Tacolimus Postconditioning Alleviates Apoptotic Cell Death in Rats after Spinal Cord Ischemia-reperfusion Injury via Up-regulating Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases Phosphorylation

The effects of tacrolimus postconditioning on protein-serine-threonine kinases （Akt） phos- phorylation and apoptotic cell death in rats after spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury were investi- gated. Ninety male SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group, ischemia-reperfusion group and tacrolimus postconditioning group. The model of spinal cord ischemia was established by means of catheterization through femoral artery and balloon dilatation. The spinal cord was reperfused 20 min after ischemia via removing saline out of balloon. The corresponding spinal cord segments were excised and determined for Akt activity in spinal cord tissue by using Western blotting at 5, 15, and 60 min after reperfusion respectively. Spinal cord tissue sections were stained immunohistochemically for detection of the phosphorylated Akt expression at 15 min after reperfusion. Flow cytometry was applied to assess apoptosis of neural cells, and dry-wet weights method was employed to measure water content in spinal cord tissue at 24 h after reperfusion. The results showed that the activities of Akt in tarcolimus postconditioning group were significantly higher than those in ischemia-reperfusion group at 5, 15, and 60 min after reperfusion （P〈0.05, P〈0.01）. The Akt activities reached the peak at 15 min after reperfu- sion in ischemia-reperfusion group and tacrolimus postconditioning group. The percentage of apoptotic cells and water content in spinal cord tissue were significantly reduced （P〈0.01） in tacrolimus postcon- ditioning group as compared with those in ischemia-reperfusion group at 24 h after reperfusion. It is concluded that tacrolimus postconditioning can increase Akt activity in spinal cord tissue of rats, inhibit apoptosis of neural cells as well as tissue edema, and thereby alleviate spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury.

A review on potential heterocycles for the treatment of glioblastoma targeting receptor tyrosine kinases

Glioblastoma,the most aggressive form of brain tumor,poses significant challenges in terms of treatment success and patient survival.Current treatment modalities for glioblastoma include radiation therapy,surgical intervention,and chemotherapy.Unfortunately,the median survival rate remains dishearteningly low at 12–15 months.One of the major obstacles in treating glioblastoma is the recurrence of tumors,making chemotherapy the primary approach for secondary glioma patients.However,the efficacy of drugs is hampered by the presence of the blood-brain barrier and multidrug resistance mechanisms.Consequently,considerable research efforts have been directed toward understanding the underlying signaling pathways involved in glioma and developing targeted drugs.To tackle glioma,numerous studies have examined kinase-downstream signaling pathways such as RAS-RAF-MEKERK-MPAK.By targeting specific signaling pathways,heterocyclic compounds have demonstrated efficacy in glioma therapeutics.Additionally,key kinases including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K),serine/threonine kinase,cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase(CTK),receptor tyrosine kinase(RTK)and lipid kinase(LK)have been considered for investigation.These pathways play crucial roles in drug effectiveness in glioma treatment.Heterocyclic compounds,encompassing pyrimidine,thiazole,quinazoline,imidazole,indole,acridone,triazine,and other derivatives,have shown promising results in targeting these pathways.As part of this review,we propose exploring novel structures with low toxicity and high potency for glioma treatment.The development of these compounds should strive to overcome multidrug resistance mechanisms and efficiently penetrate the blood-brain barrier.By optimizing the chemical properties and designing compounds with enhanced drug-like characteristics,we can maximize their therapeutic value and minimize adverse effects.Considering the complex nature of glioblastoma,these novel structures should be rigorously tested and evaluated for their efficacy and safety profiles.

