普通杏(Prunus armeniaca)种质资源数量性状的遗传多样性分析

【目的】种质资源的遗传多样性研究是资源工作的核心，了解和掌握种质资源资源多样性，对于资源收集、管理、发掘、利用方面具有重要意义。【方法】对219份普通杏种质资源的11个性状进行了相关分析、主成分分析和聚类分析。【结果】普通杏种质资源各性状变异系数的变幅为15．7％。42．2％，其中可溶性固形物含量的变异系数最小，平均单果质量的变异系数最大。相关性分析得出：平均单果质量与叶柄长度、叶片长度和叶片宽度呈极显著正相关；可溶性固形物含量与可溶性糖呈极显著正相关：维生素C含量与可溶性固形物含量呈极显著正相关．与1a生枝粗度呈显著负相关。主成分分析结果表明：11个性状可以综合为4个主成分，前4个主成分累计贡献率达58．65％．第1主成分反映叶片因子，第2主成分反映枝条因子，第3、第4主成分反映的是品质因子。根据聚类分析把219份杏种质资源划分为6大类群：第1类种质群的主要特点是叶片较大：第Ⅱ类种质群的特点是果实品质性状较好．但是果实平均单果质量小；第Ⅲ类种质群的特点是果实平均单果质量大：第V类种质群的特点是果实品质好：第Ⅵ类种质群的特点是叶片较大且1a生枝又粗又长。【结论]普通杏种质资源的主要数量性状的变异较大，遗传多样性较丰富。

普通杏(Prunus armeniaca)初级核心种质资源的构建及评价

核心种质的构建不仅能够提高种质圃资源的保存效率、方便资源的管理,而且有利于种质资源的深入研究和种质创新。以国家果树种质熊岳李杏圃中保存的447份普通杏为材料,利用40个农艺性状的鉴定数据,对核心种质构建的几种聚类取样方案进行比较,明确了杏初级核心种质构建的最佳取样方案。在按品种类群分组的基础上,采用S策略经过多次聚类抽样,获得由111份种质材料组成的初级核心样本集,占总体样本比例25%。对该初级核心种质遗传多样性进行检测和评价,结果表明本研究所构建的初级核心种质能够很好地保留普通杏种质资源的遗传多样性。

Population Genetic Structure in Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Cultivars Revealed by Fluorescent-AFLP Markers in Southern Xinjiang,China

Population-wide genetic structure was studied using fluorescent-AFLP markers on 85 apricot （Prunus armeniaca L.） cultivars collected from Kuche, Kashi, Hetian in the Tarim Basin, southern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. The purpose of this study was to determine the genetic structure and genotypic diversity among the different eco-geographical populations. Based on the results from this study, 8 pairs of fluorescent-AFLP primers showed clear electrophoregram and high polymorphism amongst the 64 pairs of EcoR Ⅰ/Mse Ⅰ （Mse Ⅰ - a FAM fluorescent marked primer） primers screened. There was a significant polymorphic difference for the same primer pair in different populations and for the same population with different primer pairs. The percentage of polymorphic loci （P） at species level was higher than Kuche, Hetian, Kashi population levels, respectively. The Nei＇s gene diversity index （H） and Shannon＇s information index （I） at species level were higher than those of Kuche, Hetian, and Kashi at population level, respectively. H and I of Kuche population were the highest amongst the three populations. Apricot population genetic diversity was found mainly within the population, Genetic differentiation coefficient between populations （GST） was 0.0882. Gene flow Nm between the populations was 5.1689. Population genetic identity was between 0.9772-0.9811 and genetic distance was between 0.0191-0.0232. These results further indicated that the similarity between populations was higher and the genetic distance between populations was smaller. The UPGMA cluster analysis indicates that the geographical populations at Kuche, Kashi, Hetian were relatively independent Mendelian populations. Concurrently, there was also partial gene exchange between the populations. All the evidences indicated that the genetic diversity in Kuche population was the highest, suggesting that it could be a transition population from wild apricot to cultivated apricot. There were abundant genetic diversities in apricot cultivar populations in southern Xinjiang, China, which provide promising germplasm for further breeding and theoretical basis for biodiversity conservation and utilization for apricot population in this area.

