淫羊藿苷调控mTOR/Akt/CREB通路对高糖诱导的足细胞自噬及凋亡的影响

目的 探讨淫羊藿苷对高糖诱导的足细胞自噬、凋亡及哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)/丝氨酸苏氨酸蛋白激酶(Akt)/环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白(CREB)通路的影响。方法 将小鼠足细胞MPC5分为5组:正常对照组(5.5 mmol·L^(-1)葡萄糖)、高糖组(30 mmol·L^(-1)葡萄糖)、淫羊藿苷组(30 mmol·L^(-1)葡萄糖+5μmol·L^(-1)淫羊藿苷)、GDC-0349组(30 mmol·L^(-1)葡萄糖+50μmol·L^(-1)GDC-0349)、淫羊藿苷+GDC-0349组(30 mmol·L^(-1)葡萄糖+5μmol·L^(-1)淫羊藿苷+50μmol·L^(-1)GDC-0349)。培养48 h后,噻唑蓝法检测MPC5细胞活力;吖啶橙染色观察MPC5细胞自噬情况;流式细胞术检测MPC5细胞凋亡;蛋白印迹法检测MPC5细胞自噬[微管相关蛋白1轻链3(LC3)Ⅱ、LC3Ⅰ、自噬相关蛋白(Beclin-1)]、凋亡[Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)、B淋巴细胞瘤-2(Bcl-2)]和mTOR/Akt/CREB通路相关蛋白的表达。结果 与正常对照组比较,高糖组MPC5细胞活力、Bcl-2、磷酸化mTOR(p-mTOR)/mTOR、磷酸化Akt(p-Akt)/Akt、磷酸化CREB(p-CREB)/CREB蛋白表达水平显著降低(P<0.05),自噬能力增强,自噬体表现出橙色荧光,细胞凋亡率、LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ、Beclin-1、Bax蛋白表达水平显著升高(P<0.05)。与高糖组比较,淫羊藿苷组MPC5细胞活力、LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ、Beclin-1、Bcl-2、p-mTOR/mTOR、p-Akt/Akt、p-CREB/CREB蛋白表达水平显著升高,自噬能力进一步增强,自噬体数量增多,自噬体呈现出砖红色荧光(P<0.05),细胞凋亡率、Bax蛋白表达水平显著降低(P<0.05);GDC-0349组MPC5细胞活力、LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ、Beclin-1、Bcl-2、p-mTOR/mTOR、p-Akt/Akt、p-CREB/CREB蛋白表达水平显著降低,自噬能力减弱,自噬体数量减少,自噬体表现出橙色荧光(P<0.05),细胞凋亡率、Bax蛋白表达水平显著升高(P<0.05);淫羊藿苷+GDC-0349可逆转淫羊藿苷对高糖诱导MPC5细胞的作用效果(P<0.05)。结论 淫羊藿苷通过激活mTOR/Akt/CREB通路促进高糖诱导的足细胞自噬抑制细胞凋亡。

下调HMGB2表达对肝癌LM3细胞上皮-间质转化的抑制作用及其AKT/mTOR信号通路机制

目的:探讨下调肝癌细胞中高迁移率族框蛋白2 (HMGB2)表达对肝癌细胞生物学行为及上皮-间质转化(EMT)进程的影响,并阐明其作用机制。方法:对数生长期的人肝癌LM3细胞分为阴性对照组和HMGB2 RNA干扰组(HMGB2 siRNA组),分别以Lipofectamin 2000为载体转染无关序列的RNA寡核苷酸(RNA oligo)和敲除HMGB2序列的RNA oligo。采用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)法和Western blotting法检测2组细胞中HMGB2 mRNA和蛋白表达水平,分别采用细胞划痕实验和Transwell小室实验检测2组细胞的迁移和侵袭能力,采用Western blotting法检测2组细胞中E-钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)、 N-钙黏蛋白(N-cadherin)、波形蛋白(Vimentin)和蛋白激酶B(AKT)/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)通路相关蛋白表达水平。结果:与阴性对照组比较,HMGB2 siRNA组细胞中HMGB2 mRNA和蛋白表达水平均明显降低(P<0.05),HMGB2 siRNA组细胞划痕愈合率明显降低(P<0.01),侵袭细胞数明显减少(P<0.01),细胞中E-cadherin蛋白表达水平明显升高(P<0.01),N-cadherin、Vimentin、mTOR、AKT和磷酸化AKT (p-AKT)蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:下调HMGB2的表达可降低肝癌LM3细胞迁移和侵袭能力并抑制EMT,其作用机制可能与参与调节AKT/mTOR通路相关蛋白表达有关。

