构建PPP(Public Private Partnership)模式血液净化培训中心的实践与探索

上海健康医学院血液净化培训中心是我国首家采用PPP(Public Private Partnership)模式构建的血液净化培训中心。本文系统分析了该血液净化培训中心的成立背景、各方面基本设计和教学管理实践,并结合血液净化培训中心的现有问题,对其股权结构、运行模式和公信力等方面的改进提出针对性意见。

The Public Private Partnership （PPP） as a Solution During the Period of Transformation of the Medical Services Market in Poland

The public private partnership （PPP） has functioned worldwide for more than 40 years now, and in different countries, it is developing at different speeds with varying degrees of success. The purpose of this article is to emphasize some standards of the PPP, in particular, within health services area which would guarantee a successful transformation process within the medical services market in Poland, and thus an appropriate division of financial and market risks among the public sectors, including local government sector and private partners within the health services area. Certainly, proper transformation solutions within that industry would significantly contribute to the stabilization of the local government＇s finance sector and higher resistance to the global financial crisis.

Implications from Park Public-Private Partnership(PPP)Initiatives in China and Japan

In this study,the statistical information of 166 park Public-Private Partnership(PPP)projects in China,such as investment,area,project stage,and locality area,was collected to analyze types of clusters and defined five types.For each type of cluster,it was possible to analyze the merits of park PPP projects in China.The case study also revealed the construction process of the entities that build,manage and operate the projects.With the findings from the analysis,it can present a perspective on Japan and China and compare park Private Finance Initiative(PFI)and PPP projects between Japan and China.

The Nigeria Government Engagement with the Private Health Sector

In Nigeria, the healthcare sector is divided into primary health which is under the local government’s authority that oversees the Primary Health centers, secondary health which is under the supervision of the State Ministry of Health in charge of the State General Hospitals that cater to primary and secondary healthcare. Tertiary health is supervised by the Federal Ministry of Health that oversees the Federal Medical Centres, the Teaching Hospitals, and Specialist Training Centres. Not to be excluded from Nigeria’s healthcare system are the private clinics and the public-private partnership. The funding for healthcare systems is mainly budgetary allocations from the government. This systemic review was done using secondary literature, policy documents, peer-reviewed literature, and national newspapers, collected using search engines such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Medline. The review was done over 2-month period from February-April 2024. The literature was arranged in order of relevance and the literature not used was kept aside. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended that 11% of a country’s budget be allocated to health. African countries that make up the African Union (AU) recommended that 15% of each member African country’s yearly budget should be committed to providing healthcare services to her citizens. Unfortunately, Nigeria has yet to attain either the WHO target or the AU target while committing an average, of 6% of her budgetary allocation to health. On the other hand, her neighbouring West African country Ghana, has met the average of 15% recommended by AU. The improved National Health Insurance Authority and the government’s partnership with the private health sector in Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is hoped and would improve access to affordable healthcare in general and oral healthcare in particular.

What Business Models Best Suit the Private Sector in Achieving the SDGs

Since the United Nations Sustainable development goals and the 2030 agenda were initiated in 2015,it has provided governments with a comprehensive blueprint to take action and meet the challenges of the world’s most pressing issues today.But the private sector also plays a large role in contributing to the problems highlighted in the SDGs and companies ranging from many different industries have increasingly become more involved in developing new and innovative solutions to solve the issues highlighted in the SDGs.Social and environmental accountability has been one of the areas that the private sector has been focusing its attention on.Companies in the corporate sector across all industries have adopted Environmental,Social,and Governance(ESG)regulations and targets,that aim to ensure ethical responsibility within private companies and promote transparency about their role in promoting social and environmental well-being across the world.This has allowed many companies to align their values and business models to emphasize the importance of the SDGs.Furthermore,innovative technologies are being utilized to ensure that public reports about the company’s practices are fully accountable and transparent to the public community and the overall private sector.For example,some private companies are using Natural Language Processing and Artificial Intelligence to analyze sustainable practices highlighted in the company’s ESG reports and see if they are genuine and free of greenwashing.This shows that technologies are playing a key role in promoting corporate accountability in terms of sustainability and encouraging private companies to adhere to the guidelines highlighted within the SDGs.Furthermore,private companies have adapted their business models to better promote innovations and collaboration with governments,other private companies as well as NGOs.Since the SDGs were designed to be interconnected and not siloed into their own different challenges,many companies who adopt the SDGs as a major sustainability framework will often develop partnerships and connections with other private sector groups so that they could develop new innovative solutions to meet the challenges posed by current global issues.This is especially prevalent in the clean energy sector,which aims to solve SDG 7 and SDG 13 both important in eradicating the issue of climate change.For example,the solar energy private sector has been currently collaborating with a wide range of universities and research institutions in order to develop solar panels that are more energy efficient and affordable for everyday consumers,while still allowing the private companies to generate significant returns in revenue.When private sector Industries adopt the measures highlighted in the SDGs,not only does it allow them to work with other industries to contribute to combating the world’s most pressing issues,but also maintains and improves their sources of revenue and profit.Overall,in order to meet the world’s most pressing challenges and issues,the private sector has increasingly adopted the SDGs in their business models,so that they would be able to better collaborate with others to develop innovative solutions and to bridge commitment to sustainable development throughout different industries.

