桃(Prunus persica(L.) Batsch.)品种核心种质的构建与评价

为构建桃品种核心种质,通过对56份桃（Prunus persica（L.） Batsch.）初级核心种质的形态农艺性状数据（MOR）和SSR等位基因数据的分析,研究了不同聚类取样方法和完全随机取样方法下9种取样比例的遗传多样性指数、保留比例及各频率段等位基因的丢失比例。结果表明：聚类取样的方法优于完全随机取样,并以在80%的取样比例下MOR结合SSR数据聚类取样的效果最好,利用此方案构建的桃品种核心种质共包括45份材料,该核心种质的基因遗传多样性指数最高,保留了初级核心种质100%的形态农艺性状和96.6%的SSR等位基因,在出现频率低于0.05的等位基因中共丢失了2个等位变异,保留了出现频率在0.05-0.10的所有等位基因;利用6个数量性状对所构建的核心种质的代表性检测表明所构建的核心种质很好地代表558份桃原始种质的遗传变异。

Molecular Identification and Cultivar Fingerprints of Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Germplasms

[Objective] The aim was to study the molecular identification and cultivar fingerprints of Prunus persica (L.) Batsch germplasms.[Method] Sixty peach genotypes,representing China common local cultivars and European samples were screened by microsatellites (simple sequence repeats,SSRs) and Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers.[Result] 26 reproducible bands were amplified by Nine SSR primers,and 24 of which were polymorphic; 236 bands were amplified by 30 ISSR primers,and 113 of which were polymorphic.31 genotypes were discriminated with 1-3 distinct polymorphic bands generated from the primers ISSR and SSR.Seven cultivar-specific ISSR fragments and two SSR unique alleles obtained from this study were available to be converted into Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) markers.The genetic similarity coefficient (GS) estimated from these molecular data averaged were 0.939 (ranged from 0.856 to 0.983) for ISSR and 0.646 (ranged from 0.240 to 1.000) for SSR,respectively.The combined grouping association indicated that most local Chinese peach cultivars and exotic accessions were clustered together.This could be related to the mode of introduction and maintenance of the peach cultivars involving limited foundation germplasm,exchange of cultivars between plantations,and periodic development of new recombinant cultivars following sexual reproduction.[Conclusion] The results obtained in this work would help to improve the conservation,molecular identification and management of peach germplasm in breeding.

采后包装及钙处理对‘豫甜’桃(Prunus persica)果实品质的影响

以'豫甜'桃为试验材料,研究不同包装处理室温贮藏及采后钙处理低温贮藏对其果实品质的影响.结果表明,在室温贮藏条件下,聚乙烯膜包装袋中加入KMnO4(乙烯吸收剂)的贮藏效果明显优于其它2种处理.与对照相比,果实的呼吸速率减小了5 0mg·kg-1·h-1,果实硬度增加了2 6kg·cm-2,Vc含量增加了10μg·g-1,可溶性酸含量增加了0 07g·kg-1,可溶性固形物含量增加了2 1g·kg-1,总糖含量增加了2 8g·kg-1;经ρ为4%的CaCl2溶液处理后,装入加有KMnO4(乙烯吸收剂)的聚乙烯膜包装袋中,在0～5℃的低温下贮藏效果最好,与对照相比:果实的呼吸速率减小了1 0mg·kg-1·h-1,果实硬度增加了2 1kg·cm-2,Vc含量增加了1 3μg·g-1,可溶性酸含量增加了0 17g·kg-1,可溶性固形物含量增加了-0 25g·kg-1,总糖含量增加了0 5g·kg-1;综合比较认为采后钙处理再低温贮藏能较好地降低桃果实的呼吸速率,保持果实的硬度,抑制Vc的降解,较长时间地维持果实的营养成分,保持其品质不大幅度下降.

