The Influential Mechanisms of Theory of Mind on Prosocial Behavior and the Effect of Mindfulness Intervention

Background:Theory of Mind(ToM)and empathy are crucial cognitive and emotional capacities that influence social interactions.While their role in promoting prosocial behavior has been established,the potential moderating effect of mindfulness on this relationship remains unexplored.Understanding these complex interactions is vital for developing effective interventions to foster prosocial behavior among college students.This study examines the influence of ToM on college students’prosocial behavior and explores the moderating role of mindfulness in this relationship.Methods:A mixed-methods approach combining questionnaires and experimental design was employed.Study 1:A survey of 759 college students(mean age 22.03 years;477 females)was conducted using the ToM Scale,Interpersonal Reactivity Index,Prosocial Behavior Tendency Scale,and Mindfulness Awareness Scale.Data were analyzed using correlation and moderated mediation analyses.Study 2:An 8-week mindfulness attention training program was implemented for the intervention group and compared with a control group.Mindfulness training served as a moderating variable to validate Model 59 from Study 1.Results:1.Study 1 found:(a)ToM was significantly positively correlated with prosocial behavior(r=0.31,p<0.01).(b)Empathy partially mediated the relationship between ToM and prosocial behavior(β=0.10,p<0.001,95%CI[0.06,0.14]).(c)Mindfulness negatively moderated the direct path between ToM and three dimensions of prosocial behavior,as well as the indirect path between empathy and kin altruism and reciprocal altruism.Specifically,high levels of mindfulness weakened the direct impact of ToM on prosocial behavior.High levels of mindfulness also weakened the indirect influence of ToM on prosocial behavior through empathy.2.Study 2 results showed:(a)The intervention group had significantly higher levels of trait mindfulness compared to the control group(t=2.56,p<0.05).(b)The validity of the moderated mediation model 59 from Study 1 was verified.Conclusion:While ToM and empathy play crucial roles in fostering prosocial behavior,mindfulness exhibits a more complex influence than anticipated,potentially inhibiting prosocial behavior under certain circumstances.These findings offer novel insights into the psychological mechanisms underlying prosocial behavior and underscore the importance of considering multiple interacting factors in its promotion.

Social avoidance behavior in male tree shrews and prosocial behavior in male mice toward unfamiliar conspecifics in the laboratory

Adult male tree shrews vigorously defend against intruding male conspecifics. However, the characteristics of social behavior have not been entirely explored in these males. In this study, male wild-type tree shrews(Tupaia belangeri chinensis)and C57 BL/6 J mice were first allowed to familiarize themselves with an open-field apparatus. The tree shrews exhibited a short duration of movement(moving) in the novel environment, whereas the mice exhibited a long duration of movement. In the 30 min social preference-avoidance test, target animals significantly decreased the time spent by the experimental tree shrews in the social interaction(SI)zone, whereas experimental male mice exhibited the opposite. In addition, experimental tree shrews displayed a significantly longer latency to enter the SI zone in the second 15 min session(targetpresent) than in the first 15 min session(targetabsent), which was different from that found in mice.Distinct behavioral patterns in response to a conspecific male were also observed in male tree shrews and mice in the first, second, and third 5 min periods. Thus, social behaviors in tree shrews and mice appeared to be time dependent. In summary,our study provides results of a modified social preference-avoidance test designed for the assessment of social behavior in tree shrews. Our findings demonstrate the existence of social avoidance behavior in male tree shrews and prosocial behavior in male mice toward unfamiliar conspecifics. The tree shrew may be a new animal model, which differs from mice, for the study of social avoidance and prosocial behaviors.

Relationship between Moral Elevation and Prosocial Behavior among College Students: The Mediating Role of Perceived Social Support and Moderating Role of Moral Identity

Objectives:The present study examined the relationship between college students’moral elevation and prosocial behavior.As well as the mediating role of perceived social support and the moderating role of moral identity.Methods:A sample of 489 college students were recruited for the study.They were asked to complete a series of questionnaires,including Moral Elevation Scale(MES),Perceived Social Support Scale(PSSS),Moral Identity Scale(MIS)and Prosocial Tendency Measure(PTM).As part of the data analysis,we used correlation analysis and the method of constructing latent variable structural equation model to explore the mechanism of action among variables.Results:After controlling for gender,discipline,the research found that:(1)Moral elevation positively predicted the prosocial behavior among the college students;(2)Perceived social support mediated the relationship between moral elevation and prosocial behavior;(3)Moral identity moderated the second half of the model(i.e.,the link between perceived social support and prosocial behavior).Specifically,the mediating effect of perceived social support was stronger for college students with high-level moral identity compared to those with low-level moral identity.Conclusions:Moral identity significantly moderates the mediating effect of perceived social support,and the mediating model with moderated is established.

