Developments in the study of Chinese herbal medicine's assessment index and action mechanism for diabetes mellitus

In traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),based on various pathogenic symptoms and the‘golden chamber’medical text,Huangdi Neijing,diabetes mellitus falls under the category‘collateral disease’.TCM,with its wealth of experience,has been treating diabetes for over two millennia.Different antidiabetic Chinese herbal medicines re-duce blood sugar,with their effective ingredients exerting unique advantages.As well as a glucose lowering effect,TCM also regulates bodily functions to prevent diabetes associated complications,with reduced side effects compared to western synthetic drugs.Chinese herbal medicine is usually composed of polysaccharides,saponins,al-kaloids,flavonoids,and terpenoids.These active ingredients reduce blood sugar via various mechanism of actions that include boosting endogenous insulin secretion,enhancing insulin sensitivity and adjusting key enzyme activity and scavenging free radicals.These actions regulate glycolipid metabolism in the body,eventually achiev-ing the goal of normalizing blood glucose.Using different animal models,a number of molecular markers are available for the detection of diabetes induction and the molecular pathology of the disease is becoming clearer.Nonetheless,there is a dearth of scientific data about the pharmacology,dose-effect relationship,and structure-activity relationship of TCM and its constituents.Further research into the efficacy,toxicity and mode of action of TCM,using different metabolic and molecular markers,is key to developing novel TCM antidiabetic formulations.

Research Progress on Modern Biological Mechanism of Chinese Medicine in Prevention and Treatment of Gouty Nephropathy

Chinese medicine prevention and treatment of gouty nephropathy often uses single drugs and compound formulae to regulate uric acid,which has the effect of lowering uric acid,protecting the kidneys and improving clinical symptoms.In conclusion,the mechanism of action of Chinese medicine against gouty nephropathy mainly involves oxidative stress,inflammatory response,etc.,with a view to providing new ideas and methods for the prevention and treatment of gouty nephropathy by Chinese medicine.

Therapeutic Actions of the Chinese Herbal Formulae with Cold and Heat Properties and Their Effects on Ultrastructures of Synoviocytes in Rats of the Collagen-Induced Arthritis

The therapeutic actions of Qing Luo Yin (QLY清络饮) with heat property and Wen Luo Yin (WLY温络饮) with cold property on pain, swelling of the ankle, arthritis index and ultrastructures of synoviocytes were compared in rats of type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), with tripterygium glycosidorum (TG) used as control. The results indicated that both QLY and WLY could reduce pain, swelling of the ankle and the arthritis index of CIA, and QLY had better effects in reducing the swelling of the ankle and controlling the secondary pathological lesions as compared with WLY. Investigation on the ultrastructures of synoviocytes indicated that both QLY and WLY could reduce the number of Golgi apparatus, rough surface endoplasmic reticulum, dense bodies, matrix filaments and vacuoles so as to suppress the excessive secretion of synoviocytes in rats of CIA.

Mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of psoriasis with depression:A review

Psoriasis is a kind of immune-mediated, chronic, inflammatory skin disease, which is often associated with different degrees of psychological disorders. Specifically, there is a significant correlation between psoriasis and depression, and they show the relationships of reciprocal causation and mutual promotion. Psoriasis with depression is more harmful than simple psoriasis, and its prognosis is worse, which brings a huge burden to the family and society and is worthy of clinical attention. Based on the pathogenic factors of western medicine and pathogenesis of traditional Chinese medicine in psoriasis with depression, the paper summarized and elaborated the research progress on the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of psoriasis with depression, in order to provide new ideas for clinical treatment.

Research Progress on the Anti-Atherosclerotic Effect and Mechanism of Tetramethylpyrazine

Atherosclerosis is a chronic vascular disease and the most common pathological change of cardiovascular disease.Its pathogenesis is closely related to inflammation,oxidative stress,lipid accumulation,and calcinosis.Tetramethylpyrazine plays an anti-atherosclerotic role by regulating lipid metabolism,inhibiting foam cell formation,alleviating inflammation,inhibiting vascular calcification and abnormal platelet activation,and has a cardiovascular protective effect.Therefore,this paper summarized the research progress of the anti-atherosclerosis effect and mechanism of tetramethylpyrazine.