黄芪阳和汤调控PI3K/AKT/NF-κB信号通路促进糖尿病足溃疡大鼠创面愈合

目的基于磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(AKT)/核因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路探究黄芪阳和汤对糖尿病足溃疡(DFU)大鼠创面愈合的影响。方法构建DFU大鼠模型,将建模成功的48只大鼠随机分为模型组,黄芪阳和汤低(8.5 g/kg)、高(17 g/kg)剂量组,黄芪阳和汤高剂量(17 g/kg)+LY294002(PI3K/AKT通路抑制剂,0.3 mg/kg)组;每组12只;另取12只大鼠为对照组。各组大鼠给予对应药物干预,连续4周。第14、28天给药后,观察大鼠一般状态及创面变化,计算创面愈合率,检测大鼠空腹血糖(FBG)水平和大鼠创面周围组织经皮氧分压(TcpO2);酶联免疫吸附试验检测大鼠血清血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素(IL)-6水平;苏木素-伊红染色观察大鼠创面组织病理学变化;免疫组织化学染色测定大鼠创面组织微血管密度;蛋白免疫印迹法检测大鼠创面组织中PI3K、磷酸化PI3K(p-PI3K)、AKT、磷酸化AKT(p-AKT)、NF-κB p65、磷酸化NF-κB p65(p-NF-κB p65)、NF-κB抑制蛋白α(IκB-α)蛋白表达。结果对照组大鼠毛色光滑,饮食、饮水、排泄均正常,较活跃,创面愈合快,创面组织炎症反应较轻,新生血管较多,肉芽组织中成纤维细胞及胶原基质丰富;模型组大鼠毛色暗淡无光泽,活动减少,且出现多饮、多食、多尿症状,创面颜色较深,且周围组织出现水肿、溃疡,创面组织可见大量炎性细胞浸润,伴组织坏死、渗出,新生血管及成纤维细胞较少,创面愈合率、创面周围组织TcpO2、血清VEGF、HIF-1α、创面组织微血管密度、p-PI3K、p-AKT、IκB-α蛋白表达水平降低,FBG、血清CRP、IL-6、创面组织p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达升高(P<0.05);与模型组相比,黄芪阳和汤低、高剂量组大鼠状态逐渐改善,创面组织病变程度依次减轻,创面愈合率、创面周围组织TcpO2、血清VEGF、HIF-1α、创面组织微血管密度、p-PI3K、p-AKT、IκB-α蛋白表达水平依次升高,FBG、血清CRP、IL-6、创面组织p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达依次降低(P<0.05);LY294002能部分逆转高剂量黄芪阳和汤对DFU大鼠的治疗作用(P<0.05)。结论黄芪阳和汤能调控PI3K/AKT/NF-κB信号通路,抑制DFU大鼠炎症反应,促进血管新生,从而促进创面愈合。

薯蓣皂苷经PI3K/AKT通路对肝癌Bel-7402细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的分析薯蓣皂苷对肝癌Bel-7402细胞增殖和凋亡的影响并探讨其机制。方法肝癌Bel-7402细胞分为空白组和薯蓣皂苷低、中、高剂量组(给予1、2、8μmol/L的薯蓣皂苷)及薯蓣皂苷+抑制剂组(给予8μmol/L的薯蓣皂苷+10μmol/L的磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/蛋白激酶B(PI3K/AKT)信号通路抑制剂LY294002),于处理后12、24、36、48及72 h时采用四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)比色法测定细胞活力,于24 h时采用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡情况、采用蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测p-PI3K和p-AKT的表达。结果与空白组相比较,薯蓣皂苷低、中、高剂量组细胞活力及p-PI3K、p-AKT表达均下降,凋亡率升高(P<0.05),且各剂量组间两两比较,上述指标水平差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);与薯蓣皂苷高剂量组比较,薯蓣皂苷+抑制剂组细胞活力及p-PI3K、p-AKT表达下降,凋亡率升高(P<0.05)。结论薯蓣皂苷可能通过抑制PI3K/AKT通路抑制肝癌Bel-7402细胞增殖,诱导Bel-7402细胞凋亡。

茯苓酸调节PI3K/AKT/NF-κB信号通路对大鼠幽门螺旋杆菌相关性胃炎的治疗作用

目的 探讨茯苓酸(PA)对大鼠幽门螺旋杆菌(Hp)相关性胃炎的治疗效果及作用机制。方法 建立Hp相关性胃炎大鼠模型;所有大鼠分为对照组(CT组)、模型组(M组)、PA低剂量组(PA L组)和PA高剂量组(PA H组)、PA H+磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)激活剂(740 Y-P)组;评估各组大鼠胃黏膜损伤指数(UI),透射电子显微镜观察胃黏膜细胞形态学,HE染色评价胃黏膜病理学特征,ELISA检测胃组织白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、IL-10、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的水平,Western blot法检测PI3K、磷酸化-PI3K(p-PI3K)、蛋白激酶B(AKT)、p-AKT、核因子(NF)-κB p65、p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达。结果 与CT组比较,M组大鼠胃黏膜糜烂,上皮水肿、充血、溃疡严重,上皮细胞固缩,炎性细胞浸润,UI、IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS以及p-PI3K/PI3K、p-AKT/AKT、p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65蛋白表达水平升高,IL-10和SOD水平降低(P<0.05);与M组比较,PA L组、PA H组大鼠胃黏膜损伤改善,炎性细胞浸润减少,UI、IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS以及p-PI3K/PI3K、p-AKT/AKT、p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65蛋白表达水平降低,IL-10和SOD水平升高(P<0.05);与PA H组比较,PA H+740 Y-P组大鼠胃黏膜病理损伤加重,上皮细胞固缩,UI、IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS以及p-PI3K/PI3K、p-AKT/AKT、p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65蛋白表达水平升高,IL-10和SOD水平降低(P<0.05)。结论 PA可能通过抑制PI3K/AKT/NF-κB信号通路发挥对大鼠Hp相关性胃炎的治疗作用。