Mouse KL2 is a unique MTSE involved in chromosome-based spindle organization and regulated by multiple kinases during female meiosis

Microtubule-severing enzymes(MTSEs)play important roles in mitosis and meiosis of the primitive organisms.However,their roles in mammalian female meiosis,which accounts for over 80%of gamete-originated human reproductive diseases,remain unexplored.In the current study,we reported that katanin-like 2(KL2)was the only MTSE concentrating at chromosomes.Furthermore,the knockdown of KL2 significantly reduced the chromosome-based increase in the microtubule(MT)polymer,increased aberrant kinetochore-MT(K-MT)attachment,delayed meiosis,and severely affected normal fertility.We demonstrated that the inhibition of aurora B,a key kinase for correcting aberrant K-MT attachment,significantly eliminated KL2 expression from chromosomes.Additionally,KL2 interacted with phosphorylated eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase,and they competed for chromosome binding.Phosphorylated KL2 was also localized at spindle poles,with its phosphorylation regulated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2.In summary,the current study reveals a novel function of MTSEs in mammalian female meiosis and demonstrates that multiple kinases coordinate to regulate the levels of KL2 at chromosomes.

Genome-wide identification of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases in pear and their functional analysis in response to black spot

The mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)cascade is crucial to plant growth,development,and stress responses.MAPK kinases(MAPKK)play a vital role in linking upstream MAPKK kinases(MAPKKK)with the downstream MAPK.Black spot is one of the most serious fungal diseases of pear which is an important part of the fruit industry in China.The MAPKK genes have been identified in many plants,however,none has been reported in pear(Pyrus bretschneideri).In order to explore whether MAPK gene of pear is related to black spot disease,we designed this experiment.The present study investigated eight putative PbrMAPKK genes obtained from the Chinese white pear genome.The phylogenetic analysis revealed that PbrMAPKK genes were divided into A,B,C,and D groups.These PbrMAPKK genes are randomly distributed on 7 out of 17 chromosomes and mainly originated from the whole-genome duplication(WGD)event.The expression analysis of PbrMAPKK genes in seven pear tissues and the leaves of susceptible and resistant varieties after Alternaria alternata infection by quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)identified seven candidate genes associated with resistance.Furthermore,virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS)indicated that PbrMAPKK6 gene enhanced resistance to pear black spot disease in pear.

Risk of hepatitis B virus reactivation in oncological patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors:A case report and literature analysis

Hepatitis B virus(HBV)reactivation(HBVr)represents a severe and potentially life-threatening condition,and preventive measures are available through blood test screening or prophylactic therapy administration.The assessment of HBVr traditionally considers factors such as HBV profile,including hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen,along with type of medication(chemotherapy;immunomodulants).Nevertheless,consideration of possible patient’s underlying tumor and the specific malignancy type(solid or hematologic)plays a crucial role and needs to be assessed for decision-making process.

Present and prospect of transarterial chemoembolization combined with tyrosine kinase inhibitor and PD-1 inhibitor for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma

In this editorial,we comment on the article(World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024;16:1236-1247),which is a retrospective study of transarterial chemoembolization(TACE)combined with multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor(TKI)and programmed cell death protein-1(PD-1)inhibitor for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Herein,we focus specifically on the mechanisms of this triple therapy,administration sequence and selection of each medication,and implications for future clinical trials.Based on the interaction mechanisms between medications,the triple therapy of TACE+TKI+PD-1 is proposed to complement the deficiency of each monotherapy,and achieve synergistic antitumor effects.Although this triple therapy has been evaluated by several retrospective trials,it is still controversial whether the triple therapy achieves better clinical benefits,due to the flawed study design and heterogeneity in medications.In addition,the administration sequence,which may greatly affect the clinical benefit,needs to be fully considered at clinical decision-making for obtaining better prognosis.We hope that this editorial could contribute to the design and optimization of future trials.

