Study on the Daily Change of Photosynthetic Rate for Prunus domestica × armeniacain Different Seasons

[Objective] The aim of this study was to explore the daily change of photosyntheticratefor Prunus domestica ×armeniacain different growing seasons. The study can provide theoretical basis for arid area high yield and quality cultivation.[Method] The photosynthetic physiological properties of leaves of different types of Prunus domestica × armeniaca were measured by the Li-6400 portable photosynthesis system indifferent seasons. By this method could analysis of photosyntheticcharacteristicsfor different types of Prunus domestica×armeniaca in different seasons.[Result] Daily change of photosyntheticrate（Pn） for Prunus domestica×armeniaca in differentseasons showed a ＂double-peak＂ curve. The peak values were at 10：00 and16：00. The Pn of ‘Fengweihuanghou＇, ‘Konglongdan＇, ‘Weihou＇, ‘Weiwang＇ and‘Weidi＇ reached the maximum in July, theywere 13.75, 14.76, 12.96, 13.3, and 11.9μmol/（m^2·s）, respectively. The Pn of Prunus domestica×armeniaca reached minimumin August, they were 9.78, 10.71, 12.02, 10.43 μmol/（m^2·s）. The Pn overall average of ‘Konglongdan＇ was highest,it reached 12.65 μmol/（m^2·s）.The Pn overall average of ‘Weiwang＇ was lowest, it reached 11.31μmol/（m^2·s）. There were extremely significant positive correlation between the Pn and Gs（P0.01）. [Conclusion] Daily change of photosyntheticrate for Prunus domestica ×armeniaca in differentseasons showed a ＂double-peak＂ curve, showing significant phenomenon of ＂midday depression＂.The photosynthesis intensity of Prunus domestica ×armeniaca was strongest in July, and the photosynthesis intensity was weakest in August. ‘Konglongdan＇showed the strongest photosynthesis capacity, ‘Weihou＇ and ‘Weiwang＇, followed.There were highest correlation between the Pn and stoma conductance（Gs）.

Study on the Flowering Biological Characteristics of Prunus domestica × armeniaca

[Objective] The aims of this study were to understand the flowering biological characteristics of Prunus domestica ×armeniaca and analyze its differences with other apricot varieties and plum varieties. [Method] Taking three varieties of Prunus domestica ×armeniaca as the research object, the phenophase of blooming,morphology characteristics of floral organs and development characteristics of floral organs were observed, pollen amount, pollen viability and stigma receptivity were measured. [Result] The results showed that three varieties of Prunus domestica×armeniaca were in blossom in early April, the florescence were relatively late for 8-12 d comparing with the varieties of apricot, the florescence were relatively similar to the P. domestica L. Morphology characteristics of floral organs of three varieties of Prunus domestica×armeniaca had few differences, were relatively similar to two varieties of plum, and they all had high percent of middle-style and long-style flower.The pollen amount of three varieties of Prunus domestica ×armeniaca had a little differences comparing with two varieties of plum, but were lower than three varieties of apricot. There were some differences in pollen viability, the germination percentage of pollen of ‘Konglongdan＇ was relatively high, was 51.6%; The pollen amount of ‘Fengweihuanghou＇ was relatively high, was 880.8 per anther; ‘Weidi＇ had fewer pollen amount, and the pollen viability was just 2.1%; Three varieties of Prunus domestica ×armeniaca all had strong stigma receptivity on the bloom day, and the stigma receptivity continued exist until the day that 5 days after blooming. [Conclusion] The florescence of three varieties of Prunus domestica ×armeniaca were relatively concentrated, and the rate of pistil abortion was lowest, the variation intensity of stigma receptivity and sustainable time of three varieties of Prunus domestica×armeniaca almost had a little differences comparing with a variety of plum, but slightly more than three varieties of apricot.

Analysis of Genetic Relationships in Prunus domestica L. in Xinjiang Using ISSR Markers

[Objective] This paper aimed to explore the genetic relationships among different types of Prunus domestica L. in Xinjiang. [Method] The inter-simple se- quence repeat （ISSR） markers were applied to analyze the genetic diversity and relationships among 30 individual plants from 5 types of P. domestica germpiasm resources in Xinjiang. [Result] A total of 317 bands were amplified by 16 selected IS- SR primers. Among the amplified bands, there were 246 polymorphic bands, accounting for 77.60% of the total. The Nei＇s gene diversity index （H） of individuals was 0.266 6. The average Shannon＇s information index （I） of individuals was 0.399 1. And most of the genetic similarity coefficients ranged from 0.555 2 to 0.996 8. It is indicated that the P. domestica germplasm resources have a certain genetic diversity in Xinjiang. The cluster analysis showed that, at the genetic similarity coefficient of 0.719, the 30 individuals were divided into 3 major groups, including a group of introduced European plum varieties, a group of Tacheng Smoked Plum and Tacheng Binzi and a group of Jiashi Smoked Plum and Wild European Plum. While at the genetic similarity coefficient of 0.949, Jiashi Smoked Plum and Wild European Plum were divided into two small groups. [Conclusion] There are very close genetic relationships between Jiashi Smoked Plum and Wild European Plum, and among the introduced European plum varieties, Tacheng Smoked Plum and Tacheng Binzi.