Comparative study of China and USA public private partnerships in public transportation

As an effective alternative approach to provide goods and services for public infrastructure, the Public Private Partnership （PPP） has been studied extensively over the past few decades. On a global scale, China and the United States have developed cooperation on PPP projects in various areas. To perform a comparative study, this paper analyzes how PPP projects work in both countries for public transportation. The basic features, types, and phases of PPPs in public transportation are introduced first, fol- lowed by a thorough discussion on their advantages and challenges. This paper adopts a case study method to analyze the achievements and problems of PPP projects in both countries and then proposes important findings and suggestions for future research.

Emerging Challenges in the Completion of Construction Projects through Public Private Partnerships: Empirical Literature Review

The process of engaging private sector in the provision of public infrastructure can improve economic value in service delivery and enable the government to utilize the capabilities and expertise held by private sector. This has a positive impact on the public in terms of improving their well-being. This literature review attempts to compare the challenges encountered in implementation of PPP projects across the world, with a view to determining cross cutting challenges and recommendations for developing countries. A literature review was conducted for empirical studies focusing on construction projects. The studies are reviewed by analyzing the methodology used and conclusions made to identify the geographical study area, Public Private Partnership project financing model, emerging challenges and recommendation for future project management. The literature search was based on four keywords: construction projects, completion of construction projects, public private partnership, challenges in construction projects. Thus, a total of 11 empirical studies were identified for review in Europe, Asia and Africa. The review revealed that most risk factors affecting project completion can be categorized as human and organizational factors and unknown geotechnical conditions that were not known beforehand. Specifically, project owners’ interference was also attributable to delays with the delays having significant implications for project execution. Risks have great impact on the performance of construction projects because they affect their quality, time and cost. The general remedy to such potential risk factors is adoption of reliable prediction mechanisms which would estimate those factors using a probabilistic model that does not rely on expert judgments as they tend to be unreliable.

Legal Regulation of Public-Private Partnership in the Republic of Macedonia

This paper deals with a very important issue,which concerns the possibility of establishing a public-private partnership(PPP),through which link is made between the public and the private sector,for the benefit of both sectors,which is a very important opportunity for the realization of different infrastructure projects,and of course tourism facilities can be created in this form.Particular attention is given to the legal regulation of this issue in the Republic of Macedonia.It is mainly expressed through the provisions of the Law on PPP,which makes a clear distinction between the public and the private partner.Public partner is a legal entity that gives an agreement for the establishment of a public private partnership.Private Partner is a domestic or foreign legal entity or natural person or consortium with whom the public partner concludes an agreement for a PPP.

Improving HIV Treatment Adherence through a Public Private Partnership in Zambia

Background: Effective ART with low viral loads and absence of STIs significantly reduce chances of sexual transmission of HIV. ART is therefore a key pillar in HIV prevention. Appropriate support is however essential for optimum treatment outcome, patient safety and HIV prevention benefit. The scale-up of ART continues to strain the already overstretched human resources in public facilities, impacts on the quality of care, and contributes to loss to follow-up. Task shifting is therefore a strategy to augment the limited human resources. Methodology: In partnership with the Livingstone General Hospital (LGH) and four private pharmacists, the COH III Project through Howard University is promoting quality HIV care by engaging the pharmacists in adherence counselling and treatment monitoring. The LGH ART pharmacist allocates consenting stable ART clients to pharmacies based on willingness to be referred and patient preference. Patients are given schedule of visits to pharmacies where the pharmacists provide medication/adherence counselling and monitor side effects. Patients with medication/treatment issues are referred back to the LGH ART clinic for follow-up. Results: Between October 2012 and August 2013, 280 patients were enrolled and followed up by the four pharmacists. 69% of patients visited the pharmacy at least once, 25% at least twice and 13% at least thrice. The 33 client referrals by pharmacists to LGH were related to adverse drug reactions, suspected treatment failure, pregnancy, and treatment monitoring. The intervention has reduced workload for the ART pharmacist;improved communication of treatment challenges and identification of patients with medication related problems, and reduced travel distances and waiting times. This has resulted in improved adherence and better patient outcomes. Conclusion: Private pharmacists present an opportunity to improve quality of HIV interventions in poor human resource capacity settings. The necessary legal and regulatory framework needs to however be developed to guide the process.