Mechanism of stilbene glycosides on apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells via regulating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

Objective:To investigate the effects of stilbene glycoside(TSG)on okadaic acid-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cells(SH-SY5Y)via the PI3K/AKT pathway.Methods:The optimal concentration of OA was screened by CCK-8 assay,and SH-SY5Y cells were divided into control group,model group,TSG group,LY294002 group and LY294002+TSG group.The proliferation and apoptosis in each group were detected by CCK-8 and TUNEL assays;Western blotting method and real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression of PI3K,P-PI3K(Y607),AKT,P-AKT(Ser473),Bcl-2 and Bax proteins.The relative protein expression was represented by P-PI3K(Y607)/PI3K,P-AKT(Ser473)/AKT and Bcl-2/Bax gray ratio.Results:CCK-8 screened the optimal concentration of OA as 40 nmol/L.Compared with the control group,the model group increased relative cell viability,decreased apoptosis rate,the pathway and apoptotic proteins expression levels of P-PI3K(Y607)/PI3K,P-AKT(Ser473)/AKT and Bcl-2/Bax were decreased,and the mRNA expression levels of PI3K,AKT and Bcl-2 were decreased.Bax mRNA expression level increased(P<0.05);Compared with model group,TSG group increased relative cell viability,decreased apoptosis rate,increased protein expression levels of P-PI3K(Y607)/PI3K,P-AKT(Ser473)/AKT,Bcl-2/Bax,and increased mRNA expression levels of PI3K,AKT,and Bcl-2.Bax mRNA expression decreased(P<0.05),LY294002 group decreased relative cell viability,increased apoptosis rate,P-PI3K(Y607)/PI3K protein expression levels were significantly decreased(P<0.05),P-AKT(Ser473)/AKT and Bcl-2/Bax protein expression levels were significantly decreased,but there was no statistical significance,PI3K,AKT and Bcl-2 mRNA expression levels were decreased,and Bax mRNA expression levels were increased(all P<0.05);Compared with LY294002 group,LY294002+TSG group increased relative cell viability,decreased apoptosis rate,and the protein expression levels of P-PI3K(Y607)/PI3K,P-AKT(Ser473)/AKT and Bcl-2/Bax were increased.The mRNA expression levels of PI3K,AKT,Bcl-2 were increased,Bax was decreased(all P<0.05).Conclusion:Stilbene glycoside may alleviate okadaic acid-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells by interfering with the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway,which in turn regulates the expression of apoptotic factors such as Bcl-2 and Bax.

Xuebijing improves intestinal microcirculation dysfunction in septic rats by regulating the VEGF-A/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

BACKGROUND:This study aims to explore whether Xuebijing(XBJ) can improve intestinal microcirculation dysfunction in sepsis and its mechanism.METHODS:A rat model of sepsis was established by cecal ligation and puncture(CLP).A total of 30 male SD rats were divided into four groups:sham group,CLP group,XBJ + axitinib group,and XBJ group.XBJ was intraperitoneally injected 2 h before CLP.Hemodynamic data(blood pressure and heart rate) were recorded.The intestinal microcirculation data of the rats were analyzed via microcirculation imaging.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) kits were used to detect the serum levels of interleukin-6(IL-6),C-reactive protein(CRP),and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) in the rats.Histological analysis and transmission electron microscopy were used to analyze the injury of small intestinal microvascular endothelial cells and small intestinal mucosa in rats.The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A(VEGF-A),phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K),phosphorylated PI3K(p-PI3K),protein kinase B(Akt),and phosphorylated Akt(p-Akt) in the small intestine was analyzed via Western blotting.RESULTS:XBJ improved intestinal microcirculation dysfunction in septic rats,alleviated the injury of small intestinal microvascular endothelial cells and small intestinal mucosa,and reduced the systemic inflammatory response.Moreover,XBJ upregulated the expression of VEGF-A,p-PI3K/total PI3K,and p-Akt/total Akt in the rat small intestine.CONCLUSION:XBJ may improve intestinal microcirculation dysfunction in septic rats possibly through the VEGF-A/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Inhibition of EGFR attenuates EGF-induced activation of retinal pigment epithelium cell via EGFR/AKT signaling pathway