The Flowering Biology of Plum(Prunus domestica L.) in Aksu Region, Xinjiang

[Objective] The aim of this study was to understand the flowering biological characteristics of different varieties Prunus domestica L. in Aksu Jiamu Experi- ment Station. [Method] Three varieties of plum as Prunus domestica L. cv. ＇French＇, Prunus domestica L. cv. ＂Victoria＇ and Prunus domestica L. cv. ＂Stanley＇ were the research subjects. The phenophases of blooming, and the morphological and developmental characteristics of floral organs were observed. The amount and viability of pollen and the stigma receptivity were measured. [Result] Three varieties of plum all blossomed in early April, and the florescence had lasted for 9-10 d. The average number of anthers was 28.48%. The average number of pollen grains in each flower was 28 700.0. The pollen germination rate was 27.4%. 86.75% of the flowers were medium-styled or long-styled. There was no significant difference in the petal shape, color, anther number, calyx color, and flower ovary among the three varieties of plum. The stigma receptivity was strongest on the first day of flowering, and then dropped gradually. Therefore, the flowers of plum were manual pollinated on the first day of flowering. The duration time of stigma receptivity of Prunus domestica L. cv. ＇Victoria＇ was longer than the other cultivars, the duration time of stigma receptivity was about 5 d. [Conclusion] The pollen number and pollen germination rate of Prunus domestica L. cv. ＇Stanley＇ were higher than the other cultivars, which be considered the most suitable pollinizer for plum. In contrast, the complete flower rate of Prunus domestica L. cv. ＇French＇ and Prunus domestica L. cv. ＇Victoria＇ was relatively high, but the pollen number and pollen germination rate of Prunus domestica L. cv. ＇French＇ and Prunus domestica L. cv. ＇Victoria＇ were lower than Prunus domestica L. cv. ＇Stanley＇, which are not suitable to use as a pollinizer for plum.

Comparison of Photosynthetic Characteristics among Different Prunus domestica × armeniaca Cultivars

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the photosynthetic characteristics of different Prunus domestica × armeniaca cultivars, thereby providing some theoretical basis for high-yield and high-quality cultivation of P. domestica × armeniaca. [Method] Total three cultivars（Konglongdan, Fengwei Huanghou and Weiwang）of P. domestica × armeniaca were selected as the test materials, and their leafphotosynthetic parameters were measured with Li-6400 portable photosynthesis system.The light response curve and CO_2 response curve were drawn. [Result] There were significant differences in photosynthetic rate among the three cultivars of P. domestica × armeniaca（P〈0.01）. The photosynthetic rate of Konglongdan [14.76 μmol/（m^2·s）]was highest. When the light intensity reached 1 800 μmol/（m^2·s）, the maximum net photosynthetic rate of Konglongdan was up to 27.27 μmol/（m^2·s）, and its apparent quantum yield reached the peak. Konglongdan showed lower light compensation point [43.069 μmol/（m^2·s）] and higher light saturation point [697.684 μmol/（m^2·s）].Weiwang showed the lowest CO2 compensation point（68.264 μmol/mol） and the highest carboxylic efficiency [0.072 μmol/（m^2·s）]. [Conclusion] Konglongdan showed the highest light utilization efficiency and photosynthetic potential, and it had the strongest utilization ability for weak light. The utilization ability of Weiwang for lowconcentration CO2 was strongest, followed by those of Fengwei Huanghou and Konglongdan.

不同栽培模式对西梅抗寒性的影响

以5个西梅(Prunus domestica L.)良种为研究对象,通过开展种植密度和水肥一体化试验、抗寒试验等,分析不同品种西梅的农艺性状及适应性。结果表明,女神西梅和法兰西在种植密度为5.0 m×2.5 m、合理水肥控制下,幼苗第一年需要3层保护越冬,第二年双层保护越冬,第三年无需保护即可安全越冬,且抗寒性表现良好;红西梅、蓝密西梅和新梅1号在种植密度为4.0 m×2.0 m、合理水肥控制下,第一年需要3层保护越冬,第二年双层保护越冬,第三年单层保护越冬。在合理配套的栽培技术下,5个西梅品种在新疆北疆地区均可以安全越冬,适宜在新疆北疆地区种植。

