Public-Private Partnerships to Address Global Environmental Problem： Sino-US Cooperation on Climate Change and Energy

The study indicates that public-private partnerships （PPPs） can play ＂strategic＂, ＂practical＂, or ＂regulative＂ roles by making use of ＂instrumental＂, ＂institutional＂, and ＂normative＂ approaches in tackling political issues between countries. PPPs have often been discussed in studies of urban development, service provision, health care, and so on, but they have rarely been analyzed in terms of international relations and political problems on global environmental issues. This study takes an environmental problena---Sino-US energy and climate change cooperation--as a case study to inspect the possible roles and approaches of PPPs. Sino-US cooperation has been launched such as under the Strategic ＆ Economic Dialogue （S＆ED） by both administrations, which has significantly contributed to their reconciliation of domestic abatement policies in climate change, environmental protection, and energy. The establishment of schemes such as the Ten-Year Framework for Cooperation on Energy and Environment （TYF）, the EcoPartnerships, and wide-ranging dialogues and initiatives on clean energy and clean vehicles, in which both public and private actors participate, are among the important approaches of facilitating bilateral cooperation. The study concludes that these schemes have played strategic and practical roles in strengthening the degree of mutual trust and in facilitating the progress of cooperation, although more investigations are needed to considerate their regulative roles. The application of instrumental, institutional, and normative approaches have been observed through the implementation of the TYF and EcoPartnerships.

Implications from Park Public-Private Partnership(PPP)Initiatives in China and Japan

In this study,the statistical information of 166 park Public-Private Partnership(PPP)projects in China,such as investment,area,project stage,and locality area,was collected to analyze types of clusters and defined five types.For each type of cluster,it was possible to analyze the merits of park PPP projects in China.The case study also revealed the construction process of the entities that build,manage and operate the projects.With the findings from the analysis,it can present a perspective on Japan and China and compare park Private Finance Initiative(PFI)and PPP projects between Japan and China.

The Importance of Altruistic Empathy and Collaborative Negotiation in Public-Private Partnerships

The motivation in public-private partnerships （PPPs） is to harness the strengths of public and private partners to deliver essential public services. The ability to transfer risk to the private sector in PPP has been one of the reasons why the public sector relies on the private sector to participate in the development of infrastructure projects. In most instances, the public sector also believes that the private sector can fund the project at a lower cost. The private sector on the other hand, believes that they could achieve a strong financial return based on the concessions that the public sector will provide. If the sectors feel altruistic empathy to each other, they will realize that their original goals are not achievable. However, having understood the other sector＇s needs and constraints, collaborative negotiation will yield a set of common goals. There are no commonly agreed frameworks on collaborative negotiation before PPP is formally established. The objective of this paper is to use deductive analysis to develop a conceptual framework for inquiring into the motivations of the public and private sectors during negotiation. This framework will provide insights on the extent of altruistic empathy of both sectors at the onset and how this altruistic empathy frames collaborative negotiation. This paper shows that collaborative negotiation will influence the success of partnerships and altruistic empathy is an important preamble to collaborative negotiation. This paper provides a frame of reference for future study using other research methods for further validation.

高职院校基于PPP模式的校企共建项目的合作策略及挑战——以传统文化教学实践基地的建设为例

为落实多元办学,高职院校运用PPP合作模式共建书院式传统文化教学实践基地。通过签订合作协议引入社会资源,设置专项机构进行类产业学院的双重管理,校企合作开发并实施“理论-实践-社团”三进阶、“必修-选修”双结合的美育课程体系,初步形成校企双主体协同育人机制。

基于LDSCR-at-Risk的PPP项目可融资性评价

通过分析传统的偿债备付率适用性及政府和社会资本合作(PPP)项目的特点,认为传统的偿债备付率不适合于PPP项目可融资性评价。因此,为了评价中长期债务的可融资性,提出了“平准化偿债备付率”(LDSCR),即在借款偿还期内,各年可用于还本付息的资金折现到起始点的现值与贷款金额的比值;进一步提出“风险下的平准化偿债备付率”(LDSCR-at-Risk),即在给定的置信度下的平准化偿债备付率。运用蒙特卡洛仿真进行验证,结果表明:LDSCR-at-Risk可用于PPP项目的可融资性评价,且在可以评价具有风险的PPP项目可融资性的同时,还避免了如何确定项目的最低偿债备付率的问题,从而促进PPP项目融资的发展。

