Psychological trauma,posttraumatic stress disorder and traumarelated depression:A mini-review

There are various types of traumatic stimuli,such as catastrophic events like wars,natural calamities like earthquakes,and personal trauma from physical and psychological neglect or abuse and sexual abuse.Traumatic events can be divided into type I and type II trauma,and their impacts on individuals depend not only on the severity and duration of the traumas but also on individuals’self-evaluation of the traumatic events.Individual stress reactions to trauma include posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD),complex PTSD and trauma-related depression.Trauma-related depression is a reactive depression with unclear pathology,and depression occurring due to trauma in the childhood has gained increasing attention,because it has persisted for a long time and does not respond to conventional antidepressants but shows good or partial response to psychotherapy,which is similar to the pattern observed for PTSD.Because trauma-related depression is associated with high risk of suicide and is chronic with a propensity to relapse,it is necessary to explore its pathogenesis and therapeutic strategy.

Importance of methodological considerations in documenting psychological trauma

The documentation of psychological trauma is obviously a challenge to clinicians while they are diving deep into remote events related to their clients or patients.The potential role of psychological trauma in the early developmental stages,and even the existence of adverse childhood experiences,is important to prove,yet it is difficult to do so.A diverse range of methods have been applied,all of which presumably benchmark a big therapeutic step;however,these enthusiastic methods frequently do not last for long.While hypnosis supporters,Freudian and Neo-Freudian disciples can be acute enough to enhance and uncover suppressed memories,modern psychiatry relies mostly on diversely structured interviews.Functional magnetic resonance and its related subtleties might help,but the questions that remain unanswered are numerous and confusing.Connecting early experiences with long-term memory while identifying psychological trauma its importance for the individual’s growth trajectory;thus,it remains an intriguing issue.

Inconsolable Pain--Analysis of the Psychological Trauma in Beloved from Voiceless Perspective

Beloved is a landmark work written by Toni Morrison. To analyze the psychological trauma of American black people in Beloved, it is uncovered that American black people need to establish self-awareness and self-cognition and rebuild self cultural systems and self-values, so that they could develop their social status and finally get rid of discrimination and oppression.

Citizens’Mental Health Issues and Psychological Trauma Experience due to a Crowd-Crush Disaster in Korea

This study evaluated the state of anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, general mental health, and mental well-beingamong citizens after a crowd-crush disaster in Korea. Individuals who experienced the crowd crush had significantly higheranxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) scores than those who did not (p < 0.001). Additionally,people who avoided the disaster area had significantly higher depression and PTSD scores than those who did not avoid thearea (p < 0.001). Those who directly witnessed the Seoul Halloween crowd crush had a significant difference in PTSD levels ineither group than those who experienced it indirectly (p = 0.005). There was a significant difference in PTSD scores in cases ofdirect damage or death of an acquaintance (p < 0.001). The Seoul Halloween crowd crush caused psychological damagethrough indiscriminate exposure to the public, and symptoms of PTSD appeared over a long period. It is crucial to provideessential resources for ongoing treatment and case management.

A review of potential biomarkers for assessing physical and psychological trauma in paediatric burns

Biological markers that evaluate physical healing as well as psychological impact of a burn are essential for effective treatment of paediatric burns.The objective of this review is to summarize the evidence supporting the use of biomarkers in children with burns.An extensive review of the literature was performed using PubMed.A total of 59 biomarkers were identified relating to burn presence,specifically relating to processes involved in inflammation,wound healing,growth and metabolism.In addition,biomarkers involved in the stress response cascade following a burn trauma were also identified.Although many biomarkers have been identified that are potentially associated with burn-related physical and psychological trauma,an understanding of burn biology is still lacking in children.We propose that future research in the field of children’s burns should be conducted using broad screening methods for identifying potential biomarkers,examine the biological interactions of different biomarkers,utilize child-appropriate biological fluids such as urine or saliva,and include a range of different severity burns.Through further research,the biological response to burn injury may be fully realized and clinically relevant diagnostic tests and treatment therapies utilizing these biomarkers could be developed,for the improvement of healing outcomes in paediatric burn patients.

Psycho-Traumatic Evaluation of Identity (PEI): Example of Depressive Disorder

PEI is a clinical approach which aims at assessing the links between psycho-trau- matic experience and depressive disorder. In the present study, inspired by the EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) protocol, the PEI approach is proposed to 30 patients with depressive disorder. The aim is to determine the implication of negative cognitions and dysphoric emotions resulting from a traumatic experience on their psychopathological disorder. Our analysis shows a predominance of memories linked to a lack of affective support during childhood. The negative cognitions identified confirm a feeling of insecurity generated either by a failure of affective bond or helplessness towards the event. An alteration of self-es- teem also emerges. Likewise, the present work also shows how psychotherapeutic care should consider narrowing the focus on traumatic experiences.

An Analysis of Long Day＇s Journey into Night from the Perspective of Traumatic Theory

Long Day's Journey into Night is Eugene O'Neill's representative work of his late period. Many critics hold that Long Day's journey into the Night marks the peak of Eugene O'Neill's tragedy writing and deserves the title of"his best work ever".This paper aims to give an elaborate and deep analysis of the origin and manifestation of the four major characters' psychological trauma on the basis of traumatic theory. Apart from the analysis of the charaters' traumatic selves, this paper also discusses the possibility of recovery.

Dissociation, Dissociative Disorders and Partial Psychosis

Background: Dissociation may be defined as a psychopathological process in which an individual’s psyche splits into two or more parts. The division of personality is a key element in trauma, especially if the patient is not able to cope with it. At least one part of personality may be relatively able to understand and function in the objective reality, whilst other part(s) of the psyche may be more or less disorganized, dysfunctional and less able to understand the truth. Methods: literature review;conceptualization of dissociation, dissociative disorders and partial psychosis from medical and philosophical perspective. Conclusion: The core of dissociation and dissociative disorders is usually psychological trauma, especially emotional trauma, although some individuals may experience dissociation without any obvious cause or trigger. Carefully designed trauma-focused psychotherapy and psychosocial support are considered and must be further studied as the cornerstone of multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of dissociative disorders. Dissociative identity disorder in its severe form may resemble characteristics of partial psychosis. Some patients suffering from partial psychosis have narcissistic personality traits, such as shamelessness, magical thinking, arrogance, envy, entitlement, exploitation and bad boundaries, and therefore, developing healthy self-love, which is based on healthy self-criticism, realistic thinking, humility, gratefulness, democratic behavior, altruism and good boundaries, might be helpful for these patients.

Transgenerational Transmission of Addiction Problems

This paper aims to evaluate the possible transgenerational transmission of a mechanism of addiction triggered by a specific type of attachment and the prevalence of psychological trauma in the descendants. 22 adults (alcoholics, drug addicts, and heroin addicts) aged 23 to 56 followed in an addictology treatment centre are participated. Measurements: We evaluated the prevalence of family ascendants on our population using two semi structured interviews and a genogram. Potential psychological trauma was measured with the Child Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and the quality of attachment with the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ). Findings: 95% of patients have direct ascendants who suffer from addiction. 86% of patients suffered emotional negligence during childhood. Physical abuse is frequent (41%) as well as emotional abuse (50%), which proves a form of mistreatment and explains the presence of an insecure attachment. Conclusion: Addicts have often been neglected and have lived in emotional deprivation during childhood, which is the reason for an insecure attachment. The ascendants, who often suffer from addiction themselves, have, because of their pathology, contributed to a possible transgenerational transmission of the mechanism of addiction via the quality of the affective links with their children.