不同浓度水杨酸处理对杏李恐龙蛋采后贮藏品质的影响

以杏李恐龙蛋(Prunus domestica×armeniaca konglongdan)为试验材料,研究了不同浓度水杨酸处理对其采后生理和贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,不同浓度水杨酸处理均能抑制恐龙蛋果实的乙烯释放速率,降低果实的呼吸强度,保持果实较高的硬度,降低果实失重率和腐烂率,此外,水杨酸处理可维持果实较高的可溶性固形物含量,同时显著提高果实的抗氧化酶活性。水杨酸处理能增强采后恐龙蛋果实的耐贮性和维持较高的贮藏品质,尤其以0.1 mmol/L水杨酸处理的保鲜效果最佳,可作为提高恐龙蛋果实采后耐贮性、延长其保鲜期的适宜处理条件。

“HoneySweet”Plum-A Valuable Genetically Engineered Fruit-Tree Cultivar

"HoneySweet" is a plum variety developed through genetic engineering to be highly resistant to plum pox potyvirus (PPV) the causal agent of sharka disease that threatens stone-fruit industries world-wide, and most specifically in Europe. Field testing for over 15 years in Europe has demonstrated the stable and durable PPV resistance of “HoneySweet”. Resistance is based on gene silencing whereby the inserted gene induces a natural plant defense mechanism against viruses. This resistance has been transferred to seedlings through cross-hybridization as a single locus dominant trait making it useful as a parent for developing new plum varieties for specific growing areas and markets. “HoneySweet” plums are of high quality and compare well to the quality and nutritional value of conventional plums. “HoneySweet” demonstrates the utilization of genetic engineering to provide safe and effective solutions to important agricultural challenges facing growers, and ultimately consumers.

YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY OF ALMOND,PEACH AND PLUM UNDER REGULATED DEFICIT IRRIGATION

The effects of regulated deficit irrigation(RDI)on the performance of almond cv.Tuono,peach cv.JH-Hall and plum cv.Stanley were assessed on the Saiss Plain(NW,Morocco)over three consecutive growing seasons(2011–2013).Irrigation treatments consisted of a control,irrigation applied to fully satisfy crop water requirements(100%ETC),and two RDI treatments,irrigation applied to 75%ETC(RDI-75)and 50%ETC(RDI-50).These three treatments were applied during fruitgrowth slowdown periods corresponding to Stages II and III in almond and Stage II in peach and plum.Yield and fruit quality traits were determined.The effect of RDI differed between species.Yield and fruit size were reduced significantly only in peach under RDI-50.Fruit quality improved in this species in the first year of the experiment,with an increase of sugar/acid ratio and polyphenol content.Plum quality also improved but the effects were significant only in the second and third years.Similar results were recorded in almond kernel,but their epidermal grooves were deeper under RDI-50,and this may have affected their commercial value.It is concluded that water can be saved during the fruitgrowth slowdown period by up to 25%in peach and 50%in almond and plum with improvements in fruit quality without affecting total yield.

西梅高效栽培技术

经多年试验研究,欧洲李(Prunus domestica)“蓝密”“红西梅”“女神”等良种在甘肃省张掖市表现早果、丰产、稳产、高产,抗晚霜能力强,果实外观漂亮,品质极优,较耐贮运,市场售价高等优点,采取幼树建园或大树高接,全方位推行绿色高效栽培模式、节水灌溉等综合技术,可达到提高果品质量、提高经济效益的目的。

伊犁河谷新梅省力化栽培技术应用效果初探

针对劳动力成本不断攀升的问题,本文以6年生‘新梅1号’(Prunus domestica‘No.1’)树为试材,对不同树形修剪、施肥方式、灌溉方法、除草方法、病虫害防治、采摘方式等用工进行系统研究,开展常规栽培与省力化栽培成本对比分析。结果表明,使用纺锤形树形比常规树形年减少用工0.67个;机械开沟、施肥较人工施肥年减少用工1.0个;运用水肥一体施肥较沟施年减少用工2.84个;运用水肥一体灌溉较沟灌年减少用工0.27个;运用伸缩式割草机较人工除草年减少用工4个;树盘覆盖园艺地布较人工除草年减少用工0.50个;运用风送式弥雾机较人工背负式电动喷药机除草年减少用工0.48个;纺锤形树形采摘果品较常规树形对比减少用工0.47个。综合来看采用省力化栽培后,新梅各生产环节总用工由常规栽培的18个/(667 m^(2)·a)减少到9个/(667 m^(2)·a),可节省劳动力50%,实现节本增效1530元/667 m^(2)。