquisition of relative clause by Chinese EFL learners. Based on the NPAH （noun phrase accessibility hierarchy）, comparison and contrast of some aspects of English and Chinese relative pronoun, the paper conducts two experiments, and has proved the hypotheses that students＇ performance generally follows the hierarchy of NPAH and students do have problems with relative pronoun involving prepositions. Besides, some pedagogical implications for foreign language teaching are discussed.

On Similarities and Differences between Relative Pronouns in Relative Clauses

This paper,in two installments,attempts to clarify the finer points in the similarities and differences in the usage of relative pronouns,who,that and which,while they are in relative clauses.They are illustrated and justified with examples.The paper,through the comparison of the usages of who,that and which,has shown their similarities and differences from one another.It will enable us to master their usages and help us in studying relative clauses.

The Pronominal System of the Soqotri Dialects：A structural and functional Study

This study aims at describing structurally and functionally the pronominal system of the three main dialects of Soqotri, an endangered Modern south Arabian language spoken in the Island of Soqotra, Yemen. A part of the data presented in the study has been taken from my PhD thesis written in 2009. New data were collected from the field in 2012 and added to the study. The Study follows a descriptive method, therefore, showing no argumentation. The study reveals the structure and functions of the Soqotri rich pronominal system. It shows that the three Soqotri dialects (Eastern Soqotri Dialect, Central Soqotri Dialect and Western Soqotri Dialect) have personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, demonstrative pronoun, reflexive pronouns, reciprocal pronouns, relative pronouns and interrogative pronouns. It also shows that these pronouns are usually of two types (independent and dependent) inflecting for person, number and gender.

Probing Personal Pronouns in English Speeches to Actuate

Professor Cheryl Hamilton of American Tarrant County divided speeches into two types： One is informative speeches, and the other is persuasive speeches. It is obvious that the speech to actuate should be more inspired and motive than the speech to convince. So the language of the speech to actuate should have some special features. Personal pronoun is one of the basic elements of language. It is widely used in our daily speaking, and for a speaker, it is also an effective way to control the emotion of listeners. Different personal pronouns have different effects in a speech, and this thesis has analyzed the effects of personal pronouns in the speech to actuate respectively with the examples of “I Have a Dream” made by Martin Luther King and “My Education, My Future” made by Barack Hussein Obama Jr., the president of America. From the analysis, we can see the concrete role every pronoun played in the speeches of different styles, and how it impacts the success of a speech. Such an analysis and probe leads to a better understanding on the art of English speaking, which can help the learners of English make these skills in their charge.

Affective Meaning of Pronouns in a Russian Sample

The present study examines affective meaning of pronouns （in Russian） represented by the semantic differential. Of direct relevance to the present study is the theory of affective meaning propounded by Osgood. Two hypotheses were tested. According to a ＂magnitude＂ hypothesis, affective dimensions （each of evaluation, potency, and activity taken separately） differ in their magnitude across pronouns I, My, Me, and They. A ＂structural＂ hypothesis stated that the affective dimensions yield latent factors across （the generality） and within （the concept-scale interaction） the pronoun concepts. Repeated-measures analysis of variance （1-way ANOVA） and confirmatory factor analysis were employed to process data. It was found that each of the evaluation and potency measures yield a significant magnitude change across the pronouns, but there was indicated no significant change across the pronouns with respect to the activity dimension. Therewith, the pronoun My gained a salient value and the pronoun They the smallest value. Using confirmatory factor analysis five models were tested. Among them one model was good fit to the data. It engaged a four-factor solution resulted in that four pronouns are latent affective distinct but related factors and the evaluation, potency, and activity are their indicators.

English Connector as Binding Term for Conjunction and Relative Pronoun

As grammatical words, conjunction and relative pronoun play a similar role. They join clauses, phrases, and even words. The terms independent and dependent clauses have become popular for quite a long time. When the concept of clause and sentence meets at the presence of NP （Noun Phrase） and VP （Verb Phrase）, there is a right to consider construction as an S or a sentence leaving the conjunction and relative pronoun as means of uniting device and leaving every NP-VP construction as equal units. By employing an embedding theory, we can see hidden parts of a sentence and their roles in other sentences. This article tries to see if it is still necessary to distinguish between dependent and independent clauses.

Pronoun Anaphor and Cataphor in Chinese

Chinese pronoun anaphora and cataphora are different from those in English.The co-indexing judgment tests implemented by the present study indicate that for anaphora,only when the focus is on the head DP of the possessive phrase,the co-indexing between DP at possessive position and anaphor is possible.This can be explained by c-commanding instead of parameterized DP hypothesis since DP at possessive position c-commands pronoun anaphor but the focus shift will lead to the implicit raise of the head DP of the possessive phrase and change the structure.For cataphora,the pronoun cataphor at possessive position fails to co-index with DP and pronoun cataphor in sentences with C head can co-index with DP.It is argued that phase condition and visibility condition can explain cataphora in Chinese instead of the phase commanding theory since both phase condition and visibility condition can ensure the temporary location of cataphor for checking semantic match.

Explicitation of Personal Pronoun in Chinese Translation

Based on the comparable corpus of translated Chinese and original Chinese,this paper studies the explicitation of personal pronouns in translated Chinese.The results show that:(1)on the whole,the explicit characteristics of personal pronouns in translated Chinese are obvious;(2)The explicitation of the third personal pronoun is more obvious than that of the first and second personal pronouns,and the translation process,purpose and strategy and the source language shining through effect are the reasons for the explicitation.