SSR方法标记桃[Prunus persic(L.)Batsch]果肉近核色素(英文)

[目的]利用 SSR 分子标记法标记桃(Prunus persic (L.) Batsch)果肉近核色素。[方法]以"重阳红"与"燕红"2 个桃品种为亲本构建正交 F1群体,选取其中138株后代作为标记群体,采用分离群体分组分析(bulked segregate analysis,BSA)法,将果肉近核色素分为"有"和"无"2个基因池,应用SSR分子标记技术寻找与桃果肉近核色素性状基因连锁的分子标记。[结果]通过对256对引物的筛选,获得了3对与控制桃果肉近核色素性状基因连锁的分子标记,即 UDP96-003、ch04g09 和 UDP97-402,同时计算得到这 3 个标记与桃果肉近核色素性状基因的遗传距离分别为16.7、10.1和17.0 cM。[结论]该研究为进一步筛选遗传距离更近的共显性分子标记奠定了基础。

离体条件下桃（Prunuspersica）脱病毒技术的改进

为提高离体条件下挑脱病毒的效果，本研究比较了茎尖分生组织培养和微型嫁接两种脱病毒技术。采用倒“Ｔ”型和“孔穴”嫁接法，将“红港”嫁接在“ＣＴ２６９２”上，其成活率分别为１８．２％和４９．５％。试验还表明，“红港”的茎尖分生组织的分化率取决于分生组织块的大小。供试３个桃品种“红港”、“Ｍａｙｏｒｅｓｔ”和“Ｓｕｎｃｒｅｓｔ”的茎尖分生组织在本试验所筛选出的改进培养基上的分化率最高，该培养基含Ａｎｄｅｒｓｏｎ矿质成份（１９７８），Ｓｐａｔａ维生素（１９６９）。激素配比为０．２ｍｇ／１ＢＡ，０．０１ｍｇ／１ＩＢＡ和０．１ｍｇ／１ＧＡ。关键词：

两种抑制剂对肥城桃(Prunus persica)多酚氧化酶抑制类型的研究

本文用丙酮和硫酸铵沉淀的方法将肥城桃 (Feichengpeach)多酚氧化酶部分纯化 ,纯化倍数为 5 1 1倍。研究了二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠和硫脲对该酶活性的抑制类型。

紫叶桃(Prunus persica f. atropurpurea)的愈伤组织诱导和培养

紫叶桃是重要的园林彩叶树种,叶色美丽,观赏期长,具有很高的园林应用价值。以紫叶桃的叶片和嫩茎段为外植体,用不同浓度生长调节物质进行愈伤组织诱导试验,建立紫叶桃的再生体系。结果表明,诱导愈伤组织时,MS+2 mg/L BA+1 mg/L 2,4-D对叶片诱导效果最佳,其诱导率达80%;MS+1 mg/L BA+1 mg/L 2,4-D对茎段诱导效果最佳,其诱导率达100%。在MS+1 mg/L BA+1 mg/L NAA培养基上愈伤组织能直接分化出不定芽。

Molecular cloning,identification,and chromosomal localization of two MADS box genes in peach(Prunus persica)

MADS box proteins play an important role in floral development. To find genes involved in the floral transition of Prunus species, cDNAs for two MADS box genes, PpMADS1 and PpMADSIO, were cloned using degenerate primers and 5＇- and T-RACE based on the sequence database of P. persiea and P. duleis. The full length of PpMADS1 cDNA is 1,071 bp containing an open reading frame （ORF） of 717 bp and coding for a polypeptide of 238 amino acid residues. The full length of PpMADSIO cDNA is 937 bp containing an ORF of 633 bp and coding for a polypeptide of 210 amino acid residues. Sequence comparison revealed that PpMADS1 and PpMADSIO were highly homologous to genes API and PI in Arabidopsis, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that PpMADS1 belongs to the euAP1 clade of class A, and PpMADSIO is a member of GLO/PI clade of class B. RT-PCR analysis showed that PpMADS1 was expressed in sepal, petal, carpel, and fruit, which was slightly different from the expression pattern ofAPl; PpMADS10 was expressed in petal and stamen, which shared the same expression pattern as PI. Using selective mapping strategy, PpMADSI was assigned onto the Binl：50 on the G1 linkage group between the markers MCO44 and TSA2, and PpMADSIO onto the Bin1：73 on the same linkage group between the markers Lap- 1 and FGA8. Our results provided the basis for further dissection of the two MADS box gene function.

Accumulated chilling hours during endodormancy impact blooming and fruit shape development in peach(Prunus persica L.)

