Occupational health protection for health workers during the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic:6P-approach in China

Health workers(HW)are on the frontline fighting against the COVID-19 pandemic,they are exposed to multiple occupational hazards.This article analyzed the comprehensive measures of protecting HWs during the COVID-19 response in China.Occupational health protection of HWs was one of the key strategies of the public health measures adopted against the COVID-19 outbreak from the earliest stage in China.This prioritization of HWs health protection was based on the technical and policy guidance of WHO and International Labor Organization as well as the experiences from previous outbreaks in China.The comprehensive measures in China can be summarized as‘6P-approach’:public health emergency response,prompt learning from lessons,proactive measures of occupational health,precaution strategies against occupational hazards,personal protective equipment and medical devices supply,and professional networking.Through this 6P-approach,China was able to minimize the incidence of COVID-19 infection among HWs,while successfully containing the outbreak dxuing the first quarter of 2020.Although the COVID-19 vaccines have been rolled out,however,the COVID-19 pandemic is still under rapidly evolving situation.Experiences from China may provide other countries with an example of prioritizing and incorporating occupational health protection of HWs in their public health measures responding to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Education is the key to protecting children against smoking: What parents think and do

The purpose of this study was to examine parents’ communication with their children about the topic of smoking. A qualitative descriptive design was used. Twenty-nine parents who lived in rural communities and who had children in kindergarten to Grade 6 were interviewed. The data were analyzed for themes. A large majority of parents communicated with their children about smoking through verbal interaction, using any one of three approaches: discussing smoking with their children, telling their children about smoking, or acknowledging their children’s understanding of smoking. Those parents also had shown disapproval of smoking, which took different forms and varied from explicit messages in their verbal communication to implicit messages in their behaviours. Three parents had not verbally communicated at all with their children about smoking. Overall, the parents’ communication patterns with their children varied in terms of quality and coherence with recommendations in the literature.

Practices and Barriers for Personal Protective Equipment among Health Care Workers during COVID-19 Pandemic Management at Tertiary Care Government Hospital of South Gujarat, India

Introduction: The recent COVID-19 pandemic has prompted concern about the compatibility of IPC guidelines with health care workers, their working practices and behaviours. These guidelines can be difficult and time-consuming to adhere to in practice. By identifying barriers and facilitators to IPC guideline adherence, especially using personal protective equipment (PPE), we can identify focussed strategies that will support health care workers to undertake the IPC measures needed at such a critical time in health care internationally. Material & Methods: This was a cross-sectional study designed during the COVID-19 pandemic management in the South Gujarat region, to analyse the knowledge, attitude and practices of health care workers about their usage of personal protective equipment. A semi-structured questionnaire-based study was prepared, deriving pointers from our previous experience of seasonal flu outbreaks. 225 participants enrolled who were doctors, resident doctors, nurses, lab technicians, ward boys and food distributors. Result: Analysis of the barriers-related questions show good preparedness by the medical institution. Overall we found good knowledge, attitude and practice related to PPE during COVID-19 pandemic management. There are few gaps found in the knowledge of donning of PPE (p-0.0075), N-95 mask related knowledge (p-0.01) and the attitude that PPE use causes discomfort while nursing patients (0.0001).

Health Assessment and Protection Countermeasures of Ecosystem of the Dajiu Lake in Shennongjia

The Dajiu Lake is an important subtropical alpine wetland in central China.In May of 2019,an ecological investigation was conducted on water quality and aquatic organisms(phytoplankton,zooplankton and zoobenthos)of the Dajiu Lake in Shennongjia forest region.The results showed that parameters of water quality in No.5 and No.9 sub lakes of the Dajiu Lake corresponded with standard of class II water of the Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water(GB 3838-2002),while other sub lakes corresponded with standard of class III water.Diversity indexes of phytoplankton and zooplankton ranged from 2.0 to 3.0,and there were two families(Chironomidae and Libellulidae Rambur)of one phylum(Arthropoda)in zoobenthos.Comprehensive health index of entropy weight was used to evaluate water ecological status of the Dajiu Lake,and water quality of No.5,No.8 and No.9 sub lakes was in a healthy status,while other sub lakes were in sub-health status.Finally,corresponding countermeasures were proposed according to protection needs of the Dajiu Lake.