防除杏树(Prunus armeniaca L.)冰核细菌药剂筛选及花期防霜效果

采用vali结冻法和含菌平板培养法，从9种供试药剂中筛选出1号、2号、3号、5号、7号5种对INA细菌触杀及破坏冰蛋白作用的药剂。将5种筛选的药剂于日光温室和田间进行药剂防霜试验研究，结果表明，日光温室霜冻温度为-4℃时，5种药剂中3号、7号防霜效果显著，分别为47．05％～67．74％和49．44％～69．33％。3号、7号分别提高座果率12．25％～14．83％和4．69％～11．36％，与对照相比差异达显著水平。大田温度为-6．5℃时，5种药剂中3号的防霜效果为21．80％，提高座果率9．17％。与对照相比达显著水平。

Seed germination and seedling development of Prunus armeniaca under different burial depths in soil

A semi-greenhouse study was conducted to understand the effects of soil burial depth on seed germination and seedling development. The seeds of wild apricot （Prunus armeniaca） were buried at the soil depths of 0-cm, 4-cm, 8-cm, and 12-cm, respectively, to simulate the seed hoarding behavior of rodents in the field. The results revealed that the rates of seed germination and established seedlings from buried seeds were both the highest in 4-cm burial depth group, and then decreased with increasing soil depth. The number of rotten seeds increased in deeper burial depth. It is unfavourable for seed germination at 0-cm burial depth （i.e., seeds were laid on soil surface）. There was insignificant effect of burial depth on growth of established seedlings. The results from this study indicated that proper burial depth in soil would be helpful for the seed germination and seedling growth. The seedlings derived from buried seeds at shallower depth （4 cm） in this research have advantage in their early development.

杏(Prunus armeniaca)自交不亲和强度及其授粉受精相关特性

为了解杏自交不亲和性强度与授粉受精相关特性的关系,以自交亲和(Self-compatibility:SC)品种凯特(Prunus armeniaca L．cv．Katy)和自交不亲和(Self-incompatibility:SI)品种新世纪(P.armeniaca L.cv．Xinshiji)及凯特×新世纪杂种群体为试材,荧光显微镜观察自交亲和与自交不亲和杏花粉管生长动态。结果表明,授粉后初期,自交亲和性与自交不亲和性的杏花粉都能正常萌发、生长,但是在花粉管生长延伸到花柱1／2以后,自交亲和性的花粉管能顺利进入子房,而自交不亲和性的花粉管多数顶端膨大呈球形,停止向下生长,只有极个别能正常生长到达子房;杂种后代的可溶性蛋白含量和RNA酶比活力,与亲本相比无明显的趋中变异表现,而且在自交亲和与自交不亲和杏之间无显著性差异。

Study on the Daily Change of Photosynthetic Rate for Prunus domestica × armeniacain Different Seasons

[Objective] The aim of this study was to explore the daily change of photosyntheticratefor Prunus domestica ×armeniacain different growing seasons. The study can provide theoretical basis for arid area high yield and quality cultivation.[Method] The photosynthetic physiological properties of leaves of different types of Prunus domestica × armeniaca were measured by the Li-6400 portable photosynthesis system indifferent seasons. By this method could analysis of photosyntheticcharacteristicsfor different types of Prunus domestica×armeniaca in different seasons.[Result] Daily change of photosyntheticrate（Pn） for Prunus domestica×armeniaca in differentseasons showed a ＂double-peak＂ curve. The peak values were at 10：00 and16：00. The Pn of ‘Fengweihuanghou＇, ‘Konglongdan＇, ‘Weihou＇, ‘Weiwang＇ and‘Weidi＇ reached the maximum in July, theywere 13.75, 14.76, 12.96, 13.3, and 11.9μmol/（m^2·s）, respectively. The Pn of Prunus domestica×armeniaca reached minimumin August, they were 9.78, 10.71, 12.02, 10.43 μmol/（m^2·s）. The Pn overall average of ‘Konglongdan＇ was highest,it reached 12.65 μmol/（m^2·s）.The Pn overall average of ‘Weiwang＇ was lowest, it reached 11.31μmol/（m^2·s）. There were extremely significant positive correlation between the Pn and Gs（P0.01）. [Conclusion] Daily change of photosyntheticrate for Prunus domestica ×armeniaca in differentseasons showed a ＂double-peak＂ curve, showing significant phenomenon of ＂midday depression＂.The photosynthesis intensity of Prunus domestica ×armeniaca was strongest in July, and the photosynthesis intensity was weakest in August. ‘Konglongdan＇showed the strongest photosynthesis capacity, ‘Weihou＇ and ‘Weiwang＇, followed.There were highest correlation between the Pn and stoma conductance（Gs）.