A Diachronic Study of the Phenomena of Personal Pronouns with Attributives in Southeast Asia Huayu

Based on the phenomenon of personal pronouns with attributives,this paper investigates the development and evolution of grammar in Southeast Asia Huayu.The results showed that the personal pronouns with attributives have shown an upward development trend in the centuries-old Huayu,as evidenced by the increasing number and frequency of their use,and the expansion of the range of personal pronouns that can carry attributives as well as the types of attributives.In addition,investigating the use of this linguistic phenomenon in Huayu,Putonghua,and Mandarin in a global perspective,it can be found that the three maintain a greater consistency.

A Context-Aware Model Using Distributed Representations for Chinese Zero Pronoun Resolution

Previous approaches to Chinese zero pronoun resolution mainly use syntactic information and probabilistic methods, but the context information is ignored. To make full use of the context and semantic information, we build a context-aware model. We propose a key words extraction strategy and design a classification model by using distributed representations as context feature. To our best knowledge, this is the first work using distributed representations in Chinese zero pronoun resolution. Experimental results show that our approach achieves a better performance than previous supervised methods.

Error Analysis of Personal Pronouns Use in English Writing of Junior High School Students:With the Tutored Students as Subjects

In recent years,analyses of linguistic errors in junior high English writing have been widely carried out in China.However,those studies that specialize in the misuse of personal pronouns are relatively rare.On the basis of Error Analysis theory,this paper regarded the tutored six students in Grade 8 by the author as the subjects, summarized three types of errors in personal pronouns use and their causes by analyzing subjects’writing samples and conducting interviews,and finally put forward some suggestions so as to contribute to the teaching and learning of junior high English writing.

Analysis on the Shift of Personal Pronoun in the Chinese Language——in Terms of Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle

Personal pronoun shift is a common phenomenon that by using second or third personal pronoun,the speaker means first personal pronoun;or speaker means second personal pronoun but uses first or third personal pronoun instead.Since the phe nomenon frequently appears in the Chinese language,a great number of linguists have studied the personal pronoun and the inter pretation of their usage.However,the study for the causes of the phenomenon is not so systemic.This paper aims to explain the personal pronoun shift from the perspective of Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle,which can help to discover the rela tionship between Cooperative principle and politeness in the shift of personal pronoun.

The Sociolinguistic Research on the Second Personal Pronouns "Ni" and "Nin" in Chinese

The personal pronoun is the indispensable and essential component in all languages.In modern standard Chinese,the second personal pronouns encompass two variations:the generic term "Ni" and the honorific term "Nin".No matter the speaker choose "Ni" or "Nin",it indicates the relationship between two interlocutors.This paper,based on the theories of sociolinguistics,mainly explores the pragmatic meanings of the second personal pronouns "Ni" and "Nin".The research obtain these conclusions:even if this pair of personal pronoun received the contextual constraints in the concrete utilization,but they can also derive a lot of pragmatic variations and deixis variations,the interlocutors will select distinct second personal pronouns to achieve the particular communicative goals.

Applicationof Transferin Chinese Students' Learningon Reflexive Pronouns

The thesis is designed to investigate what the Chinese reflexive transfer is and how it works on the basis of behaviorism.Through the analysis of binding theory, mismatches between Chinese reflexive and English reflexive would be discussed in two main aspects, namely, long-distance binding and subject orientation. To test and support the argument, more sufficient teaching data would be processed from questionnaire. At the end of the analysis, it is supposed to put forward suggestions for teaching English reflexive to Chinese students.

Corpus-based Comparison of Plural First-personal Pronoun in Argumentative Essays of Chinese EFL Learners and Native Students

The goal of this study is to compare the use of plural forms of the first personal pronouns by native English speakers andChinese EFL learners in their argumentative essays from the aspect of collocation,based on English native college students’writ-ten-English corpus LOCNESS and Chinese learner corpus of written-English WECCL.The results showed that under the influenceof the oral features of written English of Chinese EFL learners,the transferability of native language,and the collective value of Chi-nese culture,Chinese EFL learners overuse the plural forms of the first personal pronoun"we"and"our"in the argumentative es-says and often collocate"we"with auxiliary verbs"should""must",which are not commonly used in argumentative essays of na-tives students.

The Practical Use of Syntactic Error Analysis of Pronoun Mistakes in L2 Writing

One of the toughest challenges facing EFL/ESL instructors is that learners find it difficult to translate what they learn in grammar class into their own writing.Moreover,they make the same mistakes repeatedly after being corrected.In order to improve students’writing,grammatical awareness is essential.Therefore,teachers should raise the students’level of awareness of syntactic patterns and transformations of the language(Koffi,2010).In this way,teachers are not merely giving the students answers directly,but are actually showing them how to solve these syntactic puzzles by themselves.The purpose of this paper is to analyze frequently made pronoun mistakes in College ESL students’writings to offer insights into how to use pronouns accurately and to enhance learners’writing skills.This paper will look closely at a set of writings done mostly by Somali ESL students in the hope of developing some pedagogical suggestions for teaching pronouns.Frequently made pronoun mistakes will be discussed with examples from students’writing samples.

旁称代词“别人”的产生和发展

汉语旁称代词“别人”在南北朝译经中已见用例,隋唐时期,用例逐渐增多。到元明清时期,“别人”已在口语中取代了“他人”的位置。“别人”成为旁称代词系统主要成员后,汉语旁称代词系统出现了由“别人、他人、人家、旁人”构成的新格局。这种格局一直延续到现代汉语中。

今文《尚书》指示代词的用法及其特点

运用穷尽性语料分析方法,对今文《尚书》指示代词进行了系统研究,证明今文《尚书》的指示代词已形成独立的系统,与西周金文的指示代词相似。但今文《尚书》的近指代词比较丰富,不仅同义词多,使用频率高,而且高频近指代词的语法功能也比较全面。今文《尚书》指示代词的各个小类内部多有语音上的联系,各个小类之间也有语音上的联系。今文《尚书》特有的无指代词"罔"或源于副词"罔"。