An Academic Summary of the International Seminar Series on “State Responsibilities for the Protection of Human Rights in Public Health Crises”

On June 8,2020,an international video conference on"State Responsibilities for the Protection of Human Rights in Public Health Crises,"co-organized by the Human Rights Center of Jilin University,the Law School of Jilin University,the Theoretical Law Research Center of Jilin University and Saint-Petersburg State University of Russia,was successfully held under the guidance of the China Society for Human Rights Studies.Chinese and foreign experts and scholars from universities and research institutions at home and abroad participated in the discussion.In the context of a public health crisis and against the background of a complex international situation,the seminar discussed the responsibility of a state to protect human rights from the perspective of the rights and obligations of states regulated by international laws and the international cooperation exhibited by international relations.It fully demonstrated the importance of multilateral cooperation and promoted the concept of a community with a shared future for human beings.

Human health and occupational exposure to pesticides among smallholder farmers in cotton zones of Côte d'Ivoire

While precautionary efforts are being made to minimize human health problems associated with agricultural pesticides, the continued occurrence of occupational poisoning from these chemicals raises major concerns among stake- holders. Information gap on human health problems associated with pesticides poses major obstacles to making informed policy decisions, particularly in developing countries where most of the poisonings occurs. In this study, we identified acute human health symptoms associated with pesticide use in cotton zone of C?te d’Ivoire and, documented the response of rural households to the symptoms. The results show that cotton farmers in Cote d’Ivoire suffer from different occupational health hazards from exposure to agricultural pesticides. Key health symptoms reported by pesticide applicators are headache, rheum, cough, skin rash and sneezing. Pesticide applicators reported four times higher symptoms of ill health than other household members who do not normally handle pesticides. Although, households recognized pesticides as an important cause of ill health, some of the symptoms have been accepted as norm by individuals who apply pesticides. Official data on pesticide poisoning in the country is most likely to be seriously under-estimated as applicators visited formal health centers for medical assistance in only 2% of poisoning cases reported. There is a high likelihood that households in the study area under-estimated pesticide-related health costs in making farm production decision-making. Approaches to use economic instruments for reliable monitoring and reporting procedures to formulate appropriate policies and regulations to minimize exposure to pesticides are recommended. Health planners and policy makers should aim at reducing the risks posed by pesticide to farm households by, improving awareness of farmers;promote complementary approach (e.g. Integrated Pest Management) and, use of economic instruments and improved surveillance to bridge the gap in the documentation of pesticide poisoning cases among farmers.

Validating the CorrectWearing of Protection Mask by Taking a Selfie:Design of a Mobile Application“CheckYourMask”to Limit the Spread of COVID-19

In a context of a virus that is transmissive by sputtering,wearing masks appear necessary to protect the wearer and to limit the propagation of the disease.Currently,we are facing the 2019-2020 coronavirus pandemic.Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is an infectious disease with first symptoms similar to the flu.The symptom of COVID-19 was reported first in China and very quickly spreads to the rest of the world.The COVID-19 contagiousness is known to be high by comparison with the flu.In this paper,we propose a design of a mobile application for permitting everyone having a smartphone and being able to take a picture to verify that his/her protection mask is correctly positioned on his/her face.Such application can be particularly useful for people using face protection mask for the first time and notably for children and old people.The designed method exploits Haar-like feature descriptors to detect key features of the face and a decision-making algorithm is applied.Experimental results show the potential of this method in the validation of the correct mask wearing.To the best of our knowledge,our work is the only one that currently proposes a mobile application design“CheckYourMask”for validating the correct wearing of protection mask.