参与PPP项目可以提高上市企业的融资效率吗?——基于中国上市企业的证据

在推动经济整体好转、大力提振市场信心的背景下,政府和社会资本合作(PPP)模式通过引导社会资本投向,激发民间投资活力,在稳增长、优结构方面发挥着重要作用。本文基于2013~2022年中国A股上市企业的微观数据,运用多期双重差分法,实证评估了参与PPP项目对上市企业融资效率的影响效果。研究发现:参与PPP项目可以显著提高上市企业的融资效率,在进行平行趋势检验、安慰剂检验、反事实检验、控制非平行趋势和PSM-DID回归后,这一结论依旧稳健;信息不对称在参与PPP项目和上市企业融资效率之间发挥中介作用。此外,与国有企业相比,民营企业参与PPP项目对其融资效率的提高作用效果更加显著。

基于绩效测度的充电桩基础设施PPP项目补贴模型研究

随着电动汽车的发展,充电桩基础设施建设愈加重要。然而投资回收期长、发展期需求波动大、补贴政策滞后等问题导致其建设增速不足。本文基于Stackelberg博弈,构建了PPP模式下充电桩基础设施项目公私双方的双层规划补贴模型,并采用逆向归纳法求解,探究政府给予社会资本方的最优补贴计划及其性质。结果表明:(1)相较于无补偿的情形,当政府的激励效应较强时,社会资本方的努力水平明显提高,且政府补贴会对社会福利产生明显影响;(2)政府方根据项目绩效对PPP项目进行补贴时应该考虑社会资本方的努力成本和充电桩的价格系数;(3)政府方应考虑需求量风险因素,并控制需求量变化在适宜范围内,以改善社会福利;(4)当存在政府财政约束和社会资本方收益约束时,若不能实现最优补贴方案,则政府需要增加补贴并调整绩效激励系数,以实现社会福利最大化目标。本文为政府制定充电桩基础设施PPP项目补贴政策提供了参考性建议,有利于推进充电桩基础设施建设的可持续发展。

新机制政策背景下我国PPP模式应用的回顾与展望

在我国推动经济高质量发展的体制机制健全进程中,PPP模式作为国家固定资产投资和融资的重要手段,迎来了全新的政策阶段。本文系统回顾了我国PPP模式应用的主要成就和经验,并对新机制政策背景下PPP模式应用面临的核心挑战和实施要点进行了理论探讨和前景展望。研究发现:(1)中国PPP模式应用虽起步不晚,但经历了行业部门主导、财政部门主推、发改部门主责三个特征分明的政策阶段,相应积累了适应于不同历史时期基建投资建设需要的制度经验和项目知识,形成了兼顾国际经验和国内实情的公共项目投融资体系;(2)面向健全宏观经济治理体系,中国推行以使用者付费、特许经营和吸引民营企业等为特征的PPP模式,具有防范政府债务风险、提升公共资产经营管理水平、迎接存量时代改造升级等预期政策效用,但同时也面临着底层资产质量参差不齐、政府投融资管理理念有待转型、相应能力尚不充足等核心挑战。本文对进一步健全国内PPP市场,推动“一带一路”沿线国家PPP项目投资,助力我国增加PPP国际市场份额等方面具有参考价值。

基于演化博弈的PPP项目绩效奖惩补偿机制研究

目前,大多数公私合营(Pubilc-Private Partnership,PPP)的补偿机制仅仅考虑了如何激励社会资本,但忽略了补偿方案带给政府部门的财政压力。通过考虑政府和社会资本之间的动态博弈,结合奖惩措施,构建一个演化博弈模型,并引入系统动力学进行了模拟。基于模型求解,计算绩效目标和差异函数下奖惩系数的取值,研究显示政府应该增加奖惩系数的值或改变补偿策略,以鼓励私营部门采用高努力策略:当社会资本努力策略下,其产出的社会效益大于政府最低补偿水平减经济效益产出时,政府部门应采用单一奖惩系数策略,否则采用差异奖惩系数策略,从而实现在提高绩效的同时,减轻自身财政压力。研究拓展了PPP补偿的研究视角,提出在激励私营部门积极改进绩效的基础上,采用不同补偿策略来降低补偿金额的思路,有利于缓解政府财政压力。

矿山修复PPP项目风险的模糊决策评价研究

大量废弃矿山不仅影响生态环境和引发次生灾害,而且还存在资源浪费和价值损耗,因此亟需修复治理。目前我国通常采用PPP模式进行矿山修复,因其缺乏有效的风险决策定量评价方法,从而影响投资主体的参与积极性。针对矿山修复PPP项目中存在的风险问题,采用多分类Logistic线性回归模型对所提出的风险假设进行定量分析,在此基础上采用模糊认知图的方法对风险控制力及其影响因素进行动态分析,详细研究了PPP模式下核心利益者的风险转换机制和收益风险管控机制。结果表明,营商环境是提高PPP项目风险控制力的可靠方法。

