Highly efficient removal of allyloxycarbonyl(Alloc)function provides a practical orthogonal protective strategy for carbohydrates

Highly efficient removal of allyloxycarbonyl （Alloc） group was achieved in the presence of CH3COONH4, Pd[P（C6H5）3]4, and NaBH4 in MeOH-THF, within 5 min in almost quantitative yields （〉90%, isolated yield） without affecting acetyl, benzoyl, isopropylidene, benzylidene, allyl, benzyl, benzyl carbonate, or azido groups.

Continuous tracheal gas insufflation during protective mechanical ventilation in juvenile piglets with acute lung injury induced by endotoxin

Low tidal volume mechanical ventilation is difficult to correct hypoxemia, and prolonged inhalation of pure oxygen can lead to oxygen poisoning. We suggest that continuous tracheal gas insufflation （TGI） during protective mechanical ventilation could improve cardiopulmonary function in acute lung injury. Totally 12 healthy juvenile piglets were anesthetized and mechanically ventilated at PEEP of 2 cmH2O with a peak inspiratory pressure of 10 cmH2O. The piglets were challenged with lipopolysaccharide and randomly assigned into two groups （n=6 each group）： mechanical ventilation （MV） alone and TGI with continuous airway flow 2 I/min. FIO2 was set at 0.4 to avoid oxygen toxicity and continuously monitored with an oxygen analyzer. Tidal volume, ventilation efficacy index and mean airway resistant pressure were significantly improved in the TGI group （P〈0.01 or P〈0.05）. At 4 hours post ALl, pH decreased to below 7.20 in the MV group, and improved in the TGI group （P〈0.01）. Similarly, PaCO2 was stable and was significantly lower in the TGI group than in the MV group （P〈0.01）. PaO2 and PaO2/FIO2 increased also in the TGI group （P〈0.05）. There was no significant difference in heart rate, respiratory rate, mean artery pressure, central venous pressure, dynamic lung compliance and mean resistance of airway between the two groups. Lung histological examination showed reduced inflammation, reduced intra- alveolar and interstitial patchy hemorrhage, and homogenously expanded lungs in the TGI group. Continuous TGI during MV can significantly improve gas exchange and ventilation efficacy and may provide a better treatment for acute lung injury.

Vulnerability and Conservation of Nearshore Cetaceans to Increasing Vessel Traffic:The Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin in the South China Sea

A comprehensive risk assessment to evaluate the vulnerability of the nearshore cetaceans to increasing marine traffic is lacking.In this study,the risk to Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins(Sousa chinensis)in the main habitats in China was assessed based on a semiquantitative spatial vulnerability analysis.85%of the(sub)population which overlapped with the lanes of ferries and/or cargo vessels,with exposure scores of 1.23±0.31(calculated based on the proportion of sea routes that overlap the dolphin’s range).A combination of high exposure to the sea routes and sensitivity to marine traffic would render the(sub)populations to be highly vulnerable(EPRE:5.21 and XM:4.47).A low frequency of vessels and an awareness of the ecology assures a low vulnerability(SH:2.43,EZ:2.73).Uncertainty scores were commonly lower for the higher vulnerable populations,and higher for the lower vulnerable populations,suggesting additional field data and more monitoring are necessary.Six years of field data have been used to analyze the influences of various types of marine traffic on humpback dolphin behavior.Fishing and non-fishing vessels were significantly different(χ^(2)=65.19,p<0.01).The humpback dolphins were attracted by fishing vessels(83.1%)but avoided non-fishing vessels(95.2%).We recommend a management with seasonal and geographical constraints,to balance economic development and environmental conservation.