Protection of Maternity in Greece and the E.U.——A Comparison Analysis

Pregnancy and motherhood are two situations which impose on the special regulation of the working conditions in order to secure the protection of the physical and psychological health of woman. Furthermore, the disproportion between woman＇s and man＇s work and the mentality that labour and the raising of child is a burden that only woman has to bear, needs to be eliminated. This burden is softened by the protection provided to pregnant women by the state. This way, a great effort is made to promote the equality in working relations between men and women. This kind of protection is realized through the National Health and Social Care by giving economical provisions and through legislative regulations in order to harmonize work and parental role. In this study, regulations and services along with their health care personnel, referring to motherhood＇s protection in Greece, are presented and related data concerning other EU countries are given. Until now, the existing system of maternity of the ＂Social State＂ has not reached yet the desired goal.

HealthWISE行动手册在医疗机构的应用

《改善医护人员工作条件行动手册》(Health WISE)是国际劳工组织和世界卫生组织联合开发的改善医疗卫生服务工作条件的技术工具,本文介绍该工具在医疗机构的实践过程及其经验,通过Health WISE检查表进行医院风险评估,确认医疗机构工作场所改善工作条件需要改进的关键点及其措施的有效性,为医疗机构改善医护人员工作条件提供参考。

Protection of Childhood in Greece

The early childhood care is important not only for individual Greek children and families but also for Greek society at large. Furthermore, it needs to be secured that the burden of labour and the raising of child is not only a woman＇s duty. There is a broad recognition that a strategy for developing early childhood services and childcare to support mother＇s labour force participation is in the public interest and should be the primary scope of the national health and social care policy. The inadequate organization of the child welfare system has adverse effects on the well-being, and function of the family. Only the improvement of the expected protection can lead to social politics that will give a chance to mother and child to live in conditions fitting human value and dignity. Herein, we presented the regulations and services along with health care professionals that refer to the protection of child in Greece.

Health care worker occupational experiences during the COVID-19 outbreak:A cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND Health care workers treating coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)patients experience burnout and stress due to overwork and poor working conditions.AIM To investigate the work experiences of frontline health care workers in Wuhan city and Qinghai province,China,during the COVID-19 outbreak.METHODS In this cross-sectional descriptive study,a self-reported questionnaire was designed to evaluate work experiences of medical staff throughout the course of the COVID-19 pandemic.A total of 178 health care workers responded to the questionnaire between February 19 and 29,2020.Higher questionnaire dimensional score confirmed dimensional advantage.RESULTS Of all dimensions evaluated by this questionnaire,the occupational value dimension had the highest mean score of 2.61(0.59),followed by the support/security dimension score of 2.30(0.74).Occupational protection scored lowest at 1.44(0.75),followed by work environment at 1.97(0.81).The social relationships dimension had an intermediate score of 2.06(0.80).Significant differences in working conditions were observed across hospital departments,with the fever ward scoring lowest.Total scores also differed significantly across workplaces;the fever outpatient department scored lowest(P<0.01).This phenomenon was likely due to the fact that work in the fever outpatient department,where many patients present to hospital,necessitates constant contact with a large number of individuals with insufficient provision of resources(such as protective equipment and social support).Medical workers in the fever outpatient department were burdened with a fear of COVID-19 infection and a lower sense of professional value as compared to workers in other hospital departments.Medical staff in Wuhan worked longer hours(P<0.01)as compared to elsewhere.The mean support/security dimension score was higher for tertiary hospital as compared to secondary hospital medical staff as well as for Wuhan area as compared to Qinghai region staff(P<0.01).Staff in Wuhan had a lower mean work environment score as compared to staff in Qinghai(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Medical staff treating COVID-19 patients in China report poor occupational experiences strongly affected by work environment,occupational protection and social relationships.Health care managers must address the occupational needs of medical staff by ensuring a supportive and safe work environment.

