Climate Induced Virus Generated Communicable Diseases:Management Issues and Failures

In the present review article human diseases caused by various groups of pathogens have been explained with its etiology,epidemiology and treatment.In addition,effect of climatic changes on parasites and pathogens has been demarcated with rising incidences of diseases.In response to environmental changes,mainly external and internal microenvironment of body and drug regimens taken by patients;virus is regularly changing its form and new mutant variants are coming out.These are circulating in many Indian states and cross border countries and causing high infectivity and mortality in human patients.These variants with new mutations are challenging existing drugs and other prophylactic measures and massively disrupting functions of a tissue,organ,or entire organism.Diseases caused by viruses are showing new trends in virulence,with high infectivity,morbidity and mortality.Due to climatic effect and drug resistance and new mutations in pathogens disease burden has been exacerbated enormously at global level.In all cases of helminthes,protozoan’s,fungi,bacteria,virus pathogens and parasites available drug structure seem to be failed or their usefulness has been much reduced due to evolution of new mutant variants with multiple drug resistance.There are serious failures at the level of operation,management and control of disease.The utmost failure is due to lack of appropriate vaccine,drug regimens,clinical care and awareness among people.These are major reasons that is why diseases become uncontrolled and unmanageable.

Incidence of toxoplasmosis in patients with cirrhosis

AIM:It is known that toxoplasmosis rarely leads to various liver pathologies,most common of which is granulomatose hepatitis in patients having normal immune systems.Patients who have cirrhosis of the liver are subject to a variety of cellular as well as humoral immunity disorders.Therefore,it may be considered that toxoplasmosis can cause more frequent and more severe diseases in patients with cirrhosis and is capable of changing the course of the disease.The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of toxoplasmosis in patients with cirrhosis. METHODS:Serum samples were taken from 108 patients with cirrhosis under observation in the Hepatology Polyclinic of the Gastroenterology Clinic,and a control group made up of 50 healthy blood donors.IFAT and ELISA methods were used to investigate the IgG and IgM antibodies,which had developed from these sera. RESULTS:Toxoplasma IgG and IgN antibody positivity was found in 74 (68.5%) of the 108 cirrhotic patients and 24 (48%) of the 50 people in the control group.The difference between them was significant (P<0.05). CONCLUSION:In conclusion,it was found that the toxopiasma sero-prevalence in the cirrhotic patients in this study was higher.Cirrhotic patients are likely to form a toxoplasma risk group.More detailed studies are needed on this subject.

The Effect of Yucca schidigera Extract on Ruminal Fermentation and Parameters Traits in Sheep

In a completely randomized block design experiment, 16 ruminally cannulated sheep （40 ±2.1 kg）fed a 50% concentrate： 50% forage diet （DM basis） were given intraruminal doses of powdered Yucca schidigera extract （YSE）. Doses of 0 （control）, 100, 200, or 300 mg kg^-1 diet were given at 8 p.m. and 4 a.m. On 15, 16, and 17 d of the experimental period, ruminal contents were sampled 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after dosing, and blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment （18th and 19th d）. Acidity was not affected （P〉0.05） by the addition of YSE. Compared with the control, ruminal propionate concentration was increased by 29.4 and 29.8% （P〉 0.05） and the acetic acid concentration was decreased by 15.1 and 19.8% （P〉0.05） at 4 and 6 h after YSE （300 mg kg^-1） dosing, respectively. Ruminal ammonia concentration in the first 2 h after feeding was higher （P〈0.05） in the sheep that did not receive YSE （increased by 17.57 mg 100 mL^-1） than in those that received 200 mg kg^-1（increased by 6.77 mg 100 mL^-1） or 300 mg kg^-1 （increased by 6.50 mg 100 mL^-1） YSE. Protozoan populations in the rumen were lower （P〈0.05） in the animals that received 300 mg kg^-1 of YSE compared with the control. All serum parameters of the four groups were in the normal range and were similar among the treatment groups （P 〉 0.05）, after being fed for 19 d with different doses of YSE. The effect of YSE on ruminal ammonia concentration likely resulted from a decreased concentration of protozoan populations and, presumably, from ammonia binding by YSE.