The Influences of Family, Peers, School and Media in Children's Prosocial Behaviors

Children's skills of social interaction is a significant index of their following psychological development. Prosocial behaviors which influenced by many factors are fundamental representatives of social interaction. Present essay illustrates an indepth review of literature concerning the impacts of family,peers, school and media in Children's prosocial behaviors and also indicates the limitations of each research.

Development of a Self-Assessment Questionnaire for Nurses’ Risk-Taking Behavior in Medication

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to prepare a self-assessment questionnaire for nurses’ risk-taking behavior (RTB) in medication and to develop a reliable and valid questionnaire. Method: In the first study, a draft of the self-evaluation questionnaire for nurses’ RTB in medication was prepared based on the literature study and qualitative analysis of important case information included in the Project to Collect Medical Near-miss/Adverse Event Information Annual Report of the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. Following the studies, face validity was confirmed, and a questionnaire survey was conducted for nurses who oversee medication nationwide to verify the reliability and validity. Result: The number of subjects was 586 (valid response rate: 94.1%). Item analysis and exploratory factor analysis showed that 4 factors and 12 items for the RTBs in daily life and 4 factors and 20 items for RTBs in medication could be extracted. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the fit of the hypothetical model obtained by exploratory factor analysis. In addition, Cronbach’s α coefficient was 0.888. Thus, high reliability and validity were obtained. A correlation was found by comparing the total scores of each RTB factor with the incident/accident group, and a standard for self-evaluation value could be established (p < 0.01). Conclusions: We were able to develop a self-assessment questionnaire for nurses’ risk-taking behavior in medication. This questionnaire will be used by nurses to find out their trends.

Motivational and Methodological Factors Involved in the Helping Behavior Test in Laboratory Rodents

Empathy allows humans and other animals to share the emotional state of another, adopting that individual’s perspective on a given situation. This ability is fundamental for species living in groups. Helping behavior in laboratory animals has been used to study empathy. In this test, subjects are exposed to a conspecific that is trapped and learn to open the cage to release the other animal. However, the interpretation of helping behavior as an emphatically motivated action is still controversial. Here we review the studies that use the helping behavioral test proposed by Ben-Ami Bartal and colleagues in 2011 to better understand motivational factors for this behavior. In addition, we compare methodological aspects of these studies. In conclusion, helping behavior can be driven by empathy, but other factors such as the desire for social contact and learning components cannot be ruled out as motivators. In addition, studies focused on evaluating neurobiological mechanisms underlying helping behavior in laboratory rodents can help elucidate the factors involved in releasing the trapped co-specific.

互惠利他的先行优势:品牌的互惠角色影响消费者亲社会行为

在当前强调社会责任传播与披露的背景下,品牌与利益相关方的互动成为影响人们参与公益事业的重要因素。作为观察者,个体通常消极评价品牌追求利益的善行。然而,当品牌在互惠关系中率先发起利益并获得回报后,观察者在新情境中对品牌的响应表现出比回报一方更高的亲社会性。具体而言,本研究探究了品牌的互惠角色(发起者vs.回报者)对消费者亲社会行为的作用机理及边界条件。通过1项二手数据和4项设计实验发现:相较于回报者的角色,品牌在互惠关系中担任发起者的角色会提升消费者对其善行的内在动机归因,从而激励自己积极参与品牌倡导的亲社会行为。然而,当品牌具有疏离外部群体(vs.成员群体)标签时,该效应会发生逆转。本研究丰富了互惠关系的不对称性和传递性研究,同时从资源循环的情境角度补充了先行优势。

具身认知视域下幼儿社会情感能力的发展路径与支持策略

社会情感能力是个体在成功解决人生任务的过程中所获得与必需的能力,涉及社会交往能力以及理解、管理和表达情绪的能力。学前阶段是人一生中社会情感能力发展最为关键且有效的阶段,幼儿的社会情感能力在具体情境、游戏活动和人际交往中建立和发展。幼儿通过亲身体验,直接接触相关信息或事物,将环境与原有经验联系起来,会产生浓厚兴趣并容易记住当下的体验和经历,进而促进相关经验的积累。具身认知理论强调身体体验的核心作用和身心整体发展,注重主体性、具身性、情境性和生成性。基于具身认知视角,促进幼儿社会情感能力发展应重视身体涉入,创设具身情境,给予有效回应。