Advanced Lung Adenocarcinoma with EGFR 19-del Mutation Transformed into SCC after EGFR-tyrosine Kinase inhibitors Treatment:A Case report

BACKGROUND Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors(EGFR-TKIs)significantly improve the survival of patients with Epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)sensitive mutations in non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).CASE SUMMARY A 67-year-old female patient in advanced lung adenocarcinoma suffered from drug resistance after EGFR-TKIs treatment.Secondary pathological tissue biopsy confirmed squamous cell carcinoma(SCC)transformation.Patients inevitably encountered drug resistance issues after receiving EGFR-TKIs treatment for a certain period of time,while EGFR-TKIs can significantly improve the survival of patients with EGFR-sensitive mutations in NSCLC.Notably,EGFR-TKIs resistance includes primary and acquired.Pathological transformation is one of the mechanisms of acquired resistance in EGFR-TKIs,with SCC transformation being relatively rare.Our results provide more detailed results of the patient’s diagnosis and treatment process on SCC transformation after EGFR-TKIs treatment for lung adenocarcinoma.CONCLUSION Squamous cell carcinoma transformation is one of the acquired resistance mechanisms of EGFR-TKIs in advanced lung adenocarcinoma with EGFR mutations.

Game changer:How Janus kinase inhibitors are reshaping the landscape of ulcerative colitis mana

Recent advancements in the treatment landscape of ulcerative colitis(UC)have ushered in a new era of possibilities,particularly with the introduction of Janus kinase(JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription inhibitors.These novel agents offer a paradigm shift in UC management by targeting key signaling pathways involved in inflammatory processes.With approved JAK inhibitors(JAKis),such as tofacitinib,filgotinib,and upadacitinib,clinicians now have powerful tools to modulate immune responses and gene expression,potentially revolutionizing the treatment algorithm for UC.Clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of JAKis in inducing and maintaining remission,presenting viable options for patients who have failed conventional therapies.Real-world data support the use of JAKis not only as first-line treatments but also in subsequent lines of therapy,particularly in patients with aggressive disease phenotypes or refractory to biologic agents.The rapid onset of action and potency of JAKis have broadened the possibilities in the management strategies of UC,offering timely relief for patients with active disease and facilitating personalized treatment approaches.Despite safety concerns,including cardiovascular risks and infections,ongoing research and post-marketing surveillance will continue to refine our understanding of the risk-benefit profile of JAKis in UC management.

Effects of invigorating-spleen and anticancer prescription on extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in colon cancer mice model

BACKGROUND Colon cancer(CC)is one of the most common malignant tumors in the gastrointestinal system.Overall,CC had the third highest incidence but the second highest mortality rate globally in 2020.Nowadays,CC is mainly treated with capecitabine chemotherapy regimen,supplemented by radiotherapy,immunotherapy and targeted therapy,but there are still limitations,so Chinese medicine plays an important role.AIM To investigate the effects of invigorating-spleen and anticancer prescription(ISAP)on body weight,tumor inhibition rate and expression levels of proteins in extracellular-signal-regulated kinase(ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)signaling pathway in CC mice model.METHODS The CC mice model were established and the mice were randomly divided into 5 groups,including the control group,capecitabine group,the low-dose,mediumdose and high-dose groups of ISAP,with 8 mice in each group,respectively.After 2 weeks of intervention,the body weight and tumor inhibition rate of mice were observed,and the expression of RAS,ERK,phosphorylated ERK(p-ERK),C-MYC and matrix metalloproteinase 2(MMP2)proteins in the tissues of tumors were detected.RESULTS Compared with the control group,the differences of body weight before and after treatment was much smaller in the groups of ISAP,with the smallest difference in the high-dose group of ISAP,while the capecitabine group had the greatest difference,indicating ISAP had a significant inhibiting effect on the growth of transplanted tumor in mice.The expression of RAS protein was decreased in the low-and medium-dose groups of ISAP,and the change of p-ERK was significant in the medium-and high-dose groups of ISAP.MMP2 protein expression was significantly decreased in both the low-dose and medium-dose groups of ISAP.There were no significant changes in ERK in the ISAP group compared to the capecitabine group,while RAS,MMP2,and C-MYC protein expression were reduced in the ISAP group.The expression level of C-MYC protein decreased after treated with ISAP,and the decrease was the most significant in the medium-dose group of ISAP.CONCLUSION ISAP has a potential inhibiting effect on transplanted tumor in mice,and could maintain the general conditions,physical strength and body weight of mice.The expression levels of RAS,p-ERK,MMP2 and c-myc were also decreased to a certain extent.By inhibiting the expression of upstream proteins,the expression levels of downstream proteins in ERK/MAPK signaling pathway were significantly decreased.Therefore,it can be concluded that ISAP may exert an anti-tumor effect by blocking the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway and inhibiting the expression of MMP2 and c-myc proteins.