Winter chill is essential for the growth and development of deciduous species. To understand the relationship between accumulated chilling hours during endodormancy and blooming and fruit shape development, we controlled chilling hours and investigated their effects on blooming date and fruit shape of peaches. The results showed that the number of days to full bloom date and the heat requirement for blooming were negatively correlated with accumulated chilling hours. Accumulated chilling hours were significantly negatively correlated with fruit shape index and fruit tip lengths, suggesting that the number of chilling hours affect the fruit shape development. Fewer accumulated chilling hours may be the major reason for longer fruit shape and protruding fruit tips. In conclusion, our results indicate specifically that decreased winter chilling hours can delay the bloom date and may lead to aberrant fruit shape development in peaches. Our study provides preliminary insights into the response of temperate fruit species to global climate change.

Effects of nitrogen content on growth and hydraulic characteristics of peach(Prunus persica L.) seedlings under different soil moisture conditions

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of nitrogen content [Nl （no fertilizer）, N2 （0.15 g.kg-l）, and N3 （0.3 g.kg 1）] on the growth and the hydraulic characteristics of peach seedlings under different soil moisture conditions （Wl, W2 and W3, in which the soil water content was 45% to 55%, 60% to 70%, and 75% to 80% of the field water capacity, respectively） by using a specialized high pressure flow meter with a root chamber and a coupling, which was connected to plant organs. Leaf area and leaf hydraulic conductivity （KL） increased significantly in the seedlings because of increased soil moisture and N content. KL increased with leaf area. A linear correlation was documented between KL and leaf area. KL was higher in the morning and began to decline sharply after 16：00, at which KL declined after an initial increase. Soil moisture and N content enhanced shoot （Ks） and root （Kr） hydraulic conductivities, thereby improving the low soil moisture condition to a large extent. Ks and Kr of the seedlings were reduced by 32% and 27% respectively in N~, and by 14.7% and 9.4%, respectively in N2, and both in Wb compared with the control treatment. N3 had no significant effect on Ks and Kr under similar conditions. Linear negative correlations were observed between Kr and the excised root diameter as well as between Ks and the shoot stem diameter. The shoot-to-root ratio increased with in- crease in N content. The shoot-to-root ratio in N3 was increased by 14.37%, compared with N1 in W1 as well as by 12% and 4.39% in Wz and W3, respectively. Knowledge of the effects of soil moisture and N fertilizer on hydraulic characteristics and growth is important. Our results provide basic guidelines for the implementation of water-saving irrigation and fertilization management of nursery stock.

Novel in silico EST-SSR markers and bioinformatic approaches to detect genetic variation among peach(Prunus persica L.)germplasm

Because there are thousands of peach cultivars,cultivar classification is a critical step before starting a breeding project.Various molecular markers such as simple sequence repeats(SSRs)can be used.In this study,67 polymorphic primers produced 302 bands.Higher values for SI index(1.903)suggested higher genetic variability in the genotype under investigation.Mean values for observed alleles(Na),expected heterozygosity(He),effective alleles(Ne),Nei’s information index(h),and polymorphic information content(PIC)were 4.5,0.83,5.45,0.83,and 0.81,respectively.The dendrogram constructed based on Jaccard’s similarity coefficients outlined four distinct clusters in the entire germplasm.In addition,an analysis of molecular variance(AMOVA)showed that70.68%of the total variation was due to within-population variation,while 29.32%was due to variation among populations.According to this research,all primers were successfully used for the peach accessions.The EST-SSR markers should be useful in peach breeding programs and other research.

Characterization and Expression of Ammonium Transporter in Peach (Prunus persica) and Regulation Analysis in Response to External Ammonium Supply

As the preferred nitrogen(N)source,ammonium(NH_(4)^(+))contributes to plant growth and development and fruit quality.In plants,NH 4+uptake is facilitated by a family of NH_(4)^(+) transporters(AMT).However,the molecular mechanisms and functional characteristics of the AMT genes in peach have not been mentioned yet.In this present study,excess NH_(4)^(+) stress severely hindered shoot growth and root elongation,accompanied with reduced mineral accumulation,decreased leaf chlorophyll concentration,and stunned photosynthetic performance.In addition,we identified 14 putative AMT genes in peach(PpeAMT).Expression analysis showed that PpeAMT genes were differently expressed in peach leaves,stems and roots,and were distinctly regulated by external NH_(4)^(+) supplies.Putative cis-elements involved in abiotic stress adaption,Ca^(2+) response,light and circadian rhythms regulation,and seed development were observed in the promoters of the PpeAMT family genes.Phosphorylation analysis of residues within the C-terminal of PpeAMT proteins revealed many conserved phosphorylation residues in both the AMT1 and AMT2 subfamily members,which could potentially play roles in controlling the NH 4+transport activities.This study provides gene resources to study the biological function of AMT proteins in peach,and reveals molecular basis for NH_(4)^(+) uptake and N nutrition mechanisms of fruit trees.