鼠类对山杏(Prunus armeniaca)种子扩散及存活作用研究(英文)

虽然有关鼠类搬运森林种子的证据已很清楚 ,但这些被移走种子的存活情况却知之甚少。提出了一个新的标记和跟踪种子的方法——标签法 ,即将种子拴一带有编码的细长金属片 ,研究了北京东灵山地区山杏 ( Prunusarmeniaca)种子的扩散距离和存活率。于 1 998年 6月 1 9～ 2 0日 ,7月 3日和 1 0月 2 3日共在 2 4个样点释放 1 4 4 0粒山杏种子。几乎所有释放的种子在 1 0 d内被鼠类取走。夏天释放的种子比秋天释放的种子消失的速度快。大多数种子的扩散距离在 2 0 m以内 ,小于鼠类的活动距离。鼠类吃掉种子的速度很快 ,但当种子变得稀少时 ,种子存活率有所提高。山杏种子 6。

Study on the Flowering Biological Characteristics of Prunus domestica × armeniaca

[Objective] The aims of this study were to understand the flowering biological characteristics of Prunus domestica ×armeniaca and analyze its differences with other apricot varieties and plum varieties. [Method] Taking three varieties of Prunus domestica ×armeniaca as the research object, the phenophase of blooming,morphology characteristics of floral organs and development characteristics of floral organs were observed, pollen amount, pollen viability and stigma receptivity were measured. [Result] The results showed that three varieties of Prunus domestica×armeniaca were in blossom in early April, the florescence were relatively late for 8-12 d comparing with the varieties of apricot, the florescence were relatively similar to the P. domestica L. Morphology characteristics of floral organs of three varieties of Prunus domestica×armeniaca had few differences, were relatively similar to two varieties of plum, and they all had high percent of middle-style and long-style flower.The pollen amount of three varieties of Prunus domestica ×armeniaca had a little differences comparing with two varieties of plum, but were lower than three varieties of apricot. There were some differences in pollen viability, the germination percentage of pollen of ‘Konglongdan＇ was relatively high, was 51.6%; The pollen amount of ‘Fengweihuanghou＇ was relatively high, was 880.8 per anther; ‘Weidi＇ had fewer pollen amount, and the pollen viability was just 2.1%; Three varieties of Prunus domestica ×armeniaca all had strong stigma receptivity on the bloom day, and the stigma receptivity continued exist until the day that 5 days after blooming. [Conclusion] The florescence of three varieties of Prunus domestica ×armeniaca were relatively concentrated, and the rate of pistil abortion was lowest, the variation intensity of stigma receptivity and sustainable time of three varieties of Prunus domestica×armeniaca almost had a little differences comparing with a variety of plum, but slightly more than three varieties of apricot.

稠李(Prunus padus Linn.)挥发油化学组成分析

采用GC—MS联机测定的分析方法 ,分析了稠李 (臭李子 )PrunuspadusLinn .挥发油的化学组成 ,共分离出了三个组分 ,其主要成分为苯甲醛 ,占挥发油总含量的 88.4%。

Comparison of Photosynthetic Characteristics among Different Prunus domestica × armeniaca Cultivars