Advances in MET tyrosine kinase inhibitors in gastric cancer

Gastric cancer is among the most frequently occurring cancers and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally.Because gastric cancer is highly heterogenous and comprised of different subtypes with distinct molecular and clinical characteristics,the management of gastric cancer calls for better-defined,biomarker-guided,molecular-based treatment strategies.MET is a receptor tyrosine kinase mediating important physiologic processes,such as embryogenesis,tissue regeneration,and wound healing.However,mounting evidence suggests that aberrant MET pathway activation contributes to tumour proliferation and metastasis in multiple cancer types,including gastric cancer,and is associated with poor patient outcomes.As such,MET-targeting therapies are being actively developed and promising progress has been demonstrated,especially with MET tyrosine kinase inhibitors.This review aims to briefly introduce the role of MET alterations in gastric cancer and summarize in detail the current progress of MET tyrosine kinase inhibitors in this disease area with a focus on savolitinib,tepotinib,capmatinib,and crizotinib.Building on current knowledge,this review further discusses existing challenges in MET alterations testing,possible resistance mechanisms to MET inhibitors,and future directions of MET-targeting therapies.

Diabetes and high-glucose could upregulate the expression of receptor for activated C kinase 1 in retina

BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a major ocular complication of diabetes mellitus,leading to visual impairment.Retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)injury is a key component of the outer blood retinal barrier,and its damage is an important indicator of DR.Receptor for activated C kinase 1(RACK1)activates protein kinase C-ε(PKC-ε)to promote the generation of reactive oxygen species(ROS)in RPE cells,leading to apoptosis.Therefore,we hypothesize that the activation of RACK1 under hypoxic/high-glucose conditions may promote RPE cell apoptosis by modulating PKC-ε/ROS,thereby disrupting the barrier effect of the outer blood retinal barrier and contributing to the progression of DR.AIM To investigate the role and associated underlying mechanisms of RACK1 in the development of early DR.METHODS In this study,Sprague-Dawley rats and adult RPE cell line-19(ARPE-19)cells were used as in vivo and in vitro models,respectively,to explore the role of RACK1 in mediating PKC-εin early DR.Furthermore,the impact of RACK1 on apoptosis and barrier function of RPE cells was also investigated in the former model.RESULTS Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats showed increased apoptosis and upregulated expression of RACK1 and PKC-εproteins in RPE cells following a prolonged modeling.Similarly,ARPE-19 cells exposed to high glucose and hypoxia displayed elevated mRNA and protein levels of RACK1 and PKC-ε,accompanied by an increases in ROS production,apoptosis rate,and monolayer permeability.However,silencing RACK1 significantly downregulated the expression of PKC-εand ROS,reduced cell apoptosis and permeability,and protected barrier function.CONCLUSION RACK1 plays a significant role in the development of early DR and might serve as a potential therapeutic target for DR by regulating RPE apoptosis and barrier function.

Detection of LAMA2 c.715C>G:p.R239G mutation in a newborn with raised creatine kinase: A case report