AIM:To explore the effect of epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)inhibition by erlotinib and EGFR siRNA on epidermal growth factor(EGF)-induced activation of retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)cells.METHODS:Human RPE cell line(ARPE-19 cells)was activated by 100 ng/mL EGF.Erlotinib and EGFR siRNA were used to intervene EGF treatment.Cellular viability,proliferation,and migration were detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium(MTT)assay,bromodeoxyuridine(BrdU)staining assay and wound healing assay,respectively.EGFR/protein kinase B(AKT)pathway proteins and N-cadherin,α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA),and vimentin were tested by Western blot assay.EGFR was also determined by immunofluorescence staining.RESULTS:EGF treatment for 24h induced a significant increase of ARPE-19 cells’viability,proliferation and migration,phosphorylation of EGFR/AKT proteins,and decreased total EGFR expression.Erlotinib suppressed ARPE-19 cells’viability,proliferation and migration through down regulating total EGFR and AKT protein expressions.Erlotinib also inhibited EGF-induced an increase of proliferative and migrative ability in ARPE-19 cells and clearly suppressed EGF-induced EGFR/AKT proteins phosphorylation and decreased expression of N-cadherin,α-SMA,and vimentin proteins.Similarly,EGFR inhibition by EGFR siRNA significantly affected EGF-induced an increase of cell proliferation,viability,and migration,phosphorylation of EGFR/AKT proteins,and up-regulation of N-cadherin,α-SMA,and vimentin proteins.CONCLUSION:Erlotinib and EGFR-knockdown suppress EGF-induced cell viability,proliferation,and migration via EGFR/AKT pathway in RPE cells.EGFR inhibition may be a possible therapeutic approach for proliferative vitreoretinopathy(PVR).

许氏平鲉蛋白激酶B(SsAkt)基因的克隆及其mRNA在细菌胁迫后的表达规律

为研究蛋白激酶B(Akt)在许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)应答细菌胁迫过程中的作用,本研究应用PCR技术对许氏平鲉Akt基因(SsAkt)的编码区序列进行了克隆和特征分析,并应用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测了健康许氏平鲉各组织和细菌胁迫后肾脏、血液和肝脏中SsAktm RNA的表达规律。结果显示,SsAkt的开放阅读框(ORF)的长度为1440 bp,编码479个氨基酸,预测其蛋白的相对分子质量为55.80 k Da,理论等电点(p I)为5.64。SMART分析显示,Ss Akt蛋白含有丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶家族的3个特征性保守结构域和2个磷酸化位点。同源比对发现,Ss Akt与鱼类的同源性较高,与尖嘴鲈(Lates calcarifer)的相似度最高,为99.37%。组织表达分析显示,SsAkt在许氏平鲉健康组织(血液、鳃、肝脏、肌肉、肾脏、脾脏、肠、脑和心脏)中均有表达,在肾脏、脑和血液中的相对表达量较高。许氏平鲉响应细菌胁迫的表达结果显示,藤黄微球菌(Micrococcus luteus)感染后,SsAkt在3种组织中的表达明显上调,呈先上升后下降的趋势;鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)感染后,SsAkt在3种组织中呈现不同的表达趋势:在肾脏中,SsAkt的表达趋势为先上升后下降又上升再下降,而在血液和肝脏中的表达趋势为先上升后下降。以上研究表明,SsAkt响应了外源微生物对许氏平鲉的胁迫,在抵御外源微生物免疫应答过程中发挥重要作用。本研究结果为许氏平鲉的免疫机理研究奠定了基础。

Suppressing high mobility group box-1 release alleviates morphine tolerance via the adenosine5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase/heme oxygenase-1 pathway

Opioids,such as morphine,are the most potent drugs used to treat pain.Long-term use results in high tolerance to morphine.High mobility group box-1(HMGB1) has been shown to participate in neuropathic or inflammatory pain,but its role in morphine tolerance is unclear.In this study,we established rat and mouse models of morphine tolerance by intrathecal injection of morphine for 7 consecutive days.We found that morphine induced rat spinal cord neurons to release a large amount of HMGB1.HMGB1 regulated nuclear factor κB p65 phosphorylation and interleukin-1β production by increasing Toll-like receptor 4receptor expression in microglia,thereby inducing morphine tolerance.Glycyrrhizin,an HMGB1 inhibito r,markedly attenuated chronic morphine tole rance in the mouse model.Finally,compound C(adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase inhibitor) and zinc protoporphyrin(heme oxygenase-1 inhibitor)alleviated the morphine-induced release of HMGB1 and reduced nuclear factor κB p65 phosphorylation and interleukin-1β production in a mouse model of morphine tolerance and an SH-SY5Y cell model of morphine tole rance,and alleviated morphine tolerance in the mouse model.These findings suggest that morphine induces HMGB1 release via the adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase/heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathway,and that inhibiting this signaling pathway can effectively reduce morphine tole rance.

Osteopontin promotes gastric cancer progression via phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway

BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC)is one of the most common malignant tumors.Osteopontin(OPN)is thought to be closely related to the occurrence,metastasis and prognosis of many types of tumors.AIM To investigate the effects of OPN on the proliferation,invasion and migration of GC cells and its possible mechanism.METHODS The mRNA and protein expression of OPN in the GC cells were analyzed by realtime quantitative-reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting,and observe the effect of varying degree expression OPN on the proliferation and other behaviors of GC.Next,the effects of OPN knockdown on GC cells migration and invasion were examined.The short hairpin RNA(shRNA)and negative control shRNA targeting OPN-shRNA were transfected into the cells according to the manufacturer’s instructions.Non transfected cells were classified as control in the identical transfecting process.24 h after RNA transfection cell proliferation activity was detected by 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo(-z-y1)-3,5-diphenytetrazoliumromide assay,and cell invasiveness and migration were detected by Trans well assay.Meanwhile,the expression of protein kinase B(AKT),matrix metalloproteinase 2(MMP-2)and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)in the human GC cell lines was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting.RESULTS The results of this study revealed that OPN mRNA and protein expression levels were highly expressed in SGC-7901 cells.OPN knockdown by specific shRNA noticeably reduced the capabilities of proliferation,invasion and migration of SGC-7901 cells.Moreover,in the experiments of investigating the underlying mechanism,results showed that OPN knockdown could down-regulated the expression of MMP-2 and VEGF,it also decreased the phosphorylation of AKT.Meanwhile,the protein expression levels of MMP-2,VEGF and phosphorylated AKT was noticeable lower than that in control group in the GC cells after they were added to phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase(PI3K)inhibitor(LY294002).CONCLUSION These results suggested that OPN though PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin signal pathway to upregulate MMP-2 and VEGF expression,which contribute SGC-7901 cells to proliferation,invasion and migration.Thus,our results demonstrate that OPN may serve as a novel prognostic biomarkers as well as a potential therapeutic targets for GC.

Fenofibrate Pre-treatment Suppressed Inflammation by Activating Phosphoinositide 3 Kinase/Protein Kinase B(PI3K/Akt) Signaling in Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible beneficial effects of Fenofibrate on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury（IRI） in mice and its potential mechanism. IRI was induced by bilateral renal ischemia for 60 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h. Eighteen male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups： sham-operated group（sham）, IRI＋saline group（IRI group）, IRI＋Fenofibrate（FEN） group. Normal saline or Fenofibrate（3 mg/kg） was intravenously injected 60 min before renal ischemia in IRI group and FEN group, respectively. Blood samples and renal tissues were collected at the end of reperfusion. The renal function, histopathologic changes, and the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin-8（IL-8）, tumor necrosis factor alpha（TNF-α） and IL-6] in serum and renal tissue homogenate were assessed. Moreover, the effects of Fenofibrate on activating phosphoinositide 3 kinase/protein kinase B（PI3K/Akt） signaling and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α（PPAR-α） were also measured in renal IRI. The results showed that plasma levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, histopathologic scores and the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-8 and IL-6 were significantly lower in FEN group than in IRI group. Moreover, Fenofibrate pretreatment could further induce PI3K/Akt signal pathway and PPAR-α activation following renal IRI. These findings indicated PPAR-α activation by Fenofibrate exerts protective effects on renal IRI in mice by suppressing inflammation via PI3K/Akt activation. Thus, Fenofibrate could be a novel therapeutic alternative in renal IRI.

Response of Subcutaneous Xenografts of Endometrial Cancer in Nude Mice to Inhibitors of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Pathways: An Effective Therapeutic Strategy for Endometrial Cancer

Objective: This study was designed to explore whether inhibition of the extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways can inhibit the growth of xenografts of endometrial cancer cell lines with different estrogen receptors (ER) profiles in vivo and to provide preliminary laboratory basis for the probability of endometrial adenocarcinoma treatment with blockage of the two pathways, especially to endometrial cancer with low ER status. Methods: Human endometrial cancer Ishikawa bearing ER and HEC-1Awith low ER status cells were subcutaneously injected into BALB/c nude mice to establish endometrial cancer xenograft tumor models. The effects of PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002, MAPK/ERK1/2 inhibitor PD-98059 and their combinations on the growth of the xenograft tumors and apoptotic state of Ishikawa and HEC-1Acells were tested in vivo using the inhibitory rate, the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick-end labeling assay, H/E-stain. Western blot analysis was used to detect the alterations of activated ERK (P-ERK) and AKT (P-AKT) during this process. Results: LY294002, a PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitor, induced significant suppression in the growth of both Ishikawa and HEC-1Acell xenograft tumors, concomitant with increased apoptosis in xenografts as evidenced by TUNEL. A similar effect was also observed when the MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway was inhibited by PD98059. Concurrent inhibition of the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK1/2 pathways showed enhanced anti-tumor effects in vivo as indicated by increased apoptosis. At the same time, the levels of P-ERK and P-AKT in both xenograft tumors decreased, and their levels in combination group was the lowest. Conclusions: PD98059, LY294002 and their combinations showed remarkable inhibitory effects on xenograft tumors of endometrial carcinoma cell lines with different expression status of ER in vivo through blockage of PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathways. This suggests that targeting these pathways may be an effective therapeutic strategy against endometrial carcinomas, especially for ER-negative cancers which show poor response to endocrinal therapy.