大学生网络社会排斥与网络亲社会行为的关系:一个有调节的中介模型

为探讨大学生网络社会排斥与网络亲社会行为之间的关系及公正世界信念和自我同情在两者间的作用,采用网络社会排斥量表、网络亲社会行为量表、公正世界信念量表和自我同情量表对600名大学生实施问卷调查。结果显示:网络社会排斥显著负向预测网络亲社会行为;公正世界信念在网络社会排斥和网络亲社会行为间的中介效应显著;自我同情对该模型的直接路径和前半段路径的调节效应显著。据此得出结论:大学生网络社会排斥不仅可以直接预测网络亲社会行为,也可以通过公正世界信念和自我同情形成有调节的中介路径并预测网络亲社会行为。因此,高等院校在培养大学生网络亲社会行为时,要关注大学生网络社会排斥的负面影响,注重培育大学生的公正世界信念,提升大学生的自我同情水平。

急救通识课与大学生亲社会行为关系研究

目的了解大学生急救素养与亲社会行为间的关系,以期通过开设急救通识课来提高大学生急救素养,充实社会急救力量,为完善高校急救通识课提供思路。方法依据CIPP(context evaluation,背景评价;input evaluation,输入评价;process evaluation,过程评价;product evaluation,输出评价)模型开设日常急救技能课程,面向非医学相关专业大学生进行授课,采用基本信息调查表、亲社会倾向量表及全国居民健康素养调查问卷调查教学效果。结果课后,大学生总体健康素养显著提升(P<0.05),匿名、利他性亲社会行为和安全与急救素养有显著相关性(P<0.05)。结论日常急救技能课程教学与大学生亲社会行为有相关性,急救知识与技能培训对大学生亲社会行为的形成有促进作用。

一心多用的双刃剑效应:多任务对亲社会行为的影响

移动互联网时代,人们常常不可避免地处于多任务的工作状态。为此,本研究聚焦于多任务这一情境要素,探讨其与思维聚焦方式的交互作用对个体亲社会行为的影响。6个线上实验和1个线下实地实验的结果表明:当个体思维聚焦于过程时,多任务(vs.单任务)降低个体的自我效能感,进而降低其亲社会行为;当个体思维聚焦于结果时,多任务(vs.单任务)增加个体的自我效能感,进而提升其亲社会行为。任务能否完成是一个重要的边界条件,上述交互效应在工作任务可完成时存在,当工作任务完不成时,该不利结果直接降低个体的亲社会行为,多任务与思维聚焦方式的交互作用消失。

敬畏与青少年亲社会行为的关系:小我和观点采择的序列中介作用

目的:探讨敬畏与青少年亲社会行为的关系及小我、观点采择在其间的内在机制。方法:采用青少年敬畏问卷、小我问卷、人际反应指数(观点采择)量表、青少年亲社会倾向量表中文版对817名初一至高三的学生进行测试。结果:敬畏与小我、观点采择、亲社会行为维度(情绪的、依从的、利他的、匿名的、公开的)两两显著相关;敬畏可正向预测亲社会行为维度(情绪的、依从的、利他的、匿名的、公开的);观点采择在敬畏和亲社会行为之间的独立中介显著,且小我与观点采择在敬畏与亲社会行为间的序列中介显著。结论:高敬畏的个体更易感知自我的渺小,将目光转向他人和集体,更能站在他人的角度看问题,注意他人的需求,产生更多的亲社会行为。

心理弹性对服刑人员亲社会行为倾向的影响——有调节的中介模型

研究选用心理弹性量表、生活满意度量表、生活定向测验、亲社会行为倾向量表对568名男性服刑人员进行调查。通过相关分析、中介及调节效应检验发现:(1)服刑人员亲社会行为倾向与服刑次数显著负相关;心理弹性正向预测服刑人员亲社会行为倾向,生活满意度在两者关系中起部分中介作用;(2)乐观性对心理弹性与亲社会行为倾向的关系及生活满意度与亲社会行为倾向的关系有调节作用。结果表明,亲社会行为倾向与服刑人员再犯罪有重要关系,心理弹性对服刑人员亲社会行为倾向有促进效应,生活满意度和乐观性在两者关系中分别起中介和调节作用。

感知社会善念对青少年亲社会行为的影响

以往研究发现,感知社会善念影响社会善念“接受者”对“实施者”的亲社会行为。然而,目前尚不清楚先前互动中感知到社会善念是否会影响个体对随后互动中陌生他人的亲社会行为(溢出效应)。结合经济互动游戏与认知计算建模,考察了感知社会善念对青少年亲社会行为的影响。结果发现,青少年在先前互动中感知高社会善念水平时,在随后与陌生他人进行互动时,会做出更多的亲社会选择。计算建模结果表明,感知高社会善念增加了随后互动中的优势不公平厌恶倾向,但并未影响劣势不公平厌恶倾向。