BACKGROUND We report a rare case of primary clinical presentation featuring elevated creatine kinase(CK)levels in a neonate,which is associated with the LAMA2 gene.In this case,a heterozygous mutation in exon5 of the LAMA2 gene,c.715C>G(resulting in a change of nucleotide number 715 in the coding region from cytosine to gua-nine),induced an amino acid alteration p.R239G(No.239)in the patient,repre-senting a missense mutation.This observation may be elucidated by the neonatal creatine monitoring mechanism,a phenomenon not previously reported.CASE SUMMARY We analysed the case of a neonate presenting solely with elevated CK levels who was eventually discharged after supportive treatment.The chief complaint was identification of increased CK levels for 15 d and higher CK values for 1 d.Ad-mission occurred at 18 d of age,and despite prolonged treatment with creatine and vitamin C,the elevated CK levels showed limited improvement.Whole exo-me sequencing revealed the presence of a c.715C>G mutation in LAMA2 in the newborn,correlating with a clinical phenotype.However,the available informa-tion offers insufficient evidence for clinical pathogenicity.CONCLUSION Mutations in LAMA2 are associated with the clinical phenotype of increased neonatal CK levels,for which no specific treatment exists.Whole genome sequen-cing facilitates early diagnosis.

Wheat kinase TaSnRK2.4 forms a functional module with phosphatase TaPP2C01 and transcription factor TaABF2 to regulate drought response

SNF1-related protein kinase 2(SnRK2)family members are essential components of the plant abscisic acid(ABA)signaling pathway initiated by osmotic stress and triggering a drought stress response.This study characterized the molecular properties of TaSnRK2.4 and its function in mediating adaptation to drought in Triticum aestivum.Transcripts of TaSnRK2.4 were upregulated upon drought and ABA signaling and associated with drought-and ABA-responsive cis-elements ABRE and DRE,and MYB and MYC binding sites in the promoter as indicated by reporter GUS protein staining and activity driven by truncations of the promoter.Yeast two-hybrid,BiFC,and Co-IP assays indicated that TaSnRK2.4 protein interacts with TaPP2C01 and an ABF transcription factor(TF)TaABF2.The results suggested that TaSnRK2.4 forms a functional TaPP2C01-TaSnRK2.4-TaABF2 module with its upstream and downstream partners.Transgene analysis revealed that TaSnRK2.4 and TaABF2 positively regulate drought tolerance whereas TaPP2C01 acts negatively by modulating stomatal movement,osmotic adjustment,reactive oxygen species(ROS)homeostasis,and root morphology.Expression analysis,yeast one-hybrid,and transcriptional activation assays indicated that several osmotic stress-responsive genes,including TaSLAC1-4,TaP5CS3,TaSOD5,TaCAT1,and TaPIN4,are regulated by TaABF2.Transgene analysis verified their functions in positively regulating stomatal movement(TaSLAC1-4),proline accumulation(TaP5CS3),SOD activity(TaSOD5),CAT activity(TaCAT1),and root morphology(TaPIN4).There were high correlations between plant biomass and yield with module transcripts in a wheat variety panel cultivated under drought conditions in the field.Our findings provide insights into understanding plant drought response underlying the SnRK2 signaling pathway in common wheat.

Optimal sequential therapy using tyrosine kinase inhibitors as the first-line treatment in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: A nationwide multicenter study

Objective:The purpose of the study was to identify the best sequence of therapy beginning with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor(TKI)as the first-line therapy for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma(mRCC)in terms of overall survival(OS),progression-free survival(PFS),and rates of discontinuation and adverse effects during the treatment period.Methods:This is a retrospective,nationwide multicenter study of patients with mRCC after diagnosis at 10 different tertiary medical centers in Korea from January 1992 to December 2017.We focused on patients at either“favorable”or“intermediate”risk according to the International mRCC Database Consortium criteria,and they were followed up(median 335 days).Finally,a total of 1409 patients were selected as the study population.We generated a Cox proportional hazard model adjusted for covariates,and the different therapy schemes were statistically tested in terms of OS as well as PFS.In addition,frequencies of discontinuation and adverse events were compared among the therapy schemes.Results:Of the primary patterns of treatment sequences(24 sequences),“sunitinib epazopanib”and“sunitinibeeverolimuseimmunotherapy”showed the most beneficial results in both OS and PFS with significantly lower hazards than“sunitinib”,which is the most commonly treated agent in Korea.Considering that the“TKIeTKI”structure showed relatively higher discontinuation rates with higher adverse effects,the overall beneficial sequence would be“sunitinibeeverolimuseimmunotherapy”.Conclusion:Among several sequential therapy starting with TKIs,“sunitinibeeverolimuse immunotherapy”was found to be the best scheme for mRCC patients with“favorable”or“intermediate”risks.

