Inhibition of Propionibacterium acnes by refined bamboo vinegar and preparation of the slow-release system with bamboo charcoal as the carrier

Background:Acne vulgaris is one of the most common skin diseases that can significantly impact a considerable proportion of individuals over their lifetime.Objective:This study focuses on the exploration of the application potential of bamboo vinegar in cosmetics.Materials and Methods:The stock solution of bamboo vinegar is subjected to reduced-pressure distillation at different temperatures to obtain refined bamboo vinegar.Then,inhibition of Propionibacterium acnes(P.acnes)by refined bamboo vinegar is observed.Moreover,the refined bamboo vinegar is adsorbed and released with activated bamboo charcoal as the carrier.In all,this study aims to probe into the mechanism of the controlledrelease system of bamboo vinegar.Results:The results shows that the harmful substances(tar)in bamboo vinegar distilled at 70℃decreased by 94.44%,which is a more notable decrease compared with that in the stock solution.The total organic acid content in bamboo vinegar after reduced-pressure distillation is 11.840%,reaching the national standard for refined bamboo vinegar(GB/T 31734–2015).Additionally,the minimum inhibitory concentration of refined bamboo vinegar against P.acnes using the punch method is 7.90 mg/mL.This indicates that refined bamboo vinegar has the potential as a prospective raw material for formulations in anti-acne cosmetic products.Furthermore,the release rate of bamboo charcoal/bamboo vinegar in water for 15 min reaches 70.57%,which then slows down to a plateau.The slow-release behavior is agreed with the Ritger-Peppas model and is beneficial to relieve the irritation of bamboo vinegar to the skin and lengthen its bacteriostatic duration.Conclusion:The foregoing conclusions can serve as the theoretical foundation for the application of bamboo vinegar in anti-acne cosmetics.

痤疮治疗的研究进展

痤疮是一种毛囊皮脂腺单位的慢性炎症性皮肤病,各种年龄阶段均可发病,青少年最常见。痤疮的发病是多因素造成的,其发病率高且易复发,严重者会遗留瘢痕,这对青少年的身心都存在着很大的影响。因此,早期进行饮食控制、养成良好习惯和及时治疗痤疮可以减少痤疮发病率、减少瘢痕的形成。目前临床治疗痤疮的方法也各式各样,主要有一般治疗、外用药物治疗、系统药物治疗、物理治疗、化学治疗,其中包括中医、西医治疗。

来源于植物提取物的群体感应抑制剂抑制痤疮致病菌机制的研究进展

痤疮致病菌主要有痤疮丙酸杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌。群体感应与细菌毒力因子的表达及生物膜的形成密切相关,是细菌存活的重要因素。目前已确定金黄色葡萄球菌及表皮葡萄球菌的群体感应系统的类型,但痤疮丙酸杆菌的群体感应类型尚存在争议。副作用小的植物提取物类的群体感应抑制剂在痤疮的治疗中具备较大潜能。本文主要对来源于植物提取物的群体感应抑制剂在抑制痤疮致病菌中的机制研究进展进行综述。

痤疮丙酸杆菌与皮肤健康的相关研究进展

痤疮丙酸杆菌(Propionibacterium acnes)是人体皮肤上的常驻菌,是毛囊皮脂腺内的主要微生物。痤疮丙酸杆菌因与痤疮发病有关,使其变得“臭名昭著”。然而,随着基因组学、蛋白组学以及代谢组学的发展,人们对痤疮丙酸杆菌有了新的认识,正常生理状态下它是人体共生菌,对宿主的健康发挥着重要作用。本文就痤疮丙酸杆菌的发现历程、生物学特征以及对皮肤健康的影响方面来归纳总结痤疮丙酸杆菌与皮肤健康的关系。

壬二酰胺MEA与阿地米屈的美白及抑菌功效研究

对壬二酰胺MEA与阿地米屈的痤疮丙酸杆菌抑菌效果和美白活性进行研究并对比。以测定抑菌率及MBC值来评价其抑菌效果;以抑制黑色素变化量以及酪氨酸酶活性效果,测定美白活性。实验结果表明:壬二酰胺MEA在2.0 mg/mL浓度下对酪氨酸酶活性抑制率为65.96%、黑色素变化量降低24.90%,对痤疮丙酸杆菌的MBC值为10.0 mg/mL、此浓度下抑菌率达到93.26%。阿地米屈基本不会抑制细胞黑色素生成,其MBC值为10.0 mg/mL,抑菌率为98.78%。壬二酰胺MEA对痤疮丙酸杆菌具有良好的抑菌作用及美白活性,更适合在治疗痤疮及美白产品中应用。