补阳还五汤通过调控PI3K/Akt、JAK2/STAT3信号促进BMSC趋化迁移对外伤性脊髓损伤大鼠神经元活性及认知功能的影响

目的研究补阳还五汤通过调控磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶/蛋白激酶B(PI3K/Akt)、内源性酪氨酸激酶(JAK)2/信号传导和转录启动因子(STAT)3信号促进骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)趋化迁移对外伤性脊髓损伤大鼠的神经元活性及认知功能的影响。方法选取健康大鼠53只,随机分为健康组(健康大鼠常规饲养)、损伤组(建立脊髓损伤模型)、干预组(补阳还五汤治疗)、对照组(甲泼尼龙治疗),每组12只,剩余5只大鼠用于补阳还五汤含药血清制备。流式细胞术鉴定BMSCs细胞。Transwell小室法测大鼠BMSCs迁移。高架十字迷宫和Morris水迷宫实验检测大鼠认知功能。苏木素-伊红(HE)染色检测脊髓组织病理形态。TUNEL测脊髓组织神经细胞凋亡。免疫组化检测p-JAK2、p-STAT3。Western印迹测PI3K、p-PI3K、Akt、p-Akt。结果传代后的培养细胞呈旋窝状或放射状贴壁生长,细胞多呈星形、梭形或三角状,培养3代后,细胞贴壁加快、形态均一,呈旋窝状或单层放射状生长。培养细胞表面抗原CD29、CD90为阳性,CD31、CD45为阴性,提示其为BMSCs细胞。与健康组相比,损伤组总路程、进入开臂次数、穿越平台次数显著降低,不同时间的潜伏期显著升高(P<0.05)。与损伤组相比,干预组与对照组总路程、进入开臂次数、穿越平台次数显著升高,不同时间的潜伏期显著降低(P<0.05)。干预组与对照组各指标对比无统计学差异(P>0.05)。健康组脊髓组织结构完整。损伤组脊髓组织疏松水肿,有细胞空泡变性产生。相较于损伤组,干预组与对照组大鼠脊髓组织病理形态有所改善。与健康组相比,损伤组BMSCs、PI3K、Akt、p-PI3K、p-Akt显著降低,神经细胞凋亡率、p-JAK2、p-STAT3显著升高(P<0.05)。与损伤组相比,干预组BMSCs、PI3K、Akt、p-PI3K、p-Akt显著升高,神经细胞凋亡率、p-JAK2、p-STAT3显著降低(P<0.05)。干预组与对照组各指标水平无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论补阳还五汤通过激活PI3K/Akt通路抑制JAK2/STAT3信号通路的激活,促进BMSCs的迁移,减轻神经细胞的凋亡,起到神经保护的作用,从而改善脊髓损伤大鼠的认知功能。

帕罗西汀通过Akt/GSK3β/CREB通路对焦虑大鼠行为学的改善作用

目的基于蛋白激酶B(Akt)/糖原合成酶激酶3β(GSK3β)/环腺苷酸反应元件结合蛋白(CREB)通路探讨帕罗西汀对焦虑大鼠行为学的影响。方法焦虑大鼠模型采用单笼饲养且接受不确定性空瓶饮水刺激方法建立。SPF级SD雄性大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、低中高剂量帕罗西汀组(帕罗西汀3 mg/kg、6 mg/kg、12 mg/kg)、Akt抑制剂组(Akt抑制剂Perifosine 20 mg/kg+帕罗西汀12 mg/kg),每组6只。观察大鼠攻击、探究、修饰行为;高架十字迷宫(EPM)试验记录大鼠进入开放臂次数(OE)、进入开放臂时间(OT)、进入封闭臂次数(CE)、进入封闭臂时间(CT)、向下探究次数(HD),并计算OE+CE、OE比例(OE%)、OT比例(OT%);实时荧光定量PCR法(qRT-PCR)和免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测大鼠海马组织中Akt、GSK3β、CREB mRNA及蛋白水平。结果与对照组比较,模型组大鼠毛色干枯无光、粗糙,易被激怒,探究行为、修饰行为、攻击行为水平升高(P<0.05),OE+CE、OE%、OT%、HD水平降低(P<0.05),p-Akt/Akt、p-GSK3β/GSK3β、p-CREB/CREB蛋白水平均降低(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,低中高剂量帕罗西汀组、Akt抑制剂组大鼠给药后状态均有不同程度改善,毛色逐渐光泽,活动变多,探究行为、修饰行为、攻击行为水平降低(P<0.05),OE+CE、OE%、OT%、HD水平升高(P<0.05),p-Akt/Akt、p-GSK3β/GSK3β、p-CREB/CREB蛋白水平均升高(P<0.05)。且帕罗西汀处理基础上使用Akt抑制剂可部分逆转帕罗西汀对Akt/GSK3β/CREB通路的激活作用及对焦虑样行为的改善作用。结论帕罗西汀可通过激活海马组织中Akt/GSK3β/CREB通路,改善大鼠焦虑样行为。

基于PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β信号通路探讨EA改善APP/PS1双转基因小鼠认知功能障碍的内在机制