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the photosynthetic characteristics of different Prunus domestica × armeniaca cultivars, thereby providing some theoretical basis for high-yield and high-quality cultivation of P. domestica × armeniaca. [Method] Total three cultivars（Konglongdan, Fengwei Huanghou and Weiwang）of P. domestica × armeniaca were selected as the test materials, and their leafphotosynthetic parameters were measured with Li-6400 portable photosynthesis system.The light response curve and CO_2 response curve were drawn. [Result] There were significant differences in photosynthetic rate among the three cultivars of P. domestica × armeniaca（P〈0.01）. The photosynthetic rate of Konglongdan [14.76 μmol/（m^2·s）]was highest. When the light intensity reached 1 800 μmol/（m^2·s）, the maximum net photosynthetic rate of Konglongdan was up to 27.27 μmol/（m^2·s）, and its apparent quantum yield reached the peak. Konglongdan showed lower light compensation point [43.069 μmol/（m^2·s）] and higher light saturation point [697.684 μmol/（m^2·s）].Weiwang showed the lowest CO2 compensation point（68.264 μmol/mol） and the highest carboxylic efficiency [0.072 μmol/（m^2·s）]. [Conclusion] Konglongdan showed the highest light utilization efficiency and photosynthetic potential, and it had the strongest utilization ability for weak light. The utilization ability of Weiwang for lowconcentration CO2 was strongest, followed by those of Fengwei Huanghou and Konglongdan.

Identification of Hybrids between Prunus salicina and Prunus armeniaca by RAPD and SSR

[ Objective] This study aimed to investigate the genetic variation between hybrids and their parents, and to find a rapid identification method. [ Method ] The progenies between Prunus armeniaca （ apricot ） Katy and Prunus salicina （plum） Moriteni were analyzed by means of RAPD and SSR molecular markers. [ Result] We found the differences in the electrophoresis bands between progenies and their parents, indicating that hybrid seedlings obtained in this study were real. [ Conclusion ] The combination of the above methods is effective and fast to identify the hybrids, and can shorten the breeding period.

不同采收期对轮台白杏果实品质及代谢物的影响

为探究不同采收期对轮台白杏果实品质和代谢物的影响,对轮台白杏不同采收期(S1~S6)果实的品质进行了测定,同时采用广泛靶向代谢组学技术对不同采收期果实中代谢物进行了研究。结果表明,随着果实的成熟,果实单果重、可溶性固形物、可溶性总糖、色泽指数、pH值不断上升,而果实硬度、可滴定总酸呈现出逐渐下降的变化趋势。维生素C含量呈现出先上升再下降的变化趋势,在S3时达到最大值。在6个不同采收期果实中鉴定出867种代谢物,包括黄酮类、脂质类、木脂素和香豆素类类、生物碱类、萜类、鞣质类、其他类(包含糖类、醇类及维生素)、酚酸类、氨基酸及其衍生物、有机酸、核苷酸及其衍生物、甾体等12大类,其中黄酮类物质数量最多,为191种,占总代谢物的22%。通过对差异较大代谢物进行分析,糖类物质、有机酸、黄酮类和氨基酸及其衍生物是造成不同采收期轮台白杏果实口感、风味差异的根本原因。研究结果表明,S3和S4时期为轮台白杏的最佳采收期。

不同覆盖材料对红梅杏园土壤温度日变化的影响

为了探明不同材料覆盖对红梅杏园土壤温度时空变化的特征,设置覆盖锯末、麦草、白膜和黑膜四个覆盖处理,以常规栽培为对照,探析红梅杏园土壤温度的时空变化。结果表明,土壤温度日变化、空气温度日变化、太阳辐射日变化均呈单峰曲线形式变化,都随太阳高度角增大而增大,随太阳高度角减小而减小,只是到达高峰时间不同,到达高峰时间由早到晚依次为太阳辐射、土壤温度、空气温度;土壤不同深度土层温度曲线变化规律相同,也呈单峰型变化,但变化幅度随土壤深度增加而减小,土壤最高温度和最低温度出现时间随土壤深度增加而延后;覆盖地膜对提升土壤温度作用明显,提升效果达到13%~74%,尤其是覆盖白膜,各层土壤温度较对照高5.4~13.5℃。覆盖麦草和锯末土壤平均温度较对照低0.2~12℃,土壤温度达到一日内最低温时,浅层土壤温度较对照高0.3~3.1℃。说明覆盖地膜有利于土壤热量的积累,高温时覆盖锯末和麦草能缓冲地温剧烈变化,低温时能起到保温作用。