Vaccinia-related kinase 2 variants differentially affect breast cancer growth by regulating kinase activity

Genetic information is transcribed from genomic DNA to mRNA,which is then translated into threedimensional proteins.mRNAs can undergo various post-transcriptional modifications,including RNA editing that alters mRNA sequences,ultimately affecting protein function.In this study,RNA editing was identified at the 499th base(c.499)of human vaccinia-related kinase 2(VRK2).This RNA editing changes the amino acid in the catalytic domain of VRK2 from isoleucine(with adenine base)to valine(with guanine base).Isoleucine-containing VRK2 has higher kinase activity than the valine-containing VRK2,which leads to an increase in tumor cell proliferation.Earlier we reported that VRK2 directly interacts with dystrobrevin-binding protein(dysbindin)and results in reducing its stability.Herein,we demonstrate that isoleucine-containing VRK2 decreases the level of dysbindin than valinecontaining VRK2.Dysbindin interacts with cyclin D and thereby regulates its expression and function.The reduction in the level of dysbindin by isoleucine-containing VRK2 further enhances the cyclin D expression,resulting in increased tumor growth and reduction in survival rates.It has also been observed that in patient samples,VRK2 level was elevated in breast cancer tissue compared to normal breast tissue.Additionally,the isoleucine form of VRK2 exhibited a greater increase in breast cancer tissue.Therefore,it is concluded that VRK2,especially dependent on the 167th variant amino acid,can be one of the indexes of tumor progression and proliferation.

Navigating treatment resistance:Janus kinase inhibitors for ulcerative colitis

The management of refractory ulcerative colitis(UC)and acute severe UC(ASUC)is challenging due to the lack of standardized approaches in cases resistant to multiple treatments.In this editorial,I investigate the efficacy and safety of Janus kinase inhibitors,particularly upadacitinib and tofacitinib,in controlling severe and refractory disease.I highlight a notable case report by Xu et al,which explores the case of a patient with primary nonresponse to two classes of biologics and two fecal microbiota transplants who exhibited a remarkable response to upadacitinib.Furthermore,I discuss the use of tofacitinib in refractory UC and ASUC,either as monotherapy or in combination with biologics,which has shown promising response rates.Additionally,emerging evidence of upadacitinib efficacy in ASUC is presented.Overall,these cases emphasize the complex nature of managing refractory ASUC and the potential of small-molecule therapies to achieve remission.Further research is needed to refine treatment strategies for patients with treatment-resistant UC.

Loss of monopolar spindle-binding protein 3B expression promotes colorectal cancer malignant behaviors by activation of target of rapamycin kinase/autophagy signaling

BACKGROUND Monopolar spindle-binding protein 3B(MOB3B)functions as a signal transducer and altered MOB3B expression is associated with the development of human cancers.AIM To investigate the role of MOB3B in colorectal cancer(CRC).METHODS This study collected 102 CRC tissue samples for immunohistochemical detection of MOB3B expression for association with CRC prognosis.After overexpression and knockdown of MOB3B expression were induced in CRC cell lines,changes in cell viability,migration,invasion,and gene expression were assayed.Tumor cell autophagy was detected using transmission electron microscopy,while nude mouse xenograft experiments were performed to confirm the in-vitro results.RESULTS MOB3B expression was reduced in CRC vs normal tissues and loss of MOB3B expression was associated with poor CRC prognosis.Overexpression of MOB3B protein in vitro attenuated the cell viability as well as the migration and invasion capacities of CRC cells,whereas knockdown of MOB3B expression had the opposite effects in CRC cells.At the molecular level,microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 II/I expression was elevated,whereas the expression of matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)2,MMP9,sequestosome 1,and phosphorylated mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase(mTOR)was downregulated in MOB3B-overexpressing RKO cells.In contrast,the opposite results were observed in tumor cells with MOB3B knockdown.The nude mouse data confirmed these in-vitro findings,i.e.,MOB3B expression suppressed CRC cell xenograft growth,whereas knockdown of MOB3B expression promoted the growth of CRC cell xenografts.CONCLUSION Loss of MOB3B expression promotes CRC development and malignant behaviors,suggesting a potential tumor suppressive role of MOB3B in CRC by inhibition of mTOR/autophagy signaling.