Discussion on Influencing Factors of Water Resources Environment and Strategies for Protecting Water Ecology

At present,the major problems facing the water resource environment worldwide include water pollution,water resource shortage,and water ecosystem degradation.The discharge of industrial wastewater,agricultural non-point source pollution,and the discharge of urban sewage lead to a serious decline in water quality,which directly affects the safety of human drinking water and the living environment of aquatic organisms.Additionally,the unbalanced distribution and excessive exploitation of water resources lead to the problem of water shortage in many areas,which then leads to social and economic contradictions and ecological crises.In terms of ecosystems,the phenomena of water ecological degradation and reduction of biodiversity are increasingly obvious,and the carrying capacity of aquatic ecosystems are gradually declining.This paper aims to analyze the natural,social,and economic factors affecting the water resource environment,and propose effective strategies to protect the water ecology.To provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the sustainable utilization of water resources and the long-term development of the water ecosystem.

Applying systematic conservation planning to constitute a protection strategy for broad-leaved Korean pine forests in Changbai Mountains, China

The broad-leaved Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) forest is one of the most biodiverse zonal communities in the North Temperate Zone and an important habitat for many endangered species.Broad-leaved Korean pine forests(BKPFs) are shrinking quickly due to deforestation and rapid urbanization. Thus, scientific protection strategies are urgently needed to change this status. Changbai Mountains contains one of the largest BKPFs and is considered a priority biodiversity conservation area in China. Guided by systematic conservation planning(SCP) methods and procedures, we chose representative species and communities in BKPFs ecosystem as priority conservation objects, and set quantitative conservation target, which is in the light of the biodiversity characteristic of BKPFs. The watershed area is used as planning unit. We used CPlan software to calculate the irreplaceability(Ir)value of each planning unit and the contribution value(Ti) of each conservation object to(1) assess the conservation efficiency;(2) identify the conservation gap of the existing conservation network. Then wecalculated a human disturbance index(HDI) for planning units in the conservation gaps and combine this with the Ir value to design three conservation scenarios to optimize the conservation network.Results show that planning units with high conservation value 14.16% of the total area, with3084.36 km2 were covered by the existing conservation network. 79.28% of planning units with high conservation value have not been protected which were concentrated mainly in the eight gap areas.Only 25.3% of protection objects achieved their conservation target with the existing conservation network. Conservation efficiency is low. Three conservation scenarios are constituted, each prioritizing a different aim:(1) ecological value;(2)species rescue; and(3) economical avoidance. The three conservation schemes potentially enable 93%,88% and 51% of conservation objects, respectively, to achieve identified conservation targets, thereby improving conservation efficiency significantly.

Environmental Risks in China and Their Countermeasures

The 13th Five-year Plan period （2016-2020） is a crucial period for environmental protection in China and represents the last chance for the achievement of the environmental objective under the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round manner. During this period of time, China＇ s environment is confronted with the following major risks： risks of environmental quality, human health, ecological security, balanced regional development and international influence. The overall conclusion is that the tendencies of changing eco-environment are complex, problems remain outstanding, and some risks have abated while others have intensified with possible improvements in the future. Future prospects mainly depend on the intensity of actions taken. It is suggested that environmental protection strategy of＂overall optimization＂ be adopted for the 13th Five-year Plan period, i.e. environmental protection requirements should be incorporated into political, economic, social and cultural spheres, so that these areas with major influence on the natural environment will improve and transform towards an environmentally friendly direction and ultimately help achieve the objective of improving eco-environment and people＇s welfare. In order to fundamentally reverse mainstream understanding on environmental protection, it is suggested to define the ＂contradiction between environmental pressures arising from growing economic development and China ＇ s limited and fragile environmental capacity＂ as a major contradiction of Chinese society.