麻黄与杏仁配伍后在支气管哮喘模型大鼠体内的药动学研究

目的 研究麻黄与杏仁配伍后在支气管哮喘模型大鼠血浆和脑脊液中的药动学变化。方法 将SD雄性大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、麻黄组(12 g/kg,以生药量计,下同)、杏仁组(6 g/kg)和麻黄-杏仁药对组(麻黄12 g/kg+杏仁6 g/kg),每组6只。除空白组外,其余各组大鼠用2%氯化乙酰胆碱和0.4%磷酸组胺的等体积混合液喷雾诱发支气管哮喘模型,每天1次,连续7 d。每次造模前1 h,各组大鼠灌胃相应药物/生理盐水,每天1次,连续7 d。末次给药并激发哮喘后,分别在不同时间点进行采血和脑脊液收集。将血浆与脑脊液样品预处理后(以葛根素为内标),采用液相色谱-串联质谱法检测两种样品中麻黄碱/伪麻黄碱、甲基麻黄碱和苦杏仁苷的质量浓度。采用DAS 2.0药动学软件通过非房室模型确定主要药动学参数,并比较两药配伍前后药动学参数的变化。结果 与麻黄组比较,麻黄-杏仁药对组大鼠血浆和脑脊液中麻黄碱/伪麻黄碱、甲基麻黄碱的c_(max)、AUC_(0-21.33 h)(或AUC_(0-10.67 h))均显著减少,CL_(Z)/F、V_(Z)/F均显著增加(P<0.05或P<0.01);脑脊液中甲基麻黄碱的t_(max)显著缩短(P<0.05)。与杏仁组比较,麻黄-杏仁药对组大鼠血浆中苦杏仁苷的t_(1/2)显著缩短,CL_(Z)/F显著增加(P<0.01);脑脊液中苦杏仁苷的t_(max)显著缩短,AUC_(0-10.67 h)、CL_(Z)/F、V_(Z)/F均显著增加(P<0.01)。结论 麻黄、杏仁配伍后加快了麻黄生物碱的吸收和消除,从而减少了麻黄生物碱在支气管哮喘模型大鼠体内的累积。

采前水分处理对杏李‘风味皇后’裂果及果实品质的影响

【目的】降低新疆杂交杏李的裂果率,提高果实品质与产量,为完善新疆杂交杏李的科学高效栽培技术提供参考。【方法】通过设置采前3个灌水时间(采前24 d、采前17 d、采前10 d)和2个灌水量(每小区80、120 m^(3))及对照处理,分析采前水分处理对果实裂果率及品质的影响,运用主成分分析法对各处理的果实品质进行综合评价,探究杂交杏李‘风味皇后’适宜的灌水时间及灌水量。【结果】裂果率与果实含水量、土壤含水量正相关,相关系数分别为0.524、0.489;与细胞壁含量显著负相关,相关系数为-0.509;与果皮钙含量和果肉钙含量极显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.703、-0.607。缺钙和细胞壁含量低容易引起裂果。果皮钙含量与裂果率的直接通径系数最大,土壤含水量与裂果率的间接通径系数最大。主成分分析结果表明,对第1主成分贡献率值较大的指标为可溶性固形物含量、硬度、钙含量、可溶性糖含量,对第2主成分贡献率值较大的指标为维生素C含量、纤维素含量、可溶性糖含量,对第3主成分贡献率值较大的为游离脯氨酸含量、纤维素含量、钙含量。3个主成分的累计贡献率为91.917%。【结论】采前24 d灌水80 m^(3)处理下果实品质最优,综合得分为2.01分,裂果率最低(26%)。