痤疮丙酸杆菌对痤疮作用研究进展

痤疮丙酸杆菌(P.acnes)被广泛认为是痤疮的病因之一。近年来,随着对P.acnes研究的深入,发现其与痤疮患者的皮脂分泌、角化过度和炎症等病理过程有密切关联,表明其在痤疮发病机制中并不是独立的致病因素。本文综述了P.acnes在痤疮中的作用机制和研究进展,旨在为进一步诊治痤疮提供更深入的研究思路。

Effects of cosmetics containing purified honeybee(Apis mellifera L.) venom on acne vulgaris

Acne vulgaris is a chronic dermatologic problem with multiple factors involved in its pathogenesis. Alternative solutions to acne treatment were instigated by antibiotic resistance despite of its extensive use. Purified bee venom （PBV） has been proposed as a promising candidate for that purpose. The present study was designed to confirm the antibacterial effect of PBV and access the efficacy of cosmetics containing PBV in subjects with acne vulgaris. METHODS： The skin bacterium Propionibacterium acnes was incubated with PBV at various concentrations and bacterial growth was evaluated using the colony forming unit （CFU） assay. The mechanism of PBV employed in killing P. acnes was examined by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. In addition, a total of 12 subjects were randomized in a double-blind, controlled trial to receive either cosmetics containing PBV or cosmetics without PBV for two weeks. Evaluations included lesion counts and skin microorganism. RESULTS： PBV exhibited antimicrobial activity in a concentration-dependent manner, reducing the number of P. acnes CFU by approximately 6 logs at a concentration of 0.5 mg. When PBV concentration was higher than 1.0 mg, no P. acnes colonies were spotted on an agar. TEM and SEM of untreated P. acnes illustrated the normal pleomorphic structure, whereas the PBV- treated bacterium lost the integrity of surface architecture. Significant difference （P=0.027） in the grading levels based on numbers of lesion counts for inflammatory and noninflammatory was observed in favour of the PBV group compared with the control group. In terms of average decrement of skin microorganism, subjects receiving cosmetics containing PBV experienced a significant 57.5% decrease of adenosine triphosphate levels, whereas participants receiving cosmetics without PBV experienced a nonsignificant decrease of 4.7%. CONCLUSION： These results show that the in vitro actions of antimicrobial activity of PBV were translated in vivo. Cosmetics containing PBV provided a certain degree of efficacy in terms of lesion counts and skin microorganism concentration compared with cosmetics without PBV in subjects with acne vulgaris. PBV may be a good candidate compound for developing therapeutic drua for the treatment of acne vulaaris.

Analysis of the Antimicrobial Properties of Thanaka, a Burmese Powder Used to Treat Acne

Thanaka, powder from Hesperethusa crenulata tree bark, has been used in Burmese culture for acne treatment and prevention for over 2000 years. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of thanaka against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Propionibacterium acnes. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion revealed no zones of inhibition for thanaka against the tested microorganisms. Disk diffusion may not be the best modality for definitive analysis of the antimicrobial activity of thanaka. Furthermore, the utility of thanaka in acne treatment may be related to anti-inflammatory, rather than antimicrobial properties.