Monitoring bioaccumulation and toxic effects of hexachlorobenzene using the polyurethane foam unit method in the microbial communities of the Fuhe River,Wuhan

Hexachlorobenzene （HCB） is a chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon that was widely used for seed dressing in prevention of fungal growth on crops, and also as a component of fireworks, ammunition, and synthetic rubbers. Because of its resistance to degradation and mobility, HCB is widely distributed throughout the environment and is accumulated through food chains in different ecosystems. In this study, a preliminary investigation was carried out on the bioaccumulation and the toxic effects of HCB in the microbial （protozoan in particular） communities in the Fuhe River, Wuhan, a water body receiving industrial wastewaters containing HCB and other pollutants, using the standardized polyurethane foam units （PFU） method. Field samples were taken from eight stations established along the Fuhe River in January and August 2006. The concentration ratios of HCB in microbial communities and in water were 9.66-18.64, and the microbial communities accumulated 13.29-56.88 μg/L of HCB in January and 0.82-10.25 μg/L HCB in August. Correlation analysis showed a negative correlation between the HCB contents in the microbial assemblage, and the number of species and the diversity index of the protozoan communities. This study demonstrated the applicability of the PFU method in monitoring the effects of HCB on the level of microbial communities.

DETERMINANTS OF STRUCTURE IN AQUATIC NON-PELAGIC PROTOZOAN COMMUNITIES

Although microbes have traditionally been used as models for testing ecological theory, research on the organization of these communities has largely been isolated from other areas of community ecology. Early studies indicated that microbial populations can form dynamic, interacting assemblages. Observations of distributional patterns suggest that certain deterministic forces regulate community structure. It appears that protozoans are tolerant of a wide range of environmental conditions although evidence for this is largely based on gross environmental analyses. Laboratory studies have suggested the importance of negative and positive biotic interactions in determining community membership, but little field evidence for this exists. The importance of transport processes in controlling community composition is being increasingly recognized. All three types of processes likely act to regulate the colonization and successional dynamics of these communities. A simple model is presented to promote the

Authenticity of pulmonary Lophomonas blattarum infection: A case report

Pulmonary protozoal infections are rare. A 28-year-old woman was admitted to hospital with chief complains of cough, sputum, and dyspnea. The clinical laboratory tests for blood revealed an increased eosinophil percentage of 31.3%and significantly elevated total IgE. The chest computed tomography scan revealed that bilateral bronchial walls were thickening, accompanied with patchy spots scattered throughout bilateral lungs. A suspected multiflagellated protozoan was observed under a light microscope. But some different features were observed by electron microscopy, such as the orientation of flagella and nucleus. Besides, both bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and bronchoscopic brush smears underwent Gram staining and Pap staining, which revealed that numerous respiratory ciliated cells were scattered or accumulated in the sample.Finally, she was diagnosed with eosinophil pneumonia. Metronidazole,bronchodilators, and mucolytics were taken for 5 d and symptoms and pulmonary ventilation function improved. We herein report a case of chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, which was misdiagnosed as multiflagellated protozoan infection, and it is suggested that reliable diagnosis approaches are necessary,rather than clinical symptoms and morphological features.

Interleukin (IL) 5 levels and eosinophilia in patients with intestinal parasitic diseases

AIM:Intestinal parasitic diseases are commonly accompanied with diarrhoeal symptoms and allergic reactions.Eosinophilia occurs as a result of IL-5 synthesized from Th2 cells during allergic reactions.IL-5 acts as a factor activating eosinophils. The aim of this study was to compare the IL-5 cytokine measurements in serum samples and cell cultures.And also to compare eosinophilia observed in helminth infections and protozoon infections accompanied with allergy. METHODS:Twenty-three patients who presented with diarrhoeal symptoms and allergic complaints were tested positive for intestinal parasites,as well as 21 controls with allergic complaints who did not have any intestinal parasites were included in this study.IL-5 production in in vitro cell cultures prepared by using phytohemaglutinin (PHA) to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from the blood samples taken from these patients were compared with the IL-5 level in serum.Furthermore, the IL-5 production in protozoon and helminth infections was also compared.Absolute eosinophil values in 1 mm^3 of blood were calculated by means of peripheral smear in both groups within the scope of the study. RESULTS:Parasites such as helminth detected in 15 (65.2%) and protozoon in 8 (34.8%) of the patients were included in this study.As regards the values of the sera in both patients with parasite infection and controls,the IL-5 production was found to be higher in the cell culture supernatant (P<0.001 and P<0.05).When the IL-5 level of the patients with helminth parasites was compared with that of those with protozoon,it was determined that the IL-5 level in serum was more significant in the patients with protozoon than in those with helminth (P<0.05).In the study group,the patients were found to have parasites, the percentage of eosinophil was 7.0% compared to 6.5% in the control group.Thus,there was no significant difference between the eosinophil values (P>0.05). CONCLUSION:It was found that IL-5 cytokine levels in serum samples from the patients with helminth and protozoon displayed more measurable values as compared to the IL-5 levels after stimulation with mitogen.It is concluded that IL-5 acts as a triggering factor in the toxiallergic complaints commonly seen in helminth and protozoon infections.