中国桂樱亚属(李属)植物的区系地理成分与分布特征

为了探究中国分布的蔷薇科(Rosaceae)李属(Prunus Linn.)桂樱亚属〔subgen.Laurocerasus(Tourn.ex Dub.)Rebd.〕植物的区系地理成分与分布特征,对中国境内桂樱亚属腺叶桂樱组(sect.Phaeostictae)、无腺桂樱组(sect.Laurocerasus)、臀果木组(sect.Mesopygeum)20种植物的分布区类型、地理分区、垂直分布特征、地区(亚地区)物种组成相似性进行了分析,并对中国与周边国家的桂樱亚属种类进行了比较。结果表明:中国桂樱亚属植物的分布区类型有3个分布型和3个分布亚型,其中,中国特有分布型种类最多(13种),热带亚洲(印度—马来西亚)分布型及其亚型种类次之(5种)。从地理分区看,中国桂樱亚属植物主要分布在华南和西南地区,即北纬30°以南区域;岭南山地地区种类最多(13种),北部湾地区,滇、黔、桂地区,华中地区,滇、缅、泰地区种类较多,分别有12、11、10、10种;特有种主要集中在华南及西南地区。从垂直分布特征看,3组植物适宜分布的海拔范围相似,无腺桂樱组较腺叶桂樱组和臀果木组的海拔范围更大。地区(亚地区)物种相似性分析结果表明部分亚地区间的物种相似性系数较高。中国与周边国家均分布有腺叶桂樱组和无腺桂樱组种类,但无共同的臀果木组种类;共有种占周边国家桂樱亚属种数的比例均高于占中国桂樱亚属种数的比例。推测华南及西南地区是臀果木组植物在东亚及东南亚的起源中心,而巴布亚新几内亚是该组植物的分化中心;臀果木组植物由中国亚热带地区经中南半岛向西部巽他区、中部华莱士区扩散迁移,最终在东部新几内亚区分化出丰富的物种。综上所述,中国桂樱亚属3组植物的地理分布特征高度相似,该亚属的分布中心为岭南山地地区至北部湾地区,并向西部、北部和南部扩散,西至西喜马拉雅山区,北至黄淮、江汉平原,南至海南岛等地,特有种集中分布在华南及西南地区。

‘串枝红’ב凯特’F1代果实经济性状遗传分析

以230株‘串枝红’ב凯特’杂交F1代株系为试验材料,对16个果实经济性状开展遗传分析。结果表明,可溶性固形物含量呈趋中变异,遗传传递力为109.02%;果实发育期呈趋中遗传趋势,变异系数5.81%,遗传传递力102.36%;果肉硬度呈偏低的遗传趋势,变异系数19.21%,遗传传递力为77.01%;F1代群体株系果形以卵圆形为主,更容易遗传母本果形;果顶形状表现为父本遗传优势;F1代群体所有株系果皮底色均为绿黄色,呈偏父遗传趋势;果肉颜色呈偏淡的遗传趋势,且父本的果肉颜色更容易遗传给子代株系。

施用外源植物生长调节剂对山杏叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以内蒙古兴安盟地区种植的山杏为研究对象,通过叶面喷施脱落酸、6-BA、3-吲哚乙酸、对氨基苯甲酸4种植物生长调节剂,系统研究了喷施施用浓度、不同处理时期对山杏叶绿素荧光参数的影响,间接反映其抗寒能力高低。实验结果表明:叶片喷施生长调节剂比对照抗寒效果显著提高,6-BA对提高山杏叶片抗寒能力方面效果最为明显,喷施浓度以100 mg/L为佳,9月上旬处理效果最佳。

伊犁吐尔根农场沟不同地形对新疆野杏分布特征的影响

采用2019年WorldView-3卫星遥感影像与SRTM数字高程模型(DEM)数据,通过遥感面向对象提取、地理信息系统数字地形分析等,研究新疆伊犁吐尔根农场沟流域新疆野杏(Prunus armeniaca)的生长分布特征。结果表明,新疆野杏主要分布于吐尔根农场沟流域上游海拔1 000~1 900 m的山地坡面,分布面积2.57 km^(2),覆盖率为2.58%;新疆野杏垂直地带性空间分布特征明显,其分布面积、覆盖率均随海拔升高呈先增大后减小趋势,在海拔1 300~1 400 m出现最大值;新疆野杏分布面积西风迎风阳坡大于背风阴坡、15°~35°坡大于其他更缓和更陡坡,覆盖率西风迎风阴坡高于背风阳坡、陡坡高于缓坡;随海拔升高,同一海拔内不同坡向、坡度上新疆野杏覆盖率的差异均呈先减小后增大趋势,海拔1 300 m附近各坡向、各坡度间新疆野杏分布差异最小,相对最适宜其生存。