86株痤疮丙酸杆菌的耐药性及生物膜成膜能力分析

目的研究临床分离痤疮丙酸杆菌的耐药性及其生物膜成膜能力。方法选取2020年12月—2022年1月长沙市第四医院皮肤科门诊诊治的114例痤疮患者为研究对象。分离出痤疮丙酸杆菌,通过琼脂稀释法检测其对常用抗生素的耐药性;采用结晶紫染色法检测其生物膜形成能力;通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察生物膜结构;选取8株生物膜成膜能力较强的菌株Pa01、Pa02、Pa03、Pa04、Pa05、Pa06、Pa07和Pa08检测体外抗生素的敏感性,随机选取成膜能力阴性菌株(浮游菌)Pa12和成膜能力阳性菌株Pa03进行大鼠实验,复制痤疮丙酸杆菌菌株感染模型。将感染模型大鼠随机分为2组,每组6只,分别皮下注射30 mg/kg的米诺环素(米诺环素组)或1%DMSO(溶媒组),感染后第5天处死大鼠,测量脓肿的面积,并分离脓肿组织进行均浆计数和HE染色。结果本研究共分离出86株痤疮丙酸杆菌,分离率为75.4%。痤疮丙酸杆菌对甲硝唑和夫西地酸的耐药性最高,分别为93.0%和90.7%;对大环内酯类抗生素的耐药率为75.6%~88.4%。对米诺环素和多西环素的敏感性最高,耐药率仅分别为7.0%和8.1%。86株临床分离痤疮丙酸杆菌中,34株(39.53%)生物膜成膜能力阳性,其中,成膜能力强、中和弱的占比分别为9.30%(8/86)、12.79%(11/86)和17.44%(15/86)。不同成膜能力组的生物膜吸光度比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且成膜能力强、中和弱组的吸光度比成膜能力阴性组均显著升高(P<0.05);对照组与米诺环素实验组(8μg/mL)菌株Pa01、Pa02、Pa03、Pa04、Pa05、Pa06、Pa07和Pa08的生物膜总量比较,差异有统计意义(P<0.05)。成膜能力阴性菌株Pa12中,米诺环素组的脓肿大小较溶媒组降低(P<0.05),米诺环素可显著抑制浮游菌Pa12脓肿的形成;米诺环素组的菌株载量较溶媒组减少(P<0.05),米诺环素能显著降低其脓肿痤疮丙酸杆菌菌株载量。成膜能力阳性菌株Pa03中,溶媒组和米诺环素组的脓肿大小和菌株载量比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论痤疮丙酸杆菌对米诺环素和多西环素的敏感性较高,且该菌易形成生物膜导致耐药性增加。

Antibacterial,Anti-Keratinized and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the GMP,A Multi-Herb Extraction on Acne Vulgaris

Recently reports showed that the pathobiology of acne vulgaris was arising from the exploration of sebaceous gland biology, hormonal factors, hyper-keratinization, and the role of bacteria, sebum, nutrition, cytokines and toll-like receptors (TLRs). Propionibacterium acnes (P.acnes) has a strong proinflammatory activity and targets molecules involved in the innate cutaneous immunity on keratinocytes by acting on TLR-2, leads to the development of comedones. GMP, a multi-herb extraction, targeted most of the major pathogenic features of acne with desired physicochemical traits. It strongly suppressed P.acnes growth, and reduced inflammation by suppressing the TLR-2/NF- kB pathway in SZ-95 sebocytes and HaCaT keratinocytes. GMP exhibited a marginal effect on cell viability and may have modulated hyper-keratinization of the epidermis. These results demonstrate the clinical feasibility of applying GMP for the treatment of acne.

Experience of Photopneumatic Therapy in Taiwan Residents Acne Patients

Acne is a disease of the pilosebaceous unit affecting both teenagers and adults. The treatment of acne is sometimes frustrating due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance, skin irritation and lack of novel therapy. Light and vacuum devices, also known as photopneumatic therapy, have been shown promising as a generally well-tolerated adjunctive treatment of acne vulgaris. We conducted a clinical study using such device to assess the efficacy and safety as an adjunctive treatment of acne in Taiwan Residents patients. Twenty patients received six sequential treatments every one to two weeks in the facial region. A 4 × 4 cm2 area on cheek was chosen as a control area and was not treated with photopneumatic device. Safety parameters and adverse events were recorded. VISIA Complexion Analysis System was used for image analysis on the improvement of four parameters, namely, pigmentation, pore reduction, redness and porphyrin levels. There was an overall improvement in pigmentation, pore size, redness and porphyrin levels on treatment areas. The treatment areas showed statistically significant improvement (p < 0.05) in pigmentation and pore sizes compared with the control areas using paired samples T-test. Mild and self-limiting localized adverse events, mostly focal petechiae or mild irritation, were reported. Our study has demonstrated that photopneumatic therapy is an effective, safe and relatively well-tolerated procedure in Taiwan Residents acne patients.

The TLRs family expression in lesions and peripheral blood of patients with acne and their regulating effect on the synthesis of inflammatory mediators

Objective:To study the TLRs family expression in lesions and peripheral blood of patients with acne and their regulating effect on the synthesis of inflammatory mediators.Methods:A total of 60 patients with acne vulgaris who were treated in our hospital between June 2013 and July 2016 were selected as the acne group, and 48 patients with trauma who accepted debridement and suturing in our hospital during the same period were selected as the control group. The acne focus tissue and the skin tissue after debridement were collected to determine the expression of TLRs and inflammatory mediators, and the peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected to determine the expression of TLRs.Results:TLR2 and TLR4 protein expression in skin tissue and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of acne group were significantly higher than those of control group while the TLR3, TLR5, TLR7 and TLR9 protein expression were not significantly different from those of control group;IL-1 , IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α levels in acne tissue with high TLR2 and TLR4 expression were significantly higher than those in acne tissue with low TLR2 and TLR4 expression.Conclusion: TLR2 and TLR4 are highly expressed in lesions and peripheral blood of patients with acne and have promoting effect on the synthesis of inflammatory mediators.