Research progress on the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis

Autoimmune hepatitis is an inflammatory liver disease primarily mediated by T cell.It has not been fully elucidated about the pathogenesis,and it is presently thought to be related to genetic susceptibility,infection and environmental triggers,and abnormal autoimmune regulation.Recent studies have found that traditional Chinese medicine can improve the biochemical indicators and clinical symptoms of patients with autoimmune hepatitis.This article reviews the specific mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine on treating autoimmune hepatitis in order to propose new ideas for its clinical diagnosis and treatment.

The basic core traditional C hinese medicine for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 and its active mechanisms

Background:COVID-19 has had a dramatic impact on human health,economies,societies,and livelihoods around the world.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)formulae have played an important role in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.WHO evaluated the role of TCM in treating of COVID-19 and encouraged other countries to promote the use of TCM formulae.However,the key is to find the basic core traditional Chinese medicine(BC-TCM)among those formulae.Methods:For the first time,we mined the data of TCM formulae in CNIPA and analyzed herb characteristics and association rules.We then determined the BC-TCM and screened main compounds and therapeutic targets.Finally,the potential molecular mechanisms were explored by using enrichment analyses and molecular docking.Results:This study screened 123 patented TCM formulae,including 312 herbs.According to frequency statistics and association rules,nine herbs(Gan Cao,Jin Yinhua,Guang Huoxiang,Fu Ling,Huang Qi,Jie Geng,Lian Qiao,Cang Zhu,Ku Xingren)were selected as the BC-TCM.The BC-TCM involved 166 main compounds and 48 therapeutic targets.The active compounds Hederagenin,Spinasterol,Beta-sitosterol,and Liquiritin had high binding activity to the COVID-19 targets 3CL,ACE2,and core targets RELA,HSP90AA1,STAT3,MAPK3,and TP53 according to molecular docking results.Interestingly,Hederagenin might be a potential compound for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.Conclusion:Our research predicted and confirmed the preventive therapeutic effect of BC-TCM on COVID-19.This has the potential to broaden the scope of TCM,guide people in using clinical formulae,and provide valuable insights for future TCM discovery research.

Traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions and herbs for the treatment of hypothyroidism:a narrative review

The increasing prevalence of hypothyroidism,which can cause endocrine dysfunction,abnormal neurological function,and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular injuries,poses serious health problems.Thyroid hormone supplementation constitutes the current main therapeutic method for hypothyroidism,yet it has many limitations and risks and is not suitable for everyone.Therefore,it is necessary to seek alternative and complementary treatment methods.It has been proven in practice that traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)possesses multi-channel comprehensive characteristics for the treatment of hypothyroidism and has more advantages than single thyroid hormone supplementation.Through a comprehensive examination of existing literature about TCM efficacy in addressing hypothyroidism,we have meticulously consolidated the most recent research findings on prescriptions and herbal substances employed in the treatment of this condition.Furthermore,we have explicated their respective functions in the management of hypothyroidism,thereby offering valuable perspectives and recommendations for the prospective utilization of natural remedies in its treatment.

Intellectual Property Rights and Authentic Protection of Chinese Wolfberry in Xinjiang

This paper introduced the biological characteristics and medicinal value of medlar(Lycium chinense Miller).It studied Chinese wolfberry industry and its agricultural intellectual property resources in Xinjiang.In addition,it analyzed main problems such as the lag in the construction of authentic medicinal materials bases and insufficient deep processing of related products.Finally,it proposed eight recommendations including cultivating biological species with more medicinal value and creating an advantageous area of characteristic authentic medicinal materials.