An ε-domination based two-archive 2 algorithm for many-objective optimization

The two-archive 2 algorithm(Two_Arch2) is a manyobjective evolutionary algorithm for balancing the convergence,diversity,and complexity using diversity archive(DA) and convergence archive(CA).However,the individuals in DA are selected based on the traditional Pareto dominance which decreases the selection pressure in the high-dimensional problems.The traditional algorithm even cannot converge due to the weak selection pressure.Meanwhile,Two_Arch2 adopts DA as the output of the algorithm which is hard to maintain diversity and coverage of the final solutions synchronously and increase the complexity of the algorithm.To increase the evolutionary pressure of the algorithm and improve distribution and convergence of the final solutions,an ε-domination based Two_Arch2 algorithm(ε-Two_Arch2) for many-objective problems(MaOPs) is proposed in this paper.In ε-Two_Arch2,to decrease the computational complexity and speed up the convergence,a novel evolutionary framework with a fast update strategy is proposed;to increase the selection pressure,ε-domination is assigned to update the individuals in DA;to guarantee the uniform distribution of the solution,a boundary protection strategy based on I_(ε+) indicator is designated as two steps selection strategies to update individuals in CA.To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm,a series of benchmark functions with different numbers of objectives is solved.The results demonstrate that the proposed method is competitive with the state-of-the-art multi-objective evolutionary algorithms and the efficiency of the algorithm is significantly improved compared with Two_Arch2.

Security and privacy threats in RFID traceability network

To address security and privacy issues in radio frequency identification (RFID) traceability networks, a multi-layer privacy and security framework is proposed, which includes four facets: a security model, a communication protocol, access permission and privacy preservation. According to the security requirements that are needed in an RFID system, a security model that incorporates security requirements that include privacy of tag data, privacy of ownership, and availability of tag identity is introduced. Using this model, a secure communication protocol that can be used for anti-counterfeiting, automatic identification and privacy preservation is then developed. In order to manage the number of parties, data records of items, and complicated transitions of access permissions in an item-level traceability context, a well-designed access control protocol is proposed to parties that can prove the physical possession of an item;meanwhile, to address the privacy issues during data sharing in an RFID network, a vision of database systems that take responsibility for the privacy of the data they manage is also presented.

特殊患者的肺保护性通气策略

机械通气可导致呼吸机相关性肺损伤(ventilator-associated lung injury, VALI),主要包括容积伤、气压伤、不张伤、生物伤和剪切伤。肺保护性通气策略(lung protective ventilation strategy, LPVS)是近几年来针对VALI而发展起来的机械通气新策略,其目的为尽可能的保护肺组织减少机械通气性损害。LPVS主要包括小潮气量、最佳的呼气末正压、肺复张等;LPVS的实施可以改善肺顺应性和肺泡处的气体交换,减少肺水肿和感染的发生,降低术后肺部并发症(postoperative pulmonary complications, PPCs)的发生率。本文拟讨论对于某些特殊患者应用肺保护性通气策略方面的进展。

Renewable Microgrid Protection Strategy Coordinating with Current-based Fault Control

The renewable microgrid(RMG)is a critical way to organize and utilize new energy.Its control and protection strategies during the fault are the core technologies to ensure the safe operation and stability of the system.The traditional protection principles are unsuitable for RMGs due to the flexibility of RMG operation,the complexity of RMG topology,and the variety of fault control strategies of inverter-interfaced distributed generators(IIDGs).The traditional fault component protection principle is affected by the low voltage ride-through(LVRT)control strategy and will fail in some scenarios.In order to make the fault component protection principle available in every scenario,a current-based fault control strategy is proposed.Specific fault characteristics are generated by the grid-feeding IIDGs during the fault so they can be equivalent to the open circuits,and the fault models in additional network can be simplified.By analyzing the fault characteristics,an RMG protection strategy based on the current-based fault control of IIDGs is presented.The fault directions of feeders can be distinguished and the fault feeder can be located accurately in both grid-connected and islanded RMGs.Then,the grid-feeding IIDGs can transit to LVRT mode smoothly.Thus,IIDGs are considered comprehensively in terms of coordinating with fault control and fault characteristic generation.Finally,the experimental results of the hardware platform prove the effectiveness of the proposed current-based fault control strategy,and the simulation results based on PSCAD/EMTDC verify the correctness of the protection strategy.