Public-Private Partnership Arrangement in <i>In-Situ</i>Housing for Slum Rehabilitation in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

The provision of decent accommodation is a major challenge to government in the developing nations. It is a common phenomenon in the urban centres of the developing nations where most houses are in deplorable conditions. The houses are overcrowded with little or no air space between them. There is no basic sanitation in the urban centres as they lack flush toilet, some of the few available flush toilets are piped into seasonal streams, most houses lack defined kitchen areas and healthy sewage disposal method. The cities lack good access roads and functional drainage system with a common practice of environmentally-unfriendly solid waste management methods that create various health challenges to urban dwellers. The aim of the study is to show how in-situ Housing method of slum rehabilitation can be applied through Public/Private Partnership to upgrade houses within a major slum area in Yenagoa. This shall be done with an agreement between the property owners, Real Estate investors and the state government. Basic Research Methodology was applied using questionnaire, direct observation and personal interview techniques to collect data. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques were applied to analyse data through the use of tables and charts. The findings in the study showed that poor housing condition seriously degrade the environmental quality of the study area. The standard of living in the area is very poor as the people lack access to decent accommodation, basic sanitation and social amenities.

A Public-Private Partnership Procurement Approach to Sustainable Transport—Zimbabwe Case

Zimbabwe has serious financial constraints so the only viable option to procure infrastructure is through engaging the private sector in public-private partnerships to enhance the chances of successfully undertaking public projects like sustainable transport. This study creates the basis for a potential public-private partnership with a trackless tram/solar energy project in Bulawayo which has multiple advantages for sustainable development goals. It identifies six other projects in Zimbabwe that can provide some guidance for developing an appropriate PPP that could assist procure such infrastructure. The projects are drawn from the three critical sectors of the economy: power generation, highways/transport, and water/sanitation. Empirical investigations of these projects reveal the effectiveness of the PPP concept to deliver infrastructure for emerging economies. This suggests an ideal PPP arrangement that increases the likelihood of getting projects like the proposed sustainable transport project in Bulawayo implemented quickly and efficiently, especially if formulated to incorporate the project’s local socio-economic dynamics.

高职院校基于PPP模式的校企共建项目的合作策略及挑战——以传统文化教学实践基地的建设为例

为落实多元办学,高职院校运用PPP合作模式共建书院式传统文化教学实践基地。通过签订合作协议引入社会资源,设置专项机构进行类产业学院的双重管理,校企合作开发并实施“理论-实践-社团”三进阶、“必修-选修”双结合的美育课程体系,初步形成校企双主体协同育人机制。

参与PPP项目可以提高上市企业的融资效率吗?——基于中国上市企业的证据

在推动经济整体好转、大力提振市场信心的背景下,政府和社会资本合作(PPP)模式通过引导社会资本投向,激发民间投资活力,在稳增长、优结构方面发挥着重要作用。本文基于2013~2022年中国A股上市企业的微观数据,运用多期双重差分法,实证评估了参与PPP项目对上市企业融资效率的影响效果。研究发现:参与PPP项目可以显著提高上市企业的融资效率,在进行平行趋势检验、安慰剂检验、反事实检验、控制非平行趋势和PSM-DID回归后,这一结论依旧稳健;信息不对称在参与PPP项目和上市企业融资效率之间发挥中介作用。此外,与国有企业相比,民营企业参与PPP项目对其融资效率的提高作用效果更加显著。

中国情境下PPP项目商业模式创新意愿影响因素的系统动力学分析

新发展格局下,商业模式创新对推动政府和社会资本合作模式(public-private-partnership,PPP)可持续发展具有重要作用,因此,对其影响因素的分析具有重要意义。基于文献分析设计访谈提纲,通过对访谈资料的三级编码识别出PPP项目商业模式创新意愿的22个影响因素;采用系统动力学方法(system dynamics,SD)探究了PPP项目商业模式创新意愿的影响关系及路径,构建了SD模型并仿真模拟,确定了4个关键影响因素:创新政策、政府部门创新自由度、社会资本自身实力、项目公司运营维护能力;据此提出了3条管理启示:完善PPP项目商业模式创新的政策环境、公私双方在PPP项目采购阶段做好相互选择、提升项目公司运营维护水平。