Body Size as an Indicator of Health for Green Turtles at the TCMP （Tobago Cays Marine Park）, Eastern Caribbean

Gazetted in 1997, The TCMP （Tobago Cays Marine Park） is the only marine protected area within the territorial boundaries of St. Vincent and the Grenadines. Sea turtles are an important species in TCMP, and because their globally endangered status have become the focus of an in-water monitoring program, primarily for green turtles （Chelonia mydas）. Preliminary assessment indicated that the TCMP contains an important foraging aggregation of sub-adult green turtles. Since then two additional years of data has been collected; this data was analyzed to assess the health of the turtle population. The data also indicated that the weight was predictable according to carapace width and length and that the population is dominated by larger sub-adults.

Community-Based Health Insurance： An Evolutionary Approach to Achieving Universal Coverage in Low-Income Countries

The WHO World Health Assembly, and the most recent WHO World Health Report, have called for all health systems to move toward universal coverage. However, low-income countries have made little progress in this respect. We use existing evidence to describe the evolution of community-based health insurance in low-income countries through the three stages of basic model, enhanced model, and nationwide model. We have concluded that community-based health insurance development is a potential strategy to meet the urgent need for health financing in low-income countries. With careful planning and implementation, it is possible to adopt such evolutionary approach to achieve universal coverage by extending tax-based financing/social insurance characteristics to community-based health insurance schemes.

我国金属矿山采—装—运过程中粉尘职业危害防控技术进展与展望

在高温、噪声、粉尘、有毒有害气体等金属矿山主要的职业病危害因素中,由粉尘引起的尘肺病在职业病病例中占比最大,为不断推进粉尘职业健康防护研究,保障金属矿山人员、生产与环境安全,概述了金属矿山尘源与扩散理论以及粉尘职业健康职业防护研究现状,基于安全工程系统性原理,分别从源头治理、过程控制以及个体防护3个维度分析了我国金属矿山采—装—运过程中粉尘职业危害防控技术进展。在此基础上,剖析了目前存在的不足,并展望了未来发展方向。认为现阶段存在的不足在于金属矿山粉尘控制理论体系尚未成熟,金属矿山粉尘智能化监测预警技术研究有待加强,不同粉尘治理技术交叉性、协同性研究与应用较薄弱,以及以现场人员舒适性为导向的个体呼吸防护设备研发需要进一步加强,未来可从完善金属矿山粉尘控制理论体系,开发适用于金属矿山产尘特性的智能化防尘监测预警技术,注重粉尘治理技术的交叉性、协同性研究与应用,以及研发更符合人体工程学的个体防护设备等方面进一步开展工作。

Human Rights Protection in Genome Editing

Introducing the human rights perspective into the multi-dimensional governance of human genome editing activities would help define boundaries for the behaviors of stakeholders such as the state, researchers, ethics committee members, and the public, and clarify specific practices of these subjects or entities to meet the requirements of human rights obligations. Based on the human dignity principle, humans must never be used as a means to an end in scientific research. The right to physical and mental health requires the implementation of the principles of informed consent, the primacy of life, and risk control in genome editing, as well as the proper treatment of embryos. The right to privacy corresponds to the confidentiality obligations and non-intervention obligations of relevant parties, and the protection of sensitive personal information points to the special compliance requirements regarding information processing. Differential treatment of genome-edited humans requires objective and reasonable justification, and should also meet the requirements of the proportionality principle.

Development of a Reproducible Rating System for Sun Protective Clothing That Incorporates Body Surface Coverage

Sunlight is a known skin carcinogen. Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in humans, and typically affects sun-exposed parts of the body. Sunny Australia and New Zealand have the highest incidence of skin cancer globally. Clothing provides a protective barrier that reduces the amount of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) reaching the skin. Australia pioneered the development of a relative ranking of the sun-protective capabilities of clothing based on the transmission of UVR through fabric. Standardized Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) measurement procedures and associated labeling specifications are documented in the Australian and New Zealand Standard, AS/NZS 4399:1996. The standard was intended to enable consumers to make informed choices. Since its introduction, this standard has been adopted almost universally by the textile industry, and is still in use almost two decades on, with plans to revise it only commencing recently. However, AS/NZS 4399:1996 does not consider garment design, particularly in relation to body surface coverage. Although swim-shirts have grown in popularity in Australia since the late 1990s, particularly among children, clothing remains under-utilized as a form of sun-protection in contemporary society. Skin cancer prevention campaigns should emphasize the sun-protective benefits of clothing and collaboration with the fashion industry is urgently needed to improve the aesthetic appeal, comfort, durability and affordability of sun-protective clothing to increase its popularity in skin cancer prone populations. In light of recent evidence showing that high UPF clothing which covers more of the body surface reduces pigmented mole development in children (major risk factor for melanoma), the rating system for sun-protective clothing should incorporate body surface covered as well as the UPF of the fabric. We discuss progress towards developing a protocol for measuring the extent of coverage of sun-protective garments. Once fully evaluated and refined, the testing protocol developed from this research may influence future revisions of international standards for evaluating and classifying sun-protective clothing.