A retrospective study on professor Gui-Qi Xuan’s experience in traditional Chinese medicine treatment on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: based on data mining and network pharmacology

Background:To investigate the clinical medication approach of Professor Guiqi Xuan(Prof.Xuan)in treating pediatric patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)and the potential mechanism of the core herbal prescription.Methods:Following medical record information pretreatment,the Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)inheritance computing platform system V3.0 was utilized to analyze the standardized data.The associate rules were summarized to identify the core prescription for treating ADHD.The extracted core herbal prescription’s active compounds and potential targets were used to establish a protein-protein interaction network of active ingredient-disease targets.Cytoscape 3.9.1 software was used to analyze the network’s topological parameters to obtain the key active ingredients and their targets.The Bioconductor data package of R4.0.2 was used to analyze the gene ontology biological functions and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways of key targets.Results:Two hundred and twenty-seven entries derived from TCM record information were selected.Through data mining,it was found that 62.5%of pediatric patients had short-tempered behavior,nearly half had sleep problems,and 30%-40%had picky eating and polyphagia issues.The highest-frequency syndrome type was kidney deficiency and liver hyperactivity.Deficiency,fire,phlegm,and dyspeptic food were the main pathological factors for ADHD.Prof.Xuan’s treatment of ADHD mainly focused on replenishing kidney essence and subduing Yang(active,external,ascending,warm,bright,functional and excited pertain to Yang).The core herbal prescription for ADHD included Yuan-zhi,Yi-zhi,Gui-jia,Bai-shao,Long-chi,Ci-shi,Shi-chang-pu,Yu-jin,Fu-shen,and Huang-jing.The protein-protein interaction network showed that MAOA,ADRB2,FOS,MAOB,and SLC6A3 were the five key targets essential in treating ADHD with core herbal prescriptions.The gene ontology biological function of crucial targets mainly involved G protein-coupled amine receptor activity,catecholamine binding,and neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activity.Analysis of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways showed that the dopaminergic synapse signaling and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathways were significantly enriched and may be the primary routes for the main treatment of ADHD.Conclusion:Prof.Xuan’s treatment of ADHD has achieved satisfactory clinical effects by supplementing the kidney,replenishing the essence,opening the orifices,nourishing the Yin(static,internal,descending,cold,dim,organic,depressed and pertain to Yin),and subduing the Yang.The major prescription predominantly affects catecholamine binding,neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction,G protein-coupled amine receptor function,and signaling pathways for dopaminergic synapses.Our findings showed that the methodology and software used in this research could explore and analyze the mechanism behind Prof.Xuan’s clinical medication rule for treating ADHD in children.

Exploration of the oxidative-inflammatory potential targets of Coicis Semen in osteoarthritis:Data mining and systematic pharmacology

On the basis of data mining,systematic pharmacology,molecular docking,and experiment validation,the oxidative-inflammatory molecular targets of Coicis Semen in the therapy of osteoarthritis(OA)were explored.Methods:The association rule analysis was effectively applied to highlight the correlation between Coicis Semen and oxidative inflammation indices.The random walk model was subsequently used to evaluate the clinical efficacy of Coicis Semen.Network pharmacology was used to predict network targets.The binding affinity of the active ingredient in Coicis Semen to the key target of OA was also successfully predicted.Results:Coicis Semen showed a significant reduction in oxidative-inflammatory indicators of OA.A total of 108 promising targets were predicted for the 24 bioactive compounds in Coicis Semen.Eight target genes were considered core target genes.The enrichment analysis predicts that Coicis Semen may activate the interleukin(IL)-17,mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK),and nuclear factor kappa B(NF-kappa B)signaling pathways.Molecular docking demonstrated that stigmasterol,2-monoolein,sitosterol,and sitosterol alpha1 had free binding energies to oxidative and inflammatory targets(MAPK1,Estrogen Receptor 1[ESR1],and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha[PPARA]).Both clinical trials and in vitro cell experiments revealed that Coicis Semen could increase ESR1 and PPAR-αlevels while decreasing MAPK1 levels.Conclusions:Coicis Semen has a remarkable anti-OA effect.Precisely,the major components of Coicis Semen,including stigmasterol,sitosterol alpha1,sitosterol,and 2-monoolein,specifically inhibit MAPK1,ESR1,and PPARA to reduce the inflammatory response and oxidative damage in OA.