Volatiles from <i>Prunus persica</i>Flowers and Their Correlation with Flower-Visiting Insect Community in Wanbailin Ecological Garden, China

Object: To investigate the VOCs from living Prunus persica flowers of different branches and their correlation with floral insects. Special, dominant and 20 VOCs were analysed from living Prunus persica flowers captured by closely and circularly headspace way in adsorbent tubes and ATD-GC/MS on 29 April in Wanbailin Ecological Garden, China. VOCs from high altitude tree are more than low altitude in sunny site, and floral volatile constituents from upslope branches are less than downslope of the same tree on high altitude. Special floral VOCs were alpha-dimethyl-benzenemethanol, isopropyl palmitate, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, acetophenone, 3-ethyl-2-methyl-Heptane on sunny slope, and propylene glycol, decanal, hexadecane on shady slope. Dominant VOCs founded during 8 temporal quanta were toluene, hexane, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, dodecane, pentadecane. Floral VOCs’ number from sunny slope was significantly negative correlated with flower-visiting insect community richness, abundance, diversity on sunny or shady slope, which from shady slope was significantly positive correlated with flower-visiting insect community parameters on both slopes tried dividing insects visiting floral branches from Prunus persica in sunny site with n/2 + 1 or n/2 - 1, and shady site with n/2 before sampled volatiles day. On sampled volatiles day, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol from sunny slope was significantly positive correlated with flower-visiting insect community parameters on shady slope (P Prunus persica on sunny slope, and even floral branches kept on shady slope.

HS-SPME-GC-MS鉴定不同采收程度霞晖水蜜桃的风味物质变化

风味物质常用来评价桃果实的品质,香气成分不仅能反映果实的风味特征和品质,还能体现果实的成熟度。利用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)鉴定了霞晖水蜜桃果实可挥发性风味物质,并针对水蜜桃S形成熟曲线,成熟后期快速软化的特点,选择后期外观差异较小且按照售卖经验分类为可采摘与不可采摘两类水蜜桃进行差异分析,寻找其特征差异物质。本研究共分离得到45种风味物质,主要包括苯甲醛、壬醛、十一醛、芳樟醇、2-乙基己醇、正癸醇、1-十一醇、γ-癸内酯、γ-十二内酯、辛酸乙酯和壬酸等。不可采收的霞晖水蜜桃果实和可采收的霞晖水蜜桃果实中差异特征风味物质分别是苯甲醛(35.84%)降低和γ-癸内酯(17.81%)升高。总体来看,醛类和内酯类化合物对霞晖水蜜桃果实香气的贡献值得关注。上述研究以期为水蜜桃精准采摘、智慧化采摘提供科学依据。

不同施肥处理对桃容器苗生长及SPAD的影响

[目的]研究不同肥料种类及施肥量对桃容器苗生长及叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)的影响,为快速培育出优质桃苗木而筛选出最适合的施肥方法。[方法]采用13种不同施肥处理,研究不同时期不同处理下桃容器苗株高、地径、冠幅、分枝数量、一年生枝条长度等生长指标及SPAD的变化。[结果]在植物生长季施用平衡型复合肥料比磷钾型腐殖酸肥料更适合植株生长;平衡型复合肥与低浓度EM菌剂组合施用比复合肥单独施用,更有利于桃容器苗的生长。[结论]生长季施用浓度1∶1000~1∶500的氮、磷、钾平衡型(20∶20∶20)复合肥+浓度1∶200的EM菌剂最有利于桃容器苗的生长及快速成苗。

甘肃桃(Prunus kansuensis)雌雄配子体发育规律及遗传特性的研究

为了了解甘肃桃的早花性与其花芽分化的关系及早花性的遗传能力,以甘肃桃1号(甘肃桃)(Prunus kan-suensis)、96-7(普通桃)(P.persica)、甘肃桃1号×96-7的杂种一代群体(20株)为试材,对材料的生物学特性和花芽分化解剖结构进行了研究。结果表明,1)通过对叶、花、果形态特征观察发现,甘肃桃1号×96-7杂种群体的表现性状趋向甘肃桃1号。2)甘肃桃1号在落叶前形成雄配子体,具有花粉的早熟性。3)杂种群体花芽分化始期及花芽分化特性也趋向于母本甘肃桃1号。