目的探讨鞣花酸(ellagicacid,EA)对APP/PS1双转基因小鼠认知功能的影响,并基于磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B/糖原合成酶激酶-3(PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β)信号通路探讨鞣花酸对双转基因小鼠海马氧化应激水平的调节机制。方法将32只SPF级6月龄APP/PS1双转基因小鼠随机分为4组,即APP/PS1组、APP/PS1+EA组、APP/PS1+LY294002组、APP/PS1+EA+LY294002组,每组8只,另外选取8只SPF级C57BL/6J野生型小鼠(Wildtype)作为空白对照组,即WT组。APP/PS1+EA组给予50mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)灌胃EA;APP/PS1+LY294002组予以1.5mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)腹腔注射PI3K抑制剂LY294002;APP/PS1+EA+LY294002组予以50mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)灌胃EA,同时按1.5mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)腹腔注射LY294002;WT组和APP/PS1组于相同时间点灌胃等体积10%二甲基亚砜(DMSO)。每日给药1次,连续给药60天。Morris水迷宫检测小鼠学习和记忆能力,免疫组化、蛋白免疫印迹法检测PI3K、AKT、GSK-3β相关蛋白的表达,透射电镜观察小鼠海马组织超微结构变化。结果与WT组相比,其他四组的逃避潜伏期均增长(P<0.05),穿越平台次数明显减少(P<0.01);APP/PS1组、APP/PS1+LY294002组和APP/PS1+EA+LY294002组中的PI3K、AKT蛋白表达量显著降低(P<0.01),GSK-3β表达量显著升高(P<0.01);APP/PS1+EA组的PI3K表达量降低(P<0.05),AKT表达量显著降低(P<0.01),GSK-3β表达量升高(P<0.05);与WT组相比,APP/PS1组海马神经元细胞数目较少,线粒体结构破坏,大部分线粒体出现肿胀,线粒体的内膜和外模不完整,部分线粒体嵴消失,微管、微丝缠结,排列紊乱,而APP/PS1+EA组神经元细胞数较APP/PS1组增多,线粒体结构较清晰,可见清楚的线粒体嵴,线粒体轻度水肿。微管、微丝排列较整齐有序。结论鞣花酸改善AD模型小鼠的学习和记忆能力、减少海马神经元细胞损伤和凋亡,其作用机制可能是通过调节PI3K、AKT、GSK-3β等相关蛋白降低AD模型小鼠海马氧化应激水平。

Yes相关蛋白(YAP)通过激活PI3K/AKT通路促进皮肤鳞状细胞癌细胞侵袭和迁移

目的探讨Yes相关蛋白(YAP)在皮肤鳞状细胞癌(cSCC)中表达及与cSCC侵袭和迁移中的作用。方法通过免疫组织化学染色法检测cSCC、鲍温病(BD)、癌旁正常皮肤组织中YAP的表达水平,并分析与临床病理参数之间的关系;利用慢病毒转染构建YAP基因敲低的A431稳定细胞株,利用四甲基罗丹明标记的鬼笔环肽检测A431细胞微丝分布和数量,Transwell TM实验检测细胞侵袭能力,划痕实验检测A431细胞的迁移能力;免疫荧光细胞化学染色法观察敲低YAP后上皮间质转化(EMT)相关标志物上皮钙黏素(E-cadherin)、锌指转录因子Snail的表达;Western blot法检测E-cadherin、Snail、β-catenin、磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)、蛋白激酶B(AKT)、磷酸化的蛋白激酶B(p-AKT)、核糖体蛋白S6(S6)、磷酸化S6(p-S6)、4E结合蛋白1(4EBP1)、磷酸化的4EBP1(p-4EBP1)的表达。结果YAP在cSCC和BD中表达显著高于癌旁正常皮肤组织;cSCC中YAP高表达与肿瘤大小、分化程度、侵袭程度密切相关,与患者的性别、年龄、发病部位、形态类型、是否神经脉管侵犯不相关;敲低A431细胞中YAP后,肿瘤细胞的侵袭、迁移能力降低,细胞微丝变细、伪足变少;E-cadherin表达增加,Snail和β-catenin蛋白表达降低,p-AKT、p-S6及p-4EBP1蛋白表达降低。结论YAP在cSCC中高表达,YAP激活PI3K/AKT信号通路促进cSCC的侵袭、迁移及EMT过程。

SREBP2及PI3K/Akt/mTORC2在喉癌中的表达及相关性研究

目的探究磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(AKT)/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白C2(mTORC2)信号通路分子及人胆固醇调节元件结合蛋白2(SREBP2)分子在喉癌组织中的表达情况。方法选取本院2019年1月至2022年6月收治的原发性喉癌患者60例,取其肿瘤组织及癌旁组织样本,以免疫组织化学法测定PI3K、AKT、mTORC2及SREBP2表达情况并进行比较。结果肿瘤组织PI3K(88.3%vs.40.0%)、AKT(76.7%vs.31.7%)、mTORC2(78.3%vs.21.7%)、SERBP2(65.0%vs.8.3%)阳性表达率高于癌旁组织,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。肿瘤直径大于或等于3 cm患者AKT、mTORC2、SERBP2阳性表达率高于肿瘤直径小于3 cm患者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);临床分期Ⅲ~Ⅳ期患者AKT、SERBP2阳性表达率高于Ⅰ~Ⅱ期患者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同分化程度患者mTORC2、SERBP2阳性表达率比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。PI3K、AKT、mTORC2、SERBP2阳性表达患者2年生存率低于阴性表达患者,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论喉癌患者肿瘤组织中PI3K/AKT/mTORC2信号通路分子及SREBP2均呈高表达,与肿瘤直径、临床分期及分化程度有相关性,是潜在的喉癌靶向代谢重编程治疗的靶点。