状态权力感对亲社会行为的影响:一项三水平元分析

状态权力感是一种临时启动的外在权力感知,与亲社会行为关系的理论与实证研究结果均不一致。本研究采用三水平元分析技术,明确状态权力感与亲社会行为的整体关系,探索造成分歧的原因。通过文献检索和筛选,共计纳入48篇文献,106个效应量,总样本量为14871人。主效应检验发现,状态权力感对亲社会行为的影响不显著。调节效应检验发现,状态权力感对亲社会行为的影响受到行为的社会可见性和诉求类型的调节,但不受年龄、性别、文化背景、状态权力感启动方式、状态权力感类型、亲社会行为的指标选取、数据来源以及出版状态的调节。本研究使用三水平元分析方法保证了纳入文献信息的完整性,从而就状态权力感对亲社会行为的影响及调节变量在两者关系中的作用得出更为全面可靠的研究结论,有助于拓展对状态权力感与亲社会行为关系及调节机制的认识。

本科护生社会责任感对亲社会行为的影响:关怀能力的中介作用

了解本科护生社会责任感、亲社会行为与关怀能力的现状并探讨三者之间的关系机制,采用大学生社会责任感调查问卷、亲社会行为量表及关怀能力量表调查内蒙古呼和浩特市某高校637名本科护生,采用层次回归模型和Bootstrap法进行结果统计描述与分析。研究结果显示,新时代“健康中国”战略背景下应加强本科护生社会责任感认知、行为的培养,并继续注重护生关怀能力的提升,关怀能力是社会责任感与亲社会行为的中介变量,可通过培养本科护生社会责任感和关怀能力促进其亲社会行为的形成与发展。

基于文本挖掘的患者反馈对医生服务行为的影响研究

[目的/意义]随着互联网医疗平台的发展,医患关系逐渐向“以患者为中心”转变,研究患者反馈如何影响医生的服务行为,有助于医患双方更好参与在线医疗服务。[方法/过程]根据好大夫平台的在线评论数据,利用基于情感词典的方面级情感分析方法获得多维度评论文本特征,建立评论信息量、评论文本特征与医生服务行为的研究模型并进行回归分析。[结果/结论]评论数量比评论丰富多样性更能促进医生服务行为;专业评价强度比软实力评价强度更能促进亲社会服务行为,而软实力评价强度比专业评价强度更能促进付费咨询服务行为。研究结论对改善医患关系和医疗平台发展具有参考意义。

音乐对亲社会行为的影响及其作用机制

音乐在人类进化中的价值可能与其社会功能有关。研究表明,音乐聆听和联合音乐活动促进了亲社会行为以及亲社会技能的发展。为了解释这些效应,本文提出了一个理论模型,认为音乐通过情绪感染提升了个体的共情和积极情绪体验,其节奏产生的夹带作用促进了人际同步,同时,情绪感染和节奏夹带的相互作用可以进一步增强音乐的亲社会效应。催产素、内源性阿片系统、多巴胺奖赏系统以及听觉-运动耦合可能是音乐亲社会效应的潜在神经生物学基础。未来研究可基于多通路的理论模型来检验音乐的亲社会效应及其中介机制,为音乐-社会联结假说提供进一步的证据。

亲社会行为的概念表征及其方法述评

本研究基于概念表征的经典和原型两种理论,分别探讨“以研究者为中心”和“以被试为中心”的亲社会行为概念表征方式及其方法:基于经典理论的亲社会行为概念表征往往局限于利他性特征,忽略了被试群体特异性造成的理解差异,按照成分分析法对其进行意义分解存在主观性、片面性和适用度不高等局限;基于原型理论的亲社会行为概念表征通过自由列举—原型分析—重复验证的程序,从被试自身认知出发,关注被试的特征,突破了传统亲社会行为的概念范畴,但该结构的稳定性和适用性仍存疑虑。通过两者的对比分析,本研究结合两种理论,提出从群体特异性和情境特异性视角丰富亲社会行为的概念结构,进一步整合与完善亲社会行为概念表征的理论模型。

班级情境中的同伴群体对青少年亲社会行为发展的纵向影响研究

亲社会行为的发展是青少年适应学校生活的关键因素,对其身心健康产生重要的影响。采用问卷法对安徽省某市青少年进行研究。结果发现:班级亲社会行为水平对青少年亲社会行为影响比其起始亲社会行为水平更强,特别是对亲社会行为起始水平较低的青少年效果更明显;同性和异性同伴对青少年亲社会行为发展都有影响,但同性同伴影响力更大。最后对研究的局限性进行分析,并在此基础上对未来研究作了展望。