Mutual Efforts Restoring Growth in Education for Public-Private Sectors Partnership:Basis for a Proposed Action Plan

This study aimed to describe the responses of the participants to the Public-Private Sectors Partnerships(PPSP)in Education in DepEd Ibaan District,Province of Batangas,Philippines in order to achieve the schools’goals and sustain Public-Private Sectors Partnership engagement with schools in the district.This study employed the descriptive-qualitative research in which responses of 16 school heads of DepEd Ibaan District who were the respondents were coded,analyzed,and interpreted.School administrators,community stakeholders,future administrators and researchers may use the proposed plan of action as a guide in providing future directions for a Public-Private Sectors Partnerships(PPSP)in Education.

Public-Private Partnership Arrangement in <i>In-Situ</i>Housing for Slum Rehabilitation in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

The provision of decent accommodation is a major challenge to government in the developing nations. It is a common phenomenon in the urban centres of the developing nations where most houses are in deplorable conditions. The houses are overcrowded with little or no air space between them. There is no basic sanitation in the urban centres as they lack flush toilet, some of the few available flush toilets are piped into seasonal streams, most houses lack defined kitchen areas and healthy sewage disposal method. The cities lack good access roads and functional drainage system with a common practice of environmentally-unfriendly solid waste management methods that create various health challenges to urban dwellers. The aim of the study is to show how in-situ Housing method of slum rehabilitation can be applied through Public/Private Partnership to upgrade houses within a major slum area in Yenagoa. This shall be done with an agreement between the property owners, Real Estate investors and the state government. Basic Research Methodology was applied using questionnaire, direct observation and personal interview techniques to collect data. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques were applied to analyse data through the use of tables and charts. The findings in the study showed that poor housing condition seriously degrade the environmental quality of the study area. The standard of living in the area is very poor as the people lack access to decent accommodation, basic sanitation and social amenities.

Enhancing Access to Bank Credit for Small-Scale Farmers in Kisumu and Kiambu Districts, Kenya Through Public-Private Partnership Initiative

In Kenya, small-scale fanning has immense potential in poverty reduction. The growth of farming activities requires sustainable access to affordable credit to boost and sustain production. This study is initiated to investigate factors influencing access to bank credit by small-scale farmers in Kisumu and Kiambu Districts, Kenya. It is necessitated by lack of a comprehensive study documenting the effectiveness of the partnership initiative in improving access to credit for small-scale farmers. The study seeks to address the following concerns： what factors influence access to bank credit by small-scale farmers under the initiative？ Are small-scale farmers in various parts of the country accessing bank credit equally？ Through which sources do farmers get to know about credit products provided through the initiative？ Primary data was collected from 144 farmers in Kiambu and 127 farmers in Kisumu, sampled using systematic random procedure. The cross-sectional survey design was applied to guide the research process. Quantitative analysis generated cross-tabulations with chi-square and binary logistic regression. The study found that out of 144 credit applicants in Kiambu about 56.3% were successful, while in Kisumu only 37.8% were successful. Access to bank credit was significantly associated with farmers＇ gender, education level, income level, farm size, and farming experience. Besides, women were 1.3 times less likely to access bank credit than men. In terms of regional variation, a Kiambu farmer was 2.7 times more likely to obtain bank credit than a Kisumu farmer. The initiative is an innovative approach for enhancing access to bank credit; however, its potential has not been fully exploited. The study recommends the need： to inform farmers about credit products to clear misconceptions and myths associated with bank credit; develop innovative financing packages for small-scale farmers that are also gender-sensitive; and to initiate a training program targeting farmers with appropriate information.

Public-private partnership project success circumstances

The public-private partnership has been in use in the world for over 40 years, and has been growing at a varying rate and with mixed success in different countries. Based on the experience gained in selected countries, this article shows key success factors of the public-private partnership.

Review on the Public-Private Partnership

Traditionally,public goods and services have been provided by the government.In recent decades,however,public-private partnerships(PPP)were created to assist the best use of both public and private sector resources to enhance and extend public infrastructure assets and services.Throughout history,although governments have adopted such a combination of public and private ventures,the 1990s and early 21st centuries have witnessed a clear trend of governments across the world making significant use of different PPP arrangements.The rapid growth of PPPs has occurred since the 1990s throughout the globe as it was considered the preferred tool for public procurement of infrastructure and services.This paper examines the relevant literature of PPP and attempts to identify the historical development,the major reasons,the main types,forms,benefits of building PPP,as well as challenging issues facing the implementation of PPP in today’s world.