Study on Agricultural Intellectual Property Protection and High-Quality Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Ginseng

Agricultural intellectual property has the functions of carrying forward agricultural cultural heritage,encouraging agricultural scientific and technological innovation,cultivating the brand of agricultural products and so on. The protection and application of agricultural intellectual property rights can enhance the vitality,innovation and competitiveness of agricultural economy,and promote the strategy of high-quality agricultural development and rural revitalization. Ginseng is a traditional medicinal variety with superior characteristics in Northeast China,and it is one of the most famous " three treasures" in Northeast China. This paper introduces ginseng( Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.) and its medicinal value,analyzes the traditional knowledge,biological genetic resources,new plant varieties,patents,geographical indications,trademarks and other agricultural intellectual property resources of ginseng,studies the traditional Chinese medicine GAP certification and certification of " Three Agricultural Products" and the construction of the dominant area of agricultural product( Fusong ginseng) with Chinese characteristics,and explores the rural revitalization strategy and traditional Chinese medicine development strategy,ginseng agricultural intellectual property protection and high quality development strategy.

Protection of Intellectual Property and Authenticity of Chinese Herbal Medicine Chrysanthemum morifolium

This paper first introduced Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. and its medicinal value. Then, it studied agricultural intellectual property resources such as geographical indications, trademarks, patents, new plant varieties, biological genetic resources, and traditional knowledge related to C. morifolium . Finally, it summarized poverty-stricken areas ecologically suitable for planting C. morifolium , analyzed the GAP certification of C. morifolium , pollution-free agricultural product certification, green food certification, and organic food certification, and discussed the strategies for C. morifolium intellectual property protection and authenticity protection in the context of TCM development strategy and rural revitalization strategy.

Pharmacological Action and Research Progress of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Liver Injury

According to the different types of liver damage,there should also be different Chinese medicine and dose for different degrees of treatment and protection.This paper studies the Chinese medicine treatment of different types of liver injury,and is expected to provide a reference for the further application of Chinese medicine in liver injury.

Effects of Chinese Herbal Medicine Additives on Growth,Immunity and Antioxidation of Chickens

Chinese herbal medicine additives can not only directly improve the growth performance of chickens,but also indirectly affect the growth of chickens by enhancing the antioxidant capacity,immunity and disease resistance of the body,and eliminating diseases and adverse factors,thereby improving the growth performance of chickens.In the context of the current national prohibition of adding antibiotics to feed,the research and application of Chinese herbal medicine additives are of practical significance to eliminate the long-term use of antibiotics as chicken feed additives and reduce the threat to the environment and human health.For this reason,the research related to the substitution of Chinese herbal medicine for antibiotics is made a brief introduction to provide a reference in research and production practice.

Analysis on the medication rules and mechanisms of action of traditional Chinese medicine in treating cervical cancer

Objective: To summarize the rule of application of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer, and to explore the molecular mechanism of the compatibility of core herbs. Methods: Collect relevant literatures on cervical cancer in Chinese National Knowledgey Ifrastructure (CNKI), use TCM inheritance platform system (TCMISSV2.5) for association rules and complex system entropy clustering analysis;use BATMAN-TCM online analysis tools to construct target-pathway-disease network to reveal the underlying mechanisms of action. Results: Among the 78 prescriptions selected, a total of 172 Chinese medicines were used, and the five most frequently used herbs were Huang-bo (Phellodendri Chinrnsis Cortex), Fu-ling (Poria Cocos), Huang-qi (Hedysarum Multijugum Maxim.), Bai-hua-she-she-cao (Hedyotis Diffusae Herba) and Gan-cao (Licorice). Bai-hua-she-she-cao (Hedyotis Diffusae Herba) and Huang-qi (Hedysarum Multijugum Maxim.), Bai-hua-she-she-cao (Hedyotis Diffusae Herba) and Fu-ling (Poria Cocos), Bai-zhu (Atractylodes Macrocephala Koidz.) and Fu-ling (Poria Cocos) are the three most commonly used medicine match. In addition, through cluster analysis, a total of 4 core herbs compatibility and 2 new prescriptions were excavated. Herbs in the new prescriptions which are used to clearing heat-toxin and removing dampness were most frequently used. Through the analysis of the signal pathway of high frequency Chinese medicines, we found that neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway may play important roles. Conclusion: The core Chinese medicines for the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer are mainly clearing heat-toxin and removing dampness. The core Chinese medicines may play their anti-cervical cancer by interfering with the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction signaling pathway.