Navigating the complex terrain of hepatitis B virus reactivation in the era of Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors

In this editorial,we offer a summary of the risk associated with hepatitis B reactivation(HBVr)in the setting of both solid and hematologic malignancies treated with Bruton tyrosine kinase(BTK)inhibitors,with insights derived from current studies.Furthermore,we emphasize the critical need for a framework regarding robust risk evaluation in patients undergoing such treatments.This framework is essential for identifying those at increased risk of HBVr,enabling healthcare providers to implement proactive measures to prevent reactivation and ensure the safe administration of BTK inhibitor therapy.

Primary anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive large B-cell lymphoma of the left bulbar conjunctiva: A case report

BACKGROUND Anaplastic lymphoma kinase(ALK)-positive large B-cell lymphoma(LBCL)is an aggressive and rare variant of diffuse LBCL.Herein,we report an uncommon case of stage IE extranodal ALK-positive LBCL initially originating in the bulbar con-junctiva.CASE SUMMARY A 63-year-old woman presented with a mass in the left bulbar conjunctiva that had persisted for six months,accompanied by swelling and pain that had per-sisted for 3 d.Eye examination revealed an 8 mm slightly elevated pink mass in the lower conjunctival sac of the left eye.Microscopically,the tumor was com-posed of large immunoblastic and plasmablastic large lymphoid cells with scattered anaplastic or multinucleated large cells.Immunophenotypically,the neoplastic cells were positive for ALK,CD10,CD138,Kappa,MUM1,BOB.1,OCT-2,CD4,CD45,EMA,CD79a,CD38,and AE1/AE3,and negative for CD20,PAX5,Lambda,BCL6,CD30 and all other T-cell antigens.The results of gene rearrangement tests showed monoclonal IGH/IGK/IGL and TCRD rearran-gements.Fluorescence in situ hybridization studies did not reveal any BCL2,BCL6 or MYC rearrangements.Furthermore,Epstein-Barr virus was not detected by in situ hybridization in the lesions.Based on the histopathological and imaging examinations,the neoplasm was classified as stage IE ALK-positive LBCL.No further treatments were administered.At the 6,15,and 21 mo postoperative follow-up visits,the patient was in good condition,without obvious discomfort.This case represents the first example of primary extranodal ALK-positive LBCL presenting as a bulbar conjunctival mass,which is extremely rare and shares morphological and immunohistochemical features with a variety of other neo-plasms that can result in misdiagnosis.CONCLUSION Awareness of the condition presented in this case report is necessary for early and accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Crosslink among cyclin-dependent kinase 9,ATP binding cassette transporter G2 and Beclin 1 in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer(CRC)ranks third in the number of cancers mainly because of the inability to diagnose it at an early stage.The pathogenesis of CRC is complicated,which is the result of the complex interaction of multiple genetic and environmental factors.Currently,one of the main treatments for CRC is chemotherapy.But the primary cause of CRC treatment failure is drug resistance.The expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 9(CDK9)was correlated with elevated autophagy levels in colon cancer,and high expression of CDK9 indicates a poor prognosis in CRC.The incidence of autophagy and the expressions of Beclin 1 and ATP binding cassette transporter G2 are different in left and right colon cancer,and autophagy may be involved in the occurrence of chemotherapy resistance.In this article,the roles of CDK9,ATP binding cassette transporter G2 and Beclin 1 in CRC were elucidated,emphasizing the linkages among them and providing potential therapeutic targets of CRC.