Mass Spectrometric Identification of Propionibacterium Isolates Requires Database Enrichment

Propionibacterium species are mostly environmental bacteria, some being commensal of mammals including humans, and sometimes pathogenic. These bacteria are poorly identified using routine laboratory methods. Recently, Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) has emerged as a rapid and efficient method to identify bacterial species. We evaluated the use of MALDI-TOF-MS for identification of all validated Propionibacterium species. Only four of the 15 tested reference strains (26.7%) were correctly identified at the species level, and P. acnes, the most common human pathogenic species was not identified. When applying MALDI-TOF-MS to 48 P. acnes strains, only 18.7% were correctly identified, suggesting an intraspecific variability of proteic profiles among Propionibacterium strains. However, by enriching the Bruker database with spectra from five of these strains and re-testing the other 43 strains against this new database, 93.0% were correctly identified. Our study demonstrates that MALDI-TOF-MS may be used for the identification of Propionibacterium isolates but requires a database enrichment in spectra from additional isolates.

菊茎叶精油微乳凝胶剂制备工艺优化及其有效成分测定、抑菌作用评价

目的优化菊茎叶精油微乳凝胶剂制备工艺,并测定其有效成分含量,评价其抑菌作用。方法以伪三相图面积、粒径、Zeta电位为评价指标,单因素试验优化微乳制备工艺。以外观性状、涂展性、耐热、耐寒、离心稳定性的综合评分为评价指标,单因素试验优化微乳凝胶剂制备工艺。UPLC、GC-FID法测定有效成分含量,考察抑菌作用。结果微乳最佳制备工艺为每100 g含菊茎叶精油0.396 g、薄荷精油7.15 mg、油酸乙酯4.37 g、吐温8021.82 g、丙三醇7.26 g、黄芩醇提物0.156 g、菊茎叶水提物0.234 g,水相加至100 g;微乳凝胶剂最佳制备工艺为每100 g含主药0.80%、卡波姆U203%、保湿剂15%、三乙醇胺2.4%。微乳及其凝胶剂中含量较高的成分为香叶木素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷、黄芩苷、β-石竹烯、α-姜黄烯,对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC分别为2、4 mg/mL,对痤疮丙酸杆菌的MIC分别为4、8 mg/mL。结论该方法简便、稳定、可行,可用于制备有效成分含量稳定、对致痘菌抑制效果明显的菊茎叶精油微乳凝胶剂,从而为其在化妆品中的进一步开发应用提供科学依据和技术支撑。

青蒿琥酯对痤疮丙酸杆菌诱导的人皮脂腺细胞促炎症因子表达的影响

目的:研究青蒿琥酯(Art)对痤疮丙酸杆菌(P.acnes)诱导的人皮脂腺细胞(SZ95)促炎症因子表达的影响。方法:CCK8法检测不同浓度Art对人皮脂腺细胞活力的影响,筛选出适宜浓度的Art;RT-PCR、ELISA法检测肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α和白细胞介素(IL)-1β的表达。结果:Art在25~100μmol/L剂量范围内以剂量依赖关系抑制了痤疮丙酸杆菌诱导的人皮脂腺细胞分泌促炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β mRNA和蛋白的表达(P<0.05)。结论:Art可抑制痤疮丙酸杆菌诱导的人皮脂腺细胞分泌促炎症因子TNF-α和IL-1β。