A Public-Private Partnership Procurement Approach to Sustainable Transport—Zimbabwe Case

Zimbabwe has serious financial constraints so the only viable option to procure infrastructure is through engaging the private sector in public-private partnerships to enhance the chances of successfully undertaking public projects like sustainable transport. This study creates the basis for a potential public-private partnership with a trackless tram/solar energy project in Bulawayo which has multiple advantages for sustainable development goals. It identifies six other projects in Zimbabwe that can provide some guidance for developing an appropriate PPP that could assist procure such infrastructure. The projects are drawn from the three critical sectors of the economy: power generation, highways/transport, and water/sanitation. Empirical investigations of these projects reveal the effectiveness of the PPP concept to deliver infrastructure for emerging economies. This suggests an ideal PPP arrangement that increases the likelihood of getting projects like the proposed sustainable transport project in Bulawayo implemented quickly and efficiently, especially if formulated to incorporate the project’s local socio-economic dynamics.

A Brief Analysis on Risk allocation for Public-Private Partnership Projects in China

Public-Private Partnership （PPP） financing modalily has the ability of alleviating the budgetary pressure to the government. fulfilling the need of infrastructure development, and improving the efficiency of investment and operation. However, the negotiations between the government and the investors are time-consuming and costly, due to the perspective differences in risk allocation and revenue distribution. Disputes often arise during concession period because of changes in various risks or non-performance of its obligalions, especially when one sector was forced to accept the requirements by the other as a result of the unequal status, the project urgency or other reasons. Only a few PPP projects in China could perform successfully. There is therefore a need to develop an equitable risk allocation mechanism for the delivery of PPP projects in China so as to improve the efficiency of private investment in infrastructure development.

PPP模式在公共图书馆古籍保护工作中的应用研究——以“中华古籍保护计划”为例

近年来,PPP(Public-private-partnership)模式即“公私合作伙伴关系”模式逐渐引入公共图书馆古籍保护工作中,社会力量的加入纾解了古籍保护工作开展中的困难,助力了古籍保护事业的发展。本文以“中华古籍保护计划”为中心,通过梳理相关政策法令,展示PPP模式在古籍保护工作中的应用,分析PPP模式的正向效应及现存困境,为PPP模式在未来古籍保护工作中的发展提出建议。

Public-Private Partnership Model Used in the Taipei Central Station Project Research

In view of the lack of financial aid and the migration of industries,the role of local governments shifted from social reproduction to development and production,which made the development of the local economy their main responsibility.The local governments hence have to face challenges in their management in regards to the arising changes and needs.This Taipei Central Bus Station Build Operate Transfer(BOT)project of urban formation and development is not only a trend in countries around the globe;it is also an area the Taiwan Residents governments are actively involved in.With the impact of urbanization,the size of highly functional cities has surpassed core city administrative regions;therefore,this has generated various planning,administrative and policy issues.This study examines the public-private partnership(PPP)views on urban development;the research methodology will be designed to focus on qualitative research,the following conclusions were made:(1)The basic goal of global city competitiveness of Taipei was promoted by implementing“qlubarnization”,a spatial development strategy dependent on intercalary abilities.(2)Taipei is located in the hub of Asia,linking China's Mainland and Taiwan,facing the world,peaceful and stable,rich and diverse in culture,such that adopting the“hybrid or mixed-use development model”will allow“the national gate of the country program—Central Station,Central Park”to become an international city brand.(3)Taking the“Taipei Main Station PPPs model development of the Taipei Central Bus Station BOT project of nine precincts specific land development projects”as a key success indicator,the government took privatization or PPP into consideration,loosened the monopoly on urban infrastructure,created infrastructure services and a maintenance market,positioned the city as a“supranational”entity in terms of capital flow,and sought a coherent land policy.

项目的PPP模式适用性GOD分析——以智慧城市建设项目为例

政府和社会资本合作模式的应用越来越广。然而,并不是所有的项目都适合采用PPP模式,出现了PPP模式的滥用。为了判断项目的 PPP模式适用性,本文提出GOD(Goods-Operation-Delivery)分析方法,把PPP模式适用性问题简化为三个步骤及三项判断准则:首先,以公共产品理论为基础,根据项目产出的属性识别出无需采用PPP模式的项目;其次,以公共权力理论为基础,根据项目运行的属性识别出不能采用PPP模式的项目;最后,基于比较优势理念,根据项目交付模式的效率确定是否优先采用PPP模式。为了演示GOD分析的应用,本文对智慧城市建设项目的 PPP模式适用性进行了演示性分析,结果表明GOD分析可以较好地分析项目的 PPP适用性。