Since the discovery of oceanic manganese nodules during the expedition of the British ocean-going ship Challenger from 1872 to 1876, research and development for seabed manganese nodules have never ceased owing to the...Since the discovery of oceanic manganese nodules during the expedition of the British ocean-going ship Challenger from 1872 to 1876, research and development for seabed manganese nodules have never ceased owing to the huge economic inducements. Manganese nodules are the black or dark brown, spherical or massive Mn-bearing ores, deposits of which are found on the sea bottom. The nodules are a mixture of silicate and insoluble potassium permanganates （also with sub-Ti, Fe and Na permanganates） that contain more than 30 kinds of metallic elements, among which those of greatest economic interest are Mn （27-30%）, Ni（1.25-1.5%）, Cu（1- 1.4%）, Co（0.2- 0.25 %）, Fe, Si, and AI, with minor amounts of Ca, Na, K, Ti, B, H and O.展开更多
As per most other earth science engineering problems,the underground coal geotechnical environment and the way in which roof and rib support interacts with the rock mass are complex issues.It is therefore generally re...As per most other earth science engineering problems,the underground coal geotechnical environment and the way in which roof and rib support interacts with the rock mass are complex issues.It is therefore generally recognised that without prudent simplification,the complexity of the problem will overwhelm all current geotechnical methods of modelling,not least for the reason that a rock mass can never be characterised to a level that allows a"non-simplified"analysis.The fact that numerical models,which are commonly purported to be a"simulation"tool and the so-called epitome of advanced geotechnical engineering,always need to be"calibrated"to a known reality is taken to be conclusive proof of this statement.While the problem should not be oversimplified(i.e.the dominant failure mechanisms or critical data input parameters should not be ignored),without question judicious simplification is at the heart of all engineering design,to the point that it has a well-established name–"reductionism".The hypothesis addressed in this paper,is that horizontal and vertical stress-driven slender beam and column behaviour(which includes unstable Euler Buckling)are respectively the dominant(but not only)roadway roof and ribline behavioural mechanism that(if not controlled)can lead to excessive deformation,failure and eventual collapse.As a part of the Scientific Method,a hypothesis can only be tested via real-world observations,measurements and analyses in establishing it is a credible Theory.Utilising the Scientific Method,this paper demonstrates that slender beam/column behaviour is the dominant instability mechanism within a coal mine roof/rib subject to elevated horizontal/vertical stress conditions and therefore,must be representatively accounted for in any credible empirical,analytical,or numerical approach to coal mine roof/rib stability assessment and associated ground support design.展开更多
In the new normal, China must develop a new economy in order to foster new engines of growth. The new economy differs from the traditional economy in many respects,such as its underlying drivers and technical, industr...In the new normal, China must develop a new economy in order to foster new engines of growth. The new economy differs from the traditional economy in many respects,such as its underlying drivers and technical, industrial and organizational characteristics.This paper reveals six aspects of the mechanism of the new economy, including firm entry strategy, new opportunities, market demand, transition of production factors, industry support and the role of the government. In addition, the operation of the new economy is explained in terms of its underlying drivers, internal operations and external environment.In the new economy, fundamental changes have occurred in monopoly, information asymmetry, externalities, public goods and information security necessitating a new regulatory approach. Regulatory reform is therefore inevitable. China should steadfastly transition from regulatory tightening to deregulation, from economic regulation to social regulation, from discriminatory regulation to fair competition, from the positive list to the negative list, from ex-ante review and approval to ex-post supervision, and from specialized regulation to integrated regulation. Innovations must be encouraged through the use of"regulatory sandboxes."展开更多
China will shift its monetary policy stance from relatively loose to prudent next year,the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China(CPC) Central Committee decided Friday. The meeting,chaired by President Hu Ji...China will shift its monetary policy stance from relatively loose to prudent next year,the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China(CPC) Central Committee decided Friday. The meeting,chaired by President Hu Jintao,also展开更多
AMONG his many titles, which include honorifics like Secretary General, Vice Minister and Ambassadorial Commercial Counselor, Africa Expert may be the best tag for Wei lianguo.
Characterized as they are by dynamic competition,cross-border operation,the network effect and oligopoly competition,digital platforms present a serious and complex monopoly problem,one that undermines competition,dam...Characterized as they are by dynamic competition,cross-border operation,the network effect and oligopoly competition,digital platforms present a serious and complex monopoly problem,one that undermines competition,damages consumers’ interests,suppresses the vitality of innovation and hinders high-quality development.They should therefore be brought under stricter anti-monopoly regulation.The traditional regulatory cycle of “stricter regulation brings everything to a standstill;looser regulation brings chaos in its wake” is a chronic problem in China’s market regulation,so the anti-monopoly regulation of digital platforms needs to avoid this regulatory paradox.To address digital platforms’ two-sided markets,dynamic competition and disruptive innovation,we need to create appropriate new theories of anti-monopoly regulation by establishing the principle of positive,inclusive and prudent regulation based on the concept of modesty.In the current context,efforts to strengthen regulation do not lay undue emphasis on tighter regulation and heavier penalties,but rather focus on regulatory transformation and innovation,aiming thereby to effectively improve regulation.Good law is the premise of good governance.It is necessary to speed up the revision of the Anti-Monopoly Law to include provisions for improving digital competition rules in order to provide high-quality regulatory systems.Actively promoting efficient,inclusive and prudent regulation,fair and impartial regulation,collaborative and integrated regulation,incentive-based regulation,credit regulation and intelligent regulation on the basis of good law,along with technology-enabled regulation,is a good governance approach to realizing anti-monopoly platform regulations.展开更多
文摘Since the discovery of oceanic manganese nodules during the expedition of the British ocean-going ship Challenger from 1872 to 1876, research and development for seabed manganese nodules have never ceased owing to the huge economic inducements. Manganese nodules are the black or dark brown, spherical or massive Mn-bearing ores, deposits of which are found on the sea bottom. The nodules are a mixture of silicate and insoluble potassium permanganates （also with sub-Ti, Fe and Na permanganates） that contain more than 30 kinds of metallic elements, among which those of greatest economic interest are Mn （27-30%）, Ni（1.25-1.5%）, Cu（1- 1.4%）, Co（0.2- 0.25 %）, Fe, Si, and AI, with minor amounts of Ca, Na, K, Ti, B, H and O.