不同方法测定桃树抗寒性关系研究

以生产中抗寒性表现较强、中等、较弱的3个桃品种为试材,应用电解质渗透法(EL)和电阻抗图谱法(EIS)研究了不同时期枝条抗寒性和未经冷冻处理枝条EIS参数的变化,并对未经冷冻处理枝条EIS参数、冷冻处理枝条EIS参数测定的半致死温度与EL测定的半致死温度的关系进行了统计分析。结果表明:未经冷冻处理3个桃品种的胞外电阻率(r_e)和胞内电阻率(r_i)均随着外界温度的降低而升高,随着外界温度的升高而降低;弛豫时间(τ)与r_(e)、r_(i)变化趋势相反;通过对4个电阻抗参数与EL测定的半致死温度统计分析得出,EIS(r_(i))是最佳参数,其相关系数为-0.828,通径系数为-7.385,线性回归方程为y=-4.063 9x+4.333 8,R^(2)=0.686。EL和EIS参数法测定3个桃品种的抗寒性与生产上抗寒性强弱表现一致;通过对2种方法统计分析得出,EL与EIS 4个参数法测定抗寒性均呈极显著正相关,其中弛豫时间法相关系数、通径系数和决定系数均最高,因此,弛豫时间是预测冷冻处理桃树枝条抗寒性的适宜参数。

新疆地区设施油桃栽培研究

为了提高新疆地区设施油桃栽培技术,以实现高产、稳产、优产的目的,为广大农户带来较高的收益,探讨了新疆地区设施油桃的品种选择、设施栽培管理技术等,并提出了今后研究的重点,为设施油桃在新疆地区的进一步研究提供参考。

桃(Prunus persica [L.] Batsch)转录组SSR信息分析及其分子标记开发

利用MISA软件筛选桃(Prunus persica[L.]Batsch)转录组数据,获得的109 248条Unigene,检测出24 102个SSR位点,分布于22 689条Unigene中,出现频率为20.76%。SSRs位点中主导类型是以AG/CT(占总SSRs的18.70%)为主的二核苷酸重复,占总SSRs的33%;其次是三核苷酸重复,出现频率为27%;四核苷酸重复,占总SSRs的25%。利用Primer 5共设计出9 657对SSR引物。随机选择50对引物进行PCR扩增,其中20对扩增出清晰可重复的条带,并且在同属材料(苹果试材)中也能获得理想结果,引物多态性检测发现,在15份桃试材中,10对引物具有多态性,利用UPGMA作图,可将15个桃材料很好区分。结果表明,桃转录组测序产生的Unigene是开发SSR标记的有效信息,为SSR标记在桃的遗传分析上提供可靠的标记选择。

桃热激转录因子PpHSF18基因的克隆及功能分析

【目的】克隆桃热激转录因子PpHSF18基因,分析其在2种树型桃中的表达,探究其在分枝角度形成中的功能。【方法】测定一年生普通型桃大久保和柱型桃洒红龙柱枝条不同生长时期分枝角度,并分析11个桃PpHSFAs基因在2种树型中的表达;克隆PpHSF18基因,构建PpHSF18基因的过表达载体,并进行拟南芥遗传转化,探究其对拟南芥株型和分枝角度的影响。【结果】柱型桃品种洒红龙柱枝条分枝角度显著小于普通型桃大久保,大久保桃分枝角度随着枝条生长逐渐增大,而洒红龙柱桃分枝角度变化不明显;11个桃A类HSF转录因子家族基因在2种树型桃茎尖中的表达呈3种趋势,其中PpHSF18与PpLAZY1呈相同表达趋势,即在柱型桃中表达量显著高于普通型桃,且与水稻OsHSFA2D同源性最高;PpHSF18三个转基因株系分枝角度均小于野生型拟南芥分枝角度,表明PpHSF18参与植物分枝角度的形成。【结论】过表达PpHSF18导致转基因拟南芥分枝角度变小,为进一步解析PpHSF18在桃分枝角度形成中的作用提供理论依据。