<i>In Vitro</i>Antibacterial, Antifungal and Other Medical Properties of Endangered Medicinal Plant Seeds

The risk created by infectious microorganisms to humans attracted the development of common medicine. To find an alternative source, medicinal plants with diverse metabolites play an important role in curing the diseases and human disorders caused by microbial pathogens. Medicinal plants namely, Citrullus colocynthis, Hyoscyamus muticus, Ocimum basilicum, Amaranthus lividus, Salvia aegyptiaca and Ruta chalepensis are commonly used as a traditional medicine in Gulf countries. The present study aimed to investigate the antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant potential of the organic crude extracts obtained from the seeds. Besides, the possible antimicrobial mechanisms of the extracts were evaluated by determining the enzyme activities. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the crude extracts were evaluated by the broth micro dilution method and the effect of the extracts on the pathogens were determined by quantifying the alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes and intracellular protein leakage. Besides, the antioxidant properties were determined using hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, DPPH radical scavenging assay, reducing power assay and superoxide radical scavenging assay. Results indicated that the extracts of C. colocynthis showed promising activity against all the tested pathogens, especially the MIC values were ranged from 100 to 150 μg/ml for Gram positive bacteria and 100 to 250 μg/ml for Gram negative bacteria respectively. The MIC values of H. muticus, O. basilicum and R. chalepensis against the fungal pathogens were ranged from 100 to 500 μg/mL respectively. The ALP activity was higher in extract treated Klebsiella pneumoniae compared with control, whereas the LDH and protein concentrations for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were comparatively higher. Furthermore, all the studied seed extract showed good antioxidant activities. In conclusion, the studied plant seed extracts documented good antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Therefore, the medicinal plants would be the excellent source for natural antioxidant and antibacterial agents for medical and applications.

Discussion on the Application of Ascending and Descending Property of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Compatibility of Clinical Prescriptions

Through the method of literature mining,the classics of traditional Chinese medicine,materia medica works,medical cases and documents are studied.Based on common prescriptions for the treatment of diseases such as abnormal Zang-fu viscera and qi movement,dysfunction,etc.,and combined with the theory of ascending and descending property of traditional Chinese medicine,the application of ascending and descending property of traditional Chinese medicine in clinical prescription compatibility and the factors affecting the application are summarized.The ascending and descending properties of traditional Chinese medicine have been widely used in prescription compatibility for the clinical treatment of impairment of purifying and descending function of the lung,spleen and stomach's ascending and descending disorders and heart-kidney noninteractionpatte.

A preliminary study on the properties of red traditional Chinese medicine

Objective: From the aspect of meridian tropism, this paper makes a preliminary discussion on the medicinal properties of red traditional Chinese medicine belonging to the heart meridian, with a view to providing a reference for the further study of the relationship between the color of traditional Chinese medicine and its medicinal properties. Method: Based on clinical practice and modern pharmacology, pharmacochemistry and other research, this paper analyzed the material basis of red traditional Chinese medicine belonging to the heart meridian. Result: Finally, it was found that most of the chemical constituents of red traditional Chinese medicine were flavonols, and their pharmacological effects were related to cardiovascular system. Conclusion: Red Chinese medicine belonging to the heart meridian has a certain theoretical basis and modern research basis, which can provide a reference to the further study of the relationship between color and drug properties of Chinese medicine in the future.

An improved association-mining research for exploring Chinese herbal property theory: based on data of the Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica

Knowledge Discovery in Databases is gaining attention and raising new hopes for traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） researchers. It is a useful tool in understanding and deciphering TCM theories. Aiming for a better understanding of Chinese herbal property theory （CHPT）, this paper performed an improved association rule learning to analyze semistructured text in the book entitled Shennong＇s Classic of Materia Medica. The text was firstly annotated and transformed to well-structured multidimensional data. Subsequently, an Apriori algorithm was employed for producing association rules after the sensitivity analysis of parameters. From the confirmed 120 resulting rules that described the intrinsic relationships between herbal property （qi, flavor and their combinations） and herbal efficacy, two novel fundamental principles underlying CHPT were acquired and further elucidated： （1） the many-to-one mapping of herbal efficacy to herbal property; （2） the nonrandom overlap between the related efficacy of qi and flavor. This work provided an innovative knowledge about CHPT, which would be helpful for its modern research.