马钱苷调节AKT/AMPK/Nrf2通路改善氧葡萄糖剥夺/复氧诱导的神经元铁死亡的机制研究

目的:探讨马钱苷通过调节蛋白激酶B(AKT)/腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)/核因子-E2相关因子2(Nrf2)通路改善氧葡萄糖剥夺/复氧(OGD/R)诱导的神经元铁死亡的机制。方法:将神经元分为对照组、OGD/R组、OGD/R+L-马钱苷组、OGD/R+M-马钱苷组、OGD/R+H-马钱苷组、OGD/R+H-马钱苷+ML385组。透射电子显微镜观察神经元线粒体形态;检测铁含量、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(GPX4)活性、4-羟基壬烯醛(4-HNE)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)/氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG),还原型辅酶Ⅱ(NADPH)/辅脱氢酶Ⅱ(NADP^(+))及乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)含量;使用CM-H2DCFDA、C11-BODIPY581/591分别检测细胞内和脂质活性氧(ROS)水平;四唑盐(MTT)试剂盒检测细胞活性;蛋白免疫印迹法(Western Blot)检测B细胞淋巴瘤2(Bcl-2)、Bcl相关X蛋白(Bax)、剪切的半胱天冬氨酸蛋白酶3(cleaved Caspase-3)、磷酸化的蛋白激酶B(p-AKT)/AKT、磷酸化的腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(p-AMPK)/AMPK、Nrf2蛋白表达。结果:OGD/R组神经元线粒体出现碎片化现象,嵴减少,线粒体膜密度有所增加。与对照组比较,OGD/R组GSH/GSSG、NADPH/NADP^(+)、SOD、GPX4相对活性、细胞活力以及Bcl-2水平、p-AKT/AKT、p-AMPK/AMPK、Nrf2水平下降(P<0.05),Fe^(2+)含量、细胞内ROS水平、脂质ROS水平以及4-HNE、MDA水平、LDH释放量、Bax以及cleaved Caspase-3水平上升(P<0.05);马钱苷处理后神经元线粒体中的线粒体嵴变得较为完整,碎片化现象消失,OGD/R+L-马钱苷组、OGD/R+M-马钱苷组、OGD/R+H-马钱苷组较OGD/R组GSH/GSSG、NADPH/NADP^(+)、SOD、GPX4相对活性、细胞活力以及Bcl-2水平、p-AKT/AKT、p-AMPK/AMPK、Nrf2水平上升(P<0.05),Fe^(2+)含量、细胞内ROS水平、脂质ROS水平以及4-HNE、MDA水平、LDH释放量、Bax以及cleaved Caspase-3水平下降(P<0.05),且随着马钱苷剂量的增加,改善效果更显著;OGD/R+H-马钱苷+ML385组以上指标与OGD/R组趋势一致。结论:马钱苷可能通过调节AKT/AMPK/Nrf2通路改善OGD/R诱导的神经元铁死亡。

栀子苷调节PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路在动脉粥样硬化形成过程中对Th17/Treg功能的影响

目的:观察栀子苷对载脂蛋白E缺乏(ApoE^(-/-))小鼠Th17/调节性T(Treg)细胞失衡的影响及其作用机制。方法:将50只纯合子ApoE^(-/-)雌性小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和栀子苷低剂量组、栀子苷中剂量组、栀子苷高剂量组。对照组小鼠喂养普通饲料,模型组和栀子苷组小鼠喂养高脂饲料。从第8周开始,栀子苷各剂量组每日灌胃栀子苷(25、50、100 mg/kg),连续8周。试验结束时,采用油红O染色评估主动脉及其根部动脉粥样硬化(AS)病变面积比。采用定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)分析主动脉组织肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素(IL)-6、IL-17A和IL-10 mRNA表达;采用流式细胞仪分析脾脏中Th17和Treg细胞百分比;蛋白免疫印迹法(Western Blot)检测主动脉组织磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(AKT)/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信号通路相关蛋白表达。结果:油红O染色病变显示,栀子苷中剂量组、栀子苷高剂量组病变百分比低于模型组(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,模型组主动脉TNF-α、IL-6和IL-17A mRNA表达水平升高(P<0.05);栀子苷各剂量组主动脉TNF-α、IL-6和IL-17A mRNA表达水平降低(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,模型组主动脉抗炎细胞因子IL-10 mRNA表达水平降低(P<0.05);栀子苷各剂量组主动脉抗炎细胞因子IL-10 mRNA表达水平升高(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,模型组小鼠脾脏中Th17细胞百分比升高,Treg细胞百分比降低(P<0.05)。栀子苷处理恢复了AS小鼠Th17和Treg细胞的平衡。栀子苷抑制PI3K的表达及AKT和mTOR的磷酸化,MHY1485(mTOR活化剂)减弱了栀子苷对T细胞分化的影响。结论:栀子苷抗AS作用机制可能与抑制PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号引起的Treg细胞增多和Th17细胞减少有关。