松油烯-4-醇与α-红没药醇对金黄色葡萄球菌和痤疮丙酸杆菌协同抑菌作用研究

目的探讨松油烯-4-醇(T4O)和α-红没药醇(Bis)对于金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)和痤疮丙酸杆菌(C.acnes)的协同抑菌作用。方法采用微量棋盘稀释法测定T4O、Bis联用时上述两种实验菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),并计算部分抑菌浓度指数(FICI)。对两种实验菌各设置MIC组(加入MIC的T4O、Bis)、2×MIC组(加入2倍MIC的T4O、Bis)及阴性对照组(不加T4O、Bis),绘制T4O、Bis联用时两种实验菌各组的时间-杀菌曲线,测定联用时两种实验菌各组的菌株表面Zeta电位(ZP)、细胞内核酸及蛋白质泄漏情况、细菌生物膜破坏情况以及S.aureus的呼吸链脱氢酶活性,透射电镜观察联用对两种实验菌各组菌株形态的影响。结果T4O和Bis联用时S.aureus及C.acnes的FICI<0.5,其中T4O对S.aureus的MIC为0.62 g/L,对C.acnes的MIC为0.31 g/L;时间-杀菌曲线显示,联用可明显抑制两种细菌生长。与阴性对照组相比,联用时两种细菌的ZP均降低,细菌细胞内核酸、蛋白质泄漏增加,菌体丧失正常形态,细菌生物膜被破坏,且S.aureus呼吸链脱氢酶活力降低。结论T4O和Bis对S.aureus及C.acnes具有协同抑菌作用,两者联合可能成为抑菌产品的有效成分。

常山胡柚果皮精油对痤疮丙酸杆菌的体外抑制作用研究

以常山胡柚果皮为原料制备常山胡柚果皮精油(CHEO),分析其成分含量及对痤疮丙酸杆菌的体外抑制作用。结果表明:CHEO含有丰富的D-柠檬烯与松油烯,相对含量分别为30.45%与20.38%。CHEO对痤疮丙酸杆菌的最小抑菌质量浓度(MIC)与最小杀菌质量浓度(MBC)分别为(3.80±0.20)、(11.30±0.50)mg/mL。通过生长曲线发现,1×MIC CHEO在48 h内能明显抑制痤疮丙酸杆菌生长;通过电镜观察发现,用CHEO处理后痤疮丙酸杆菌菌体多有破损、断裂,表明CHEO对痤疮丙酸杆菌有较强的体外抑菌活性。

凉血五花汤水提物对寻常痤疮相关致病菌的体外抑制效果

目的研究不同浓度的凉血五花汤水提物对痤疮丙酸杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等寻常痤疮相关致病菌的体外抑制效果。方法采用常规平皿法培养痤疮丙酸杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌及金黄色葡萄球菌,应用不同浓度的凉血五花汤水提物对上述细菌进行生长抑制试验及抑菌圈试验,以红霉素作为对照,计算凉血五花汤水提物最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果凉血五花汤水提物对痤疮丙酸杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC分别为125、125、500 mg/mL,MBC分别为250、250、1000 mg/mL;阳性对照红霉素对上述细菌的MIC分别为0.1 mg/mL、6.25μg/mL、0.05 mg/mL,MBC分别为0.2 mg/mL、6.25μg/mL、0.1 mg/mL。结论凉血五花汤水提物对痤疮丙酸杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等寻常痤疮的常见致病菌有一定的体外抑菌作用,抑菌作用与浓度正相关。

喷雾式富氧水仪在改善面部寻常痤疮皮损中的应用

目的:设计一种可用于面部护理的喷雾式富氧水仪,并对其在改善面部寻常痤疮中的临床效果进行探究。方法:筛选30例寻常痤疮患者入组,连续使用富氧水仪进行面部护理,采用自身前后对照方式,于使用前(D0)、使用7 d(D7)、使用14 d(D14)进行仪器测量、临床医生评估和患者自评,并观察改善效果。结果:使用富氧水仪14 d后,患者面部寻常痤疮的面积、体积、红区面积占比以及临床ISGA评分和皮损总数均呈现显著性下降,研究期间无不良反应发生。结论:使用喷雾式富氧水仪进行面部护理,对改善面部寻常痤疮皮损有效。

Antimicrobial activity of topical agents against Propionibacterium acnes： an in vitro study of clinical isolates from a hospital in Shanghai, China

This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial activities of topical agents against Propionibacterium acnes isolated from patients admitted to a hospital in Shanghai, China. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of the cultured P. acnes were determined in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Susceptibilities to clindamycin and erythromycin were compared in terms of gender, age, disease duration, previous treatment, and disease severity. A total of 69 P. acnes strains were isolated from 98 patients （70.41%）. The susceptibility to triple antibiotic ointment （neomycin/bacitracin/polymyxin B） and bacitracin was 100%. The susceptibility to fusidic acid was 92.7%. The resistance rates to neomycin sulfate, erythromycin, and clindamycin were 11.7%, 49.3%, and 33.4%, respectively. The high resistance rate to clindamycin and erythromycin was significantly affected by gender, previous treatment, and disease severity rather than by age and disease duration. Topical antibiotics should not be used separately for long-term therapy to avoid multiresistance. The use of topical antibiotics should be determined by clinicians on the basis of clinical conditions.