面向珍稀濒危古树名木健康保护的本体构建与可视化研究——以北京市为例

针对珍稀濒危古树名木产生的海量、复杂庞大却又互不交叉且独立存储的相关的知识信息的问题,在语义关联的基础上对其进行本体化组织和有机结合十分必要。基于本体的理论和方法,对濒危古树名木健康保护领域资源涉及的概念应用元数据进行知识抽取和语义描述,选取概念参考模型对领域内概念进行统一组织整合,构建濒危古树名木健康保护本体,以期全方位揭示出领域资源的知识内容及其相互关系,在每一株古树名木之间、古树名木和健康保护之间建立起语义深层次关联及可视化展示,进一步推动古树名木健康保护知识服务。

未成年男性性权益的刑法保护——对我国《刑法》第236条之一的立法论思考

我国刑事立法对未成年男性的性权益保护存在不均衡、不完整情况。并且学界对于性侵未成年人犯罪的法益尚未达成共识,致使对未成年男性性权益的保护并不完整。基于未成年人的特殊身份以及以性别不同为基础的心理差异,家长主义应当介入未成年男性性权益的保护。根据平等原则以及儿童利益最大化原则的要求,加强未成年男性性权益的保护具有必要性。为实现对未成年男性性权益的周延保护,首先,应将身心健康作为被性侵未成年男性的首要法益;其次,应扩充负有照护职责人员性侵罪的犯罪对象,将男性也纳入本罪保护范围,并将年龄保护区间扩大至14周岁到18周岁;再次,还需增设负有照护职责人员猥亵罪,以完善对未成年男性的保护;最后,应强化未成年男性保护行政、刑事衔接,凝聚法治保护合力。

北京市地方标准《卫生应急一次性防护用品使用规范》修订解读

目的旨在使卫生应急人员充分理解并掌握《卫生应急一次性防护用品使用规范》(DB11/T 1291—2023)技术要点,最大限度减少职业暴露的发生。方法从适用范围、防护分级、防护用品选择、附录等方面解读修订标准与原标准内容的差异和修订原因。结果修订标准扩展了其适用范围;增加并细化不同等级防护用品的使用场景;新增一次性隔离衣、防护面罩、动力送风式空气呼吸器的使用要求,去掉长管空气呼吸器及相关要求、参考标准;新增防护用品使用注意事项;调整防护用品的穿脱顺序。结论北京市地方标准《卫生应急一次性防护用品使用规范》的修订为卫生应急人员个体防护及传染病与职业暴露的防控提供参考。

个人健康信息收集的法律与伦理规制研究——基于可穿戴设备专利信息分析

近年来,公众对健康管理的重视程度不断提高,可穿戴设备专利应用前景广阔。然而,可穿戴设备在收集和使用个人健康信息时缺少规制,存在伦理和法律上的风险。通过专利信息分析,表明可穿戴设备专利当前处于研发热点,相关专利技术实施存在对用户个人健康信息的隐私侵害风险、管理漏洞风险和永久监视风险。本研究基于不同责任主体提出了具体的完善建议,以期促进可穿戴设备专利技术发展的同时确保其中所涉个人健康信息获得合理保护,实现技术创新与个人信息保护的双重目标。