文摘As per most other earth science engineering problems,the underground coal geotechnical environment and the way in which roof and rib support interacts with the rock mass are complex issues.It is therefore generally recognised that without prudent simplification,the complexity of the problem will overwhelm all current geotechnical methods of modelling,not least for the reason that a rock mass can never be characterised to a level that allows a"non-simplified"analysis.The fact that numerical models,which are commonly purported to be a"simulation"tool and the so-called epitome of advanced geotechnical engineering,always need to be"calibrated"to a known reality is taken to be conclusive proof of this statement.While the problem should not be oversimplified(i.e.the dominant failure mechanisms or critical data input parameters should not be ignored),without question judicious simplification is at the heart of all engineering design,to the point that it has a well-established name–"reductionism".The hypothesis addressed in this paper,is that horizontal and vertical stress-driven slender beam and column behaviour(which includes unstable Euler Buckling)are respectively the dominant(but not only)roadway roof and ribline behavioural mechanism that(if not controlled)can lead to excessive deformation,failure and eventual collapse.As a part of the Scientific Method,a hypothesis can only be tested via real-world observations,measurements and analyses in establishing it is a credible Theory.Utilising the Scientific Method,this paper demonstrates that slender beam/column behaviour is the dominant instability mechanism within a coal mine roof/rib subject to elevated horizontal/vertical stress conditions and therefore,must be representatively accounted for in any credible empirical,analytical,or numerical approach to coal mine roof/rib stability assessment and associated ground support design.
文摘In the new normal, China must develop a new economy in order to foster new engines of growth. The new economy differs from the traditional economy in many respects,such as its underlying drivers and technical, industrial and organizational characteristics.This paper reveals six aspects of the mechanism of the new economy, including firm entry strategy, new opportunities, market demand, transition of production factors, industry support and the role of the government. In addition, the operation of the new economy is explained in terms of its underlying drivers, internal operations and external environment.In the new economy, fundamental changes have occurred in monopoly, information asymmetry, externalities, public goods and information security necessitating a new regulatory approach. Regulatory reform is therefore inevitable. China should steadfastly transition from regulatory tightening to deregulation, from economic regulation to social regulation, from discriminatory regulation to fair competition, from the positive list to the negative list, from ex-ante review and approval to ex-post supervision, and from specialized regulation to integrated regulation. Innovations must be encouraged through the use of"regulatory sandboxes."
文摘China will shift its monetary policy stance from relatively loose to prudent next year,the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China(CPC) Central Committee decided Friday. The meeting,chaired by President Hu Jintao,also
文摘AMONG his many titles, which include honorifics like Secretary General, Vice Minister and Ambassadorial Commercial Counselor, Africa Expert may be the best tag for Wei lianguo.
文摘Characterized as they are by dynamic competition,cross-border operation,the network effect and oligopoly competition,digital platforms present a serious and complex monopoly problem,one that undermines competition,damages consumers’ interests,suppresses the vitality of innovation and hinders high-quality development.They should therefore be brought under stricter anti-monopoly regulation.The traditional regulatory cycle of “stricter regulation brings everything to a standstill;looser regulation brings chaos in its wake” is a chronic problem in China’s market regulation,so the anti-monopoly regulation of digital platforms needs to avoid this regulatory paradox.To address digital platforms’ two-sided markets,dynamic competition and disruptive innovation,we need to create appropriate new theories of anti-monopoly regulation by establishing the principle of positive,inclusive and prudent regulation based on the concept of modesty.In the current context,efforts to strengthen regulation do not lay undue emphasis on tighter regulation and heavier penalties,but rather focus on regulatory transformation and innovation,aiming thereby to effectively improve regulation.Good law is the premise of good governance.It is necessary to speed up the revision of the Anti-Monopoly Law to include provisions for improving digital competition rules in order to provide high-quality regulatory systems.Actively promoting efficient,inclusive and prudent regulation,fair and impartial regulation,collaborative and integrated regulation,incentive-based regulation,credit regulation and intelligent regulation on the basis of good law,along with technology-enabled regulation,is a good governance approach to realizing anti-monopoly platform regulations.