Research on the historical and cultural value of and protection strategy for rammed earth watchtower houses in Chongqing,China

Chinese watchtower houses are part of the unique human cultural heritage of the world’s vernacular architectures.Many earthen manor watchtower houses in Chongqing,China,have absorbed the characteristics of other tower houses across the country and have brought together various types of watchtower construction techniques.They are important connection points for the integrity of the Chinese watchtower house as a comprehensive architectural cultural heritage system.They can be a typical sample of Chinese Han classical towers.These buildings are indispensable parts of the Chinese residential watchtower system and have important cultural protection value.However,due to the general lack of excavation and attention to their historical and cultural value,these buildings are on the verge of disappearing.Although they have lost their original architectural functions,they have important value in terms of their building materials,technical composition and artistic modelling.They can stimulate special emotional resonance and become an important bridge that maintains the cultural connection between ancient and modern humans.Therefore,discussing the historical and cultural value of Chongqing rammed earth watchtower houses,the strategy for heritage protection and utilisation is of far-reaching signifcance for Chinese watchtower dwellings.

Analysis on Situation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Development and Protection Strategies in China

With the worldwide growing interest and commercial value of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)industries and products,the protection issue of TCM knowledge is increasingly concerned by Chinese government.Here,we investigated the current situation and trend of TCM development and knowledge protection in China through accessing academic research tools including China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang Data,VIP China Science and Technology Journal Database(VIP)and Google Scholar,analyzing the latest data released by National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine,China Statistical Yearbook of Chinese Medicine and China Statistical Yearbook.Our results demonstrate that current administration in China is continuing to support TCM development by increasing investment and expanding the scale in TCM research and administration.The increasing attention of Chinese scholars and government has led to laws and regulations issued more densely to strengthen TCM knowledge protection and promote fair use and fast development.

Examining urban land-cover characteristics and ecological regulation during the construction of Xiong'an New District, Hebei Province, China

Development of Xiong'an New District(XND) is integral to the implementation of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH) Integration Initiative. It is intended to ease the non-capital functions of Beijing, optimize regional spatial patterns, and enhance ecosystem services and living environment in this urban agglomeration. Applying multi-stage remote sensing(RS) images, land use/cover change(LUCC) data, ecosystem services assessment data, and high-precision urban land-cover information, we reveal the regional land-cover characteristics of this new district as well as across the planned area of the entire BTH urban agglomeration. Corresponding ecological protection and management strategies are also proposed. Results indicated that built-up areas were rapidly expanding, leading to a continuous impervious surface at high density. Urban and impervious surface areas(ISAs) grew at rates 1.27 and 1.43 times higher than that in the 2000 s, respectively, seriously affecting about 15% area of the sub-basins. Construction of XND mainly encompasses Xiongxian, Rongcheng, and Anxin counties, areas which predominantly comprise farmland, townships and rural settlements, water, and wetland ecosystems. The development and construction of XND should ease the non-capital functions of Beijing, as well as moderately control population and industrial growth. Thus, this development should be included within the national ‘sponge city' construction pilot area in early planning stages, and reference should be made to international low-impact development modes in order to strengthen urban green infrastructural construction. Early stage planning based on the existing characteristics of the underlying surface should consider the construction of green ecological patches and ecological corridors between XND and the cities of Baoding, Beijing, and Tianjin. The proportion of impervious surfaces should not exceed 60%, while that of the core area should not exceed 70%. The development of XND needs to initiate the concept of ‘planning a city according to water resource amount' and incorporate rainwater collection and recycling.

Delay Time Measurement and Comparison of Protection Strategies with One-Link Failed Domestic Optical Fiber Networks in Taiwan

In this paper, we study the protection strategies of domestic optical fiber networks in Taiwan. Delay time experiment of two one-link failed cases are also reported and compared. We can get best protection strategy and bypass the optical transmission signal at shortest delay time.