Protozoan parasites in irritable bowel syndrome:A case-control study

AIM To investigate the putative role of protozoan parasites in the development of irritable bowel syndrome(IBS).METHODS The study included 109 IBS consecutive adult patients fulfilling the Rome Ⅲ criteria and 100 healthy control subjects. All study subjects filled a structured questionnaire, which covered demographic information and clinical data. Fresh stool samples were collected from patients and control subjects and processed within less than 2 h of collection. Iodine wet mounts and Trichrome stained smears prepared from fresh stool and sediment concentrate were microscopically examined for parasites. Blastocystis DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction, and Cryptosporidium antigens were detected by ELISA.RESULTS A total of 109 IBS patients(31 males, 78 females) with a mean age ± SD of 27.25 ± 11.58 years(range: 16-60 years) were enrolled in the study. The main IBS subtype based on the symptoms of these patients was constipation-predominant(88.7% of patients). A hundred healthy subjects(30 males, 70 females) with a mean ± SD age of 25.0 ± 9.13 years(range 18-66 years) were recruited as controls. In the IBS patients, Blastocystis DNA was detected in 25.7%, Cryptosporidium oocysts were observed in 9.2%, and Giardia cysts were observed in 11%. In the control subjects, Blastocystis, Cryptosporidium and Giardia were detected in 9%, 0%, and 1%, respectively. The difference in the presence of Blastocystis(P = 0.0034), Cryptosporidium(P = 0.0003), and Giardia(P = 0.0029) between IBS patients and controls was statistically significant by all methods used in this study.CONCLUSION Prevalence of Blastocystis, Cryptosporidium and Giardia is higher in IBS patients than in controls. These parasites are likely to have a role in the pathogenesis of IBS.

Phosphate and Nitrate Removal in a Laboratory-Scale Batch Reactor by Selected Wastewater Protozoa

Wastewater effluents containing phosphorus and nitrogen are major contributors to a variety of water pollution.The present study is therefore aimed at investigating the phosphate and nitrate removal efficiency of three wastewater protozoa(Aspidisca, Trachelophyllum and Peranema) in a laboratory-scale water treatment system.The system was made of two separate reactors(aerated and non-aerated) and

Cutaneous leishmaniasis presenting with painless ulcer on the right forearm:A case report

BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis includes a range of chronic infections in humans and animals and can be caused by more than 20 species of Leishmania protozoa.The manifestations of leishmaniasis are diverse and dependent on the immune response capacity of the host and the type of Leishmania.In East Asia,leishmaniasis is relatively rare and prone to misdiagnosis and underdiagnosis.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of a 36-year-old male with cutaneous leishmaniasis.The patient had been misdiagnosed with a bacterial skin infection and was given a dressing change and oral levofloxacin,which proved ineffective.Histopathological examination revealed amastigote(Leishman-Donovan body)in the histocytes,and nucleic acid sequencing proved that the pathogen was Leishmania major.The patient was treated successfully by regional injection of sodium gluconate(600 mg)three times.The ulcer healed and did not recur at 1.5-year follow-up.CONCLUSION Skin ulcers caused by leishmaniasis are easily misdiagnosed in non-epidemic countries,yet it should not be overlooked.

Basic biological aspects of Tritrichomonas foetus of re-levance to the treatment of bovines suffering of tricho-moniasis

Tritrichomonas foetus is a flagellate protozoan and the etiological agent of bovine genital tri-chomoniasis [1], which is an infectious vene- real disease. This parasite is usually found as- sociated with the mucosal surface of the uro- genital tract in females or the male preputial and penile membranes. In females, the clinical ma-nifestations may include abortion, with repe- tition of estrus at irregular intervals, vaginitis, cervicitis, endometritis, and pyometra. Parasi- tized males may have a discharge with small nodules in the preputial membrane. After that, the bulls have no clinical symptoms, and are thus an asymptomatic carrier that may spread the infection. Considering that a bull could cover up to twenty females [2], bovine genital trichomoniasis is a serious medical and veteri- nary problem, with economical repercussion for beef and milk production. As T. foetus is an amitochondrial and aerotolerant organism, en- ergy production under low O2 tension in the protozoan is done via hydrogenosome, which, as the name suggests, is the organelle where H2 is generated [3,4,5]. The molecular machinery of mitochondrial cell death is, therefore, absent in this parasite and the mechanism that activates of cell death program is not clear. This review seeks to understand the characteristics of the protozoan parasite T. foetus in order to propose new therapies for animals suffering from this infectious and contagious agent.

Mineral Fabrication and Golgi Apparatus Activity in <i>Spirostomum ambiguum</i>: A Primordial Paradigm of the Stressed Bone Cell?

The histological basis for acute osteocyte mechanosensitivity remains uncertain. A novel bone cell model of mechanotransduction and inorganic trafficking may be the powerful, silt-burrowing protozoan Spirostomum ambiguum which when being physically challenged fabricates within vesicles populations of bone-like calcium phosphate microspheres, about 1 μm in diameter. These not only attribute considerable compression-resilience but also resemble the Golgi-directed mineral assemblies we recently reported in osteocytes. Advantageously, calcification in the protozoan (confirmed by ultramicroscopy with EDX elemental microanalysis) enabled Golgi comparison under overt, natural phases of both high (i.e. silt-tunnelling) and low (i.e free-swimming) stress. Established hard-tissue microscopy techniques previously positive in bone cells included quantitative fluorescent tetracycline labelling for bone salt together with the same metazoan Golgi body marker (Green Fluorescent Protein-tagged mannosidase II construct). Organellar modulation was monitored by transfection of live organisms in situ (some post-stained with red nuclear fluorochrome TOPRO-3). Results showed that GFP-tagged Golgi fluorescence increased from swimmers (mean 74.5 ± SD 6.7 AU) to burrowers (mean 104.6 ± SD 2.7;p < 0.0001) synchronous with juxtanuclear tetracycline-labelled mineral fluorescence (swimmers, mean 89.7 ± SD 3.3 AU;burrowers, mean 138.0 ± SD 4.0;p < 0.0001). Intracellular dense microspheres, single or bridged, were harvested as pellets rich in Ca, P (Ca:P 0.98) and Si, their polarised alignment moving from transaxial in swimmers to axial in burrowers. It was concluded that Golgi-directed mineral fabrication in the large, accessible, silt-enclosed ciliate resembles that in the smaller, less-accessible bone cell and may be a conserved early mechanobiological intracellular development predicating force translation into compression-resistant mineral fabrication in loaded segments of the osteocyte syncitium.

Pathogenic bacterium Vibrio harveyi: an endosymbiont in the marine parasitic ciliate protozoan Cryptocaryon irritans

Vibrio harveyi, known as a pathogenic bacterium caused severe secondary bacterial infections of the large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea, was identified as an endosymbiont in the marine parasitic ciliate protozoan Cryptocaryon irritans. Meta 16 S sequencing method was used to identify the bacterial flora in C. irritans, and V.harveyi was isolated via culture-dependent method. Vibrio harveyi was observed in cytoplasm of C. irritans at the stage of tomont both by transmission electron microscopy and by Fluorescence in situ hybridization; no signal,however, was detected in nucleus area. The relationship between V. harveyi and C. irritans and the role of endosymbiotic V. harveyi in C. irritans merit further investigation.

Protozoan colonization on artificial substrates in relation to water quality in a tropical Indian harbour

A field study was conducted to evaluate the protozoan colonization patterns on artificial substrates in relation to organic pollution within a tropical harbour. The composition of protozoans and their succession rates on artificial substrates(polyurethane foam units) were compared between two field stations(A and B), and their presence were considered with regards to the prevailing water quality conditions at the study sites. Altogether 44 genera of flagellates and ciliates were documented. The common genera of flagellates encountered included Monas, Polytoma, and Chromalina. Among the ciliates, the predominant genera were Tetrahymena, Vorticella, Lagynophyra, and Heloiphyra. These groups exhibited characteristic successional patterns in relation to ambient water quality. At Station A, located close to the sewage outfall, the water quality parameters included poor Secchi disc transparency(0.48m), dissolved oxygen of 1.93 mg/ml, salinity of 18 psu, and temperature 31.3 ℃. Here, the nanoflagellates( spumella ) colonized first, followed by microcilliate( Tetrahymena ) and sessile form( Vorticella ). Station B, located on the seaward side, was characterized by relatively less stressed environmental conditions with transparency 1.85m and dissolved oxygen value of 6 04 mg/ml. Salinity of 27.27 psu, and mean temperature of 30 ℃ were recorded at “B'. At this station, the nanoflagellate Polytoma was first documented to colonize on the substrates, followed by microcilliate( Lagynophrya ) and suctorid( Heliophyra ). These findings support the use of protozoans as indicator species for evaluating the hazards posed by organic pollution to natural estuarine communities.

Follicular helper T lymphocytes in health and disease

A correct antibody response requires the participation of both B and T lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells. In this review we address the role of follicular helper T lymphocytes(T FH) in this reaction. We shall focus on the regulation of their development and function in health and disease. T FH can be characterized on the basis of their phenotype and the pattern of secretion of cytokines. This fact is useful to study their participation in the generation of antibody deficiency in primary immunodeficiency diseases such as common variable immunodeficiency, X-linked hyper Ig M syndrome orX-linked lymphoproliferative disease. Increased numbers of T FH have been demonstrated in several autoimmune diseases and are thought to play a role in the development of autoantibodies. In chronic viral infections caused by the human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B or C virus, increased circulating T FH have been observed, but their role in the protective immune response to these agents is under discussion. Likewise, an important role of T FH in the control of some experimental protozoan infections has been proposed, and it will be important to assess their relevance in order to design effective vaccination strategies.

Black gill disease in Litopenaeus vannamei made by various agents

Melanization of shrimp gills is a general symptom in shrimp black bill diseases(sBG);therefore,the cause is not immediately apparent.This study aimed to determine the primary and secondary agents associated with a black gill outbreak in the Delvar complex in the Bushehr Province of Iran.During July and August of 2020,450 healthy and affected shrimps were collected based on brown to black gill color from three farms of the Bushehr Province in Iran.Characterization of pathogens was performed by gross signs,wet mounts,microbiological tests,histopathology methods,and sequencing of molecular markers.The mean weight and length of infected shrimps was significantly(P<0.05)lower than the healthy shrimps.The histological examination of sBG indicated the adhesion of secondary lamellae,accumulation of hemocyte cells at the end of the secondary lamellae,and necrosis of epithelial cells with pyknosis and karyorrhexis.According to our results,Aspergillus sydowii as a primary agent correlates with sBG disease in Litopenaeus vannamei from Iran,and other biotic factors,including bacterial(Vibrio owensii and V.parahaemolyticus)probably are secondary agents associated with sBG disease.

Protective effect of DNA-mediated immunization with a combination of SAG1 and IL-2 gene adjuvant against infection of Toxoplasma gondii in mice

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the immune response induced by SAG1 encoding plasmid combined with IL-2 gene adjuvant in mice and to assess the protective effect of this vaccination against toxoplasmosis. METHODS: Mice were co-injected intramuscularly with plasmid encoding Toxoplasma gondii SAG1 plus murine IL-2 expression vector at a dose of 100 microg. Booster immunizations were employed 2 more times at 3-week interval. As controls, mice were inoculated with PBS or empty plasmid pcDNA3. Humoral and cellular responses were assayed using ELISA for the determination of Ab, Ab isotype and IFN-gamma, as well as IL-4. To detect the integration and dissemination of DNA in the injected mice, PCR and in situ hybridization were performed. All mice were then infected with highly virulent RH tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii intraperitoneally. RESULTS: Significant increases in specific IgG levels were observed in mice after immunization three times with SAG1 expression plasmid. With respect to the IgG isotype, co-inoculation of IL-2 expression plasmid enhanced the level of IgG2a and the production of IFN-gamma. Challenging mice by vaccinating with combined plasmids with RH tachyzoites resulted in prolonged survival. CONCLUSION: Humoral and cytokine responses elicited by SAG1 DNA immunization can be modulated by co-inoculation with IL-2 expression plasmid. The use of DNA vaccine in combination with an appropriate cytokine gene to prevent T. gondii infection warrants further investigation.

Difference in DNA sequences in SSU rDNA variable regions among pathogens isola ted from different epidemic foci of visceral leishmaniasis in China

OBJECTIVE: To confirm the existence of point mutations in the SSU rDNA variable regions of 5 Leishmania donovani (L.d.) isolates from different epidemic foci in China. METHODS: Specific SSU rDNA fragments from nuclear DNA of 7 Leishmania species/isolates were amplified by PCR and then cloned into pGEM(R)-T Easy Vectors. After that, the specific fragments were sequenced by an automated DNA sequencer. RESULTS: Sequence analysis showed that the amplified DNA fragments of 7 Leishmania species/isolates were all 392 bp in length. All 5 point mutations were located in two unique sequence blocks (UQ-I and UQ-II), and no insertions or deletions were found. The identities of comparison of Leishmania in GeneBank were more than 98%. CONCLUSION: Five point mutations exist in the SSU rDNA variable region of 5 L.d. isolates from different epidemic foci of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in China. Sequence differences of the SSU rDNA variable region exist among L.d. isolates from different foci.

The intraspecific difference of the triose phosphate isomerase (tim) gene from Giardia lamblia

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the intraspecific difference of the triose phosphate isomerase (tim) gene from Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia). METHODS: Total genomic DNA of G. lamblia was extracted and partial fragments of the triose phosphate isomerase (tim) gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All nucleotide sequences were analyzed by using a phylogenetic analysis, which was constructed with parsimony and Neighbor-joining (N-J) methods. RESULTS: A total of 124 variable sites (23% of all sequences detected) was defined, most of which were found at the silent sites of codons. Two similar phylogenetic trees were constructed, subdividing 16 Giardia isolates into two groups. CONCLUSION: The genetic diversity of G. lamblia appeared to be little affected by factors of both host and geography, while natural-selection played an important role in DNA molecular evolution level of the tim gene. The tim gene may be considered a very useful genetic marker of the population genetic structure of G. lamblia.

Systematic analysis of microfauna indicator values for treatment performance in a full-scale municipalwastewater treatment plant

The indicator values of microfauna functional groups and species for treatment performancewere systematically evaluated based on the continuous monitoring of the entire microfauna communities including both protozoa and metazoa over a period of 14 months, in two parallel full-scale municipalwastewater treatment systems in a plant in Beijing, China. A total of 57 species of ciliates, 14 species （units） of amoebae, 14 species （units） of flagellates and4 classes of small metazoawere identified,with Arcella hemisphaerica, Vorticella striata, Vorticella convallaria, Epistylis plicatilis and small flagellates （e.g. Bodo spp.） as thedominant protozoa, and rotifers as thedominant metazoa. The abundance of the sessile ciliateswas correlatedwith the removals of BOD 5 （Pearson＇s r = 0.410, p 〈 0.05） and COD Cr （r = 0.397, p 〈 0.05）while the testate amoebaewas significantly positively related to nitrification （r = 0.523, p 〈 0.01）. At the same time, some other associationswere also identified： the abundances of the large flagellates （r = 0.447, p 〈 0.01）, the metazoa （r = 0.718, p 〈 0.01） and species Aspidisca sulcata （r = 0.337, p 〈 0.05）were positively related to nitrification; the abundance of Aspidisca costatawas correlated to the TN （total nitrogen） removal （r = -0.374, p 〈 0.05 ）; the abundances of the sessile species Carchesium polypinum （r = 0.458, p 〈 0.01） and E. plicatilis （r = 0.377, p 〈 0.05）were correlatedwith the removal of suspended solids.