基于绩效测度的充电桩基础设施PPP项目补贴模型研究

随着电动汽车的发展,充电桩基础设施建设愈加重要。然而投资回收期长、发展期需求波动大、补贴政策滞后等问题导致其建设增速不足。本文基于Stackelberg博弈,构建了PPP模式下充电桩基础设施项目公私双方的双层规划补贴模型,并采用逆向归纳法求解,探究政府给予社会资本方的最优补贴计划及其性质。结果表明:(1)相较于无补偿的情形,当政府的激励效应较强时,社会资本方的努力水平明显提高,且政府补贴会对社会福利产生明显影响;(2)政府方根据项目绩效对PPP项目进行补贴时应该考虑社会资本方的努力成本和充电桩的价格系数;(3)政府方应考虑需求量风险因素,并控制需求量变化在适宜范围内,以改善社会福利;(4)当存在政府财政约束和社会资本方收益约束时,若不能实现最优补贴方案,则政府需要增加补贴并调整绩效激励系数,以实现社会福利最大化目标。本文为政府制定充电桩基础设施PPP项目补贴政策提供了参考性建议,有利于推进充电桩基础设施建设的可持续发展。

新机制政策背景下我国PPP模式应用的回顾与展望

在我国推动经济高质量发展的体制机制健全进程中,PPP模式作为国家固定资产投资和融资的重要手段,迎来了全新的政策阶段。本文系统回顾了我国PPP模式应用的主要成就和经验,并对新机制政策背景下PPP模式应用面临的核心挑战和实施要点进行了理论探讨和前景展望。研究发现:(1)中国PPP模式应用虽起步不晚,但经历了行业部门主导、财政部门主推、发改部门主责三个特征分明的政策阶段,相应积累了适应于不同历史时期基建投资建设需要的制度经验和项目知识,形成了兼顾国际经验和国内实情的公共项目投融资体系;(2)面向健全宏观经济治理体系,中国推行以使用者付费、特许经营和吸引民营企业等为特征的PPP模式,具有防范政府债务风险、提升公共资产经营管理水平、迎接存量时代改造升级等预期政策效用,但同时也面临着底层资产质量参差不齐、政府投融资管理理念有待转型、相应能力尚不充足等核心挑战。本文对进一步健全国内PPP市场,推动“一带一路”沿线国家PPP项目投资,助力我国增加PPP国际市场份额等方面具有参考价值。

公共体育服务PPP项目协同治理:主体结构、行为过程与机制路径

公共体育服务PPP项目协同治理是在多主体、跨边界的组织场域中,根据项目的既定属性做出的制度选择。基于探析公共体育服务PPP项目中政府、社会资本和公众的协同治理,采用文献资料调研和逻辑分析法,围绕主体结构−行为过程−机制路径进行了系统分析。研究发现:1)各主体在协同治理中具有不同的功能:政府作为“安排者”,负责制定规则和监督执行;社会资本作为“生产者”,负责提供服务;公众作为“受益者”,负责反馈需求和评价效果。2)三方主体共商共建,构成公共体育服务PPP项目协同治理结构,即跨组织协同的外部结构和科层制协同的内部结构。3)基于演化博弈论,推演公共体育服务PPP项目中政府和社会资本从博弈到协同的行为过程,这一过程随着双方的策略选择和演化而动态变化。最后,提出公共体育服务PPP项目协同治理的机制路径,包括以沟通协商机制畅通共享渠道、以风险管理机制对冲化解危机、以利益协调机制平衡各方诉求和以激励约束机制规范主体行为。

矿山修复PPP项目风险的模糊决策评价研究

大量废弃矿山不仅影响生态环境和引发次生灾害,而且还存在资源浪费和价值损耗,因此亟需修复治理。目前我国通常采用PPP模式进行矿山修复,因其缺乏有效的风险决策定量评价方法,从而影响投资主体的参与积极性。针对矿山修复PPP项目中存在的风险问题,采用多分类Logistic线性回归模型对所提出的风险假设进行定量分析,在此基础上采用模糊认知图的方法对风险控制力及其影响因素进行动态分析,详细研究了PPP模式下核心利益者的风险转换机制和收益风险管控机制。结果表明,营商环境是提高PPP项目风险控制力的可靠方法。

基于演化博弈的PPP项目绩效奖惩补偿机制研究

目前,大多数公私合营(Pubilc-Private Partnership,PPP)的补偿机制仅仅考虑了如何激励社会资本,但忽略了补偿方案带给政府部门的财政压力。通过考虑政府和社会资本之间的动态博弈,结合奖惩措施,构建一个演化博弈模型,并引入系统动力学进行了模拟。基于模型求解,计算绩效目标和差异函数下奖惩系数的取值,研究显示政府应该增加奖惩系数的值或改变补偿策略,以鼓励私营部门采用高努力策略:当社会资本努力策略下,其产出的社会效益大于政府最低补偿水平减经济效益产出时,政府部门应采用单一奖惩系数策略,否则采用差异奖惩系数策略,从而实现在提高绩效的同时,减轻自身财政压力。研究拓展了PPP补偿的研究视角,提出在激励私营部门积极改进绩效的基础上,采用不同补偿策略来降低补偿金额的思路,有